不同海拔甘肃兴隆山主要森林群落的土壤理化性质
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摘要
对兴隆山不同海拔森林土壤理化性质与海拔关系进行研究,为兴隆山森林植被与土壤相互作用过程和机理认识提供依据。以兴隆山山杨(Populus davidiana)-白桦(Betula platyphylla)-青杄(Picea wilosonii)林、青杄-灌木林和青杄-箭竹(Fargesia nitida)-苔藓林为对象,测定土壤容重、总孔隙度、有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N、速效K和pH值,探讨土壤理化性质与海拔的关系。结果表明:1)兴隆山3种森林0～60 cm土壤层理化性质空间分布差异较大,容重0.33～1.31 g·cm~(-3),总孔隙度50.84～83.13%,有机质20.10～235.00 g·kg~(-1),全N 1.02～10.47 g·kg~(-1),全P 0.35～1.93 g·kg~(-1),全K 14.68～27.11 g·kg~(-1),碱解N 54.49～620.80 mg·kg~(-1),速效K 58.89～631.32 mg·kg~(-1),pH值5.73～7.70;速效K、碱解N、全N和有机质变异系数较大,总孔隙度、全K和pH值变异系数较小。2)随土壤深度的增加,容重在不断增加,总孔隙度、有机质、全N、碱解N、全P和速效K在不断减小,全K和pH值无明显变化规律。3)有机质与容重呈显著负相关,与总孔隙度、全N、碱解N和全P呈显著正相关;随土壤深度的增加,有机质对容重、总孔隙度、全N和碱解N的影响程度在逐渐增强,对全P的影响程度在逐渐减弱。4)海拔对山杨-白桦-青杄林和青杄-灌木林土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P和速效K有一定影响,但无明显变化规律;对3种森林土壤容重、总孔隙度、全K和pH值影响不明显。在海拔2 300～2 700 m的阴坡,兴隆山森林土壤理化性质空间分布差异较大,是土壤深度与发育年限、植被类型、气候等因子共同作用的结果;土壤深度对理化性质的影响程度明显要强于海拔高度;有机质与众多理化性质具有相关性,其在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面起着关键作用。
In order to provide a scientific basis for the understanding of the process and mechanism of forest vegetation and soil interaction,the relationship between elevation and soil physicochemical properties in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu was examined.Taking Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla-Picea wilsonii forest,P.wilsonii-shrub forest and P.wilsonii-Fargesia nitida-moss forest as research objects,9 soil physicochemical indicators were determined,including soil bulk density,total porosity,organic matter,total N,total P,total K,available N,available K and pH value.The relationships between soil physicochemical properties and altitude were discussed.The results showed that:1) the spatial distribution of the physicochemical properties in soil depth of 0-60 cm layers was quite different in Xinglong Mountain.The ranges of soil physicochemical indicators of bulk density,total porosity,organic matter,total N,total P,total K,available N,available K and pH were 0.33-1.31 g·cm~(-3),50.84-83.13%,20.10-235.00 g·kg~(-1),1.02-10.47 g·kg~(-1),0.35-1.93 g·kg~(-1),14.68-27.11 g·kg~(-1),54.49-620.80 mg·kg~(-1),58.89-631.32 mg·kg~(-1),and 5.73-7.70,respectively.The variation coefficients of available K,available N,total N and organic matter were large,whereas the coefficients of total porosity,total K and pH were small.2) With the increase of soil depth,the bulk density increased,total porosity,organic matter,total N,available N,total P and available K decreased,and total K and pH had no obvious change regularities.3) There was a significant negative correlation between organic matter and bulk density,and significant positive correlations between organic matter and total porosity,total N,available N and total P.With the increase of soil depth,the influence of organic matter on bulk density,total porosity,total N and available N gradually increased,but its influence on total P gradually decreased.4) For P.davidiana-B.platyphylla-P.wilsonii forest and P.wilsonii-shrub forest,elevation had some influences of on organic matter,total N,available N,total P and available K,but there was no obvious change rules.For three forests,the influences of altitude on bulk density,total porosity,total K and pH were not obvious.At shady-slope with altitude 2 300-2 700 m,the spatial distribution of soil physicochemical properties varied greatly in Xinglong Mountain forests,which was the result of the combined action of soil depth,age of soil development,vegetation type and climate.The influence of soil depth on physicochemical properties was stronger than that of altitude.Organic matter was related to many physicochemical properties and played a key role in improving soil physicochemical properties and promoting nutrient circulation.
In order to provide a scientific basis for the understanding of the process and mechanism of forest vegetation and soil interaction,the relationship between elevation and soil physicochemical properties in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu was examined.Taking Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla-Picea wilsonii forest,P.wilsonii-shrub forest and P.wilsonii-Fargesia nitida-moss forest as research objects,9 soil physicochemical indicators were determined,including soil bulk density,total porosity,organic matter,total N,total P,total K,available N,available K and pH value.The relationships between soil physicochemical properties and altitude were discussed.The results showed that:1) the spatial distribution of the physicochemical properties in soil depth of 0-60 cm layers was quite different in Xinglong Mountain.The ranges of soil physicochemical indicators of bulk density,total porosity,organic matter,total N,total P,total K,available N,available K and pH were 0.33-1.31 g·cm~(-3),50.84-83.13%,20.10-235.00 g·kg~(-1),1.02-10.47 g·kg~(-1),0.35-1.93 g·kg~(-1),14.68-27.11 g·kg~(-1),54.49-620.80 mg·kg~(-1),58.89-631.32 mg·kg~(-1),and 5.73-7.70,respectively.The variation coefficients of available K,available N,total N and organic matter were large,whereas the coefficients of total porosity,total K and pH were small.2) With the increase of soil depth,the bulk density increased,total porosity,organic matter,total N,available N,total P and available K decreased,and total K and pH had no obvious change regularities.3) There was a significant negative correlation between organic matter and bulk density,and significant positive correlations between organic matter and total porosity,total N,available N and total P.With the increase of soil depth,the influence of organic matter on bulk density,total porosity,total N and available N gradually increased,but its influence on total P gradually decreased.4) For P.davidiana-B.platyphylla-P.wilsonii forest and P.wilsonii-shrub forest,elevation had some influences of on organic matter,total N,available N,total P and available K,but there was no obvious change rules.For three forests,the influences of altitude on bulk density,total porosity,total K and pH were not obvious.At shady-slope with altitude 2 300-2 700 m,the spatial distribution of soil physicochemical properties varied greatly in Xinglong Mountain forests,which was the result of the combined action of soil depth,age of soil development,vegetation type and climate.The influence of soil depth on physicochemical properties was stronger than that of altitude.Organic matter was related to many physicochemical properties and played a key role in improving soil physicochemical properties and promoting nutrient circulation.
引文
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[12] 魏强,凌雷,柴春山,等.甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段典型森林群落的凋落物动态[J],南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,(5):2017,41(5):27-34.WEI Q,LING L,CHAI C S,et al.Litterfall dynamics of typical forest communities at different succession stages in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu Province,China[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2017,41(5):27-34.(in Chinese)
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[16] 杨秀清,韩有志.关帝山森林土壤有机碳和氮素的空间变异特征[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(2):223-229.YANG X Q,HAN Y Z.Spatial variations of soil organic carbon and nitrogen of forestland in Guandi Mountain[J].Forest Research,2011,24(2):223-229.(in Chinese)
[17] 赵伟红,康峰峰,韩海荣,等.冀北辽河源地区不同林龄油松天然次生林土壤理化特征的研究[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):1-8.ZHAO W H,KANG F F,HAN H R,et al.Physicochemical properties of the soils of Pinus tabulaeformis natural secondary stands with different ages in Liaoheyuan area of Northern Hebei[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[18] 宋彦彦,张言,赵忠林,等.长白山西部不同林型土壤有机碳和全氮的分布特征[J].西北林学院学报,2018,33(3):39-44.SONG Y Y,ZHANG Y,ZHAO Z L,et al.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of different forest types in the West of Changbai Mountain[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2018,33(3):39-44 .(in Chinese)
[19] 张巧明,王得祥,龚明贵,等.秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔森林土壤理化性质[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):69-73.ZHANG Q M,WANG D X,GONG M G,et al.Changes in physicochemical properties of forest soil along different altitudes in Huoditang of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(5):69-73.(in Chinese)
[20] 王晓伟.抚育间伐强度对内蒙古赤峰地区用材林土壤肥力的影响[J].森林工程,2017,33(6):19-24.WANG X W.Effects of tending felling on soil fertility of timber forest in Chifeng area,Inner Mongo[J].Forsty Engineering,2017,33(6):19-24.(in Chinese)
[21] 权伟,徐侠,王丰,等.武夷山不同海拔植被细根生物量及形态特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1095-1103.QUAN W,XU X,WANG F,et al.Fine root biomass and its morphological characteristics of different vegetations along an elevation gradient of Wuyi Mountains in Southeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(7):1095-1103.(in Chinese)
[22] 党坤良,张长录,陈海滨,等.秦岭南坡不同海拔土壤肥力的空间分异规律[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):16-21.DANG K L,ZHANG C L,CHEN H B,et al.Spatial distribution and variation pattern of soil fertility at different altitude on south slope in Qinling Mountains[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(1):16-21.(in Chinese)
[2] TILMAN D,WEDIN D,KNOPS J.Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems[J].Nature,1996,379(6567):718-720.
[3] 张鹏,张涛,陈年来.祁连山北麓山体垂直带土壤碳氮分布特征及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(3):518-524.ZHANG P,ZHANG T,CHEN N L.Vertical distribution patterns of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen and related affecting factors along Northern slope of Qilian Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(3):518-524.(in Chinese)
[4] 徐宏发,陆厚基,王小明.玛他种群:种群生态学理论应用于保护生物学实践的新范例[J].生态学杂志,1998,17(1):47-53.XU H F,LU H J,WANG X M.Metapopulation:A new paradigm of application of the theory of population ecology in practice of conservation biology[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,1998,17(1):47-53.(in Chinese)
[5] 王政权,王庆成.森林土壤物理性质的空间异质性研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):945-950.WANG Z Q,WANG Q C.The spatial heterogeneity of soil physical properties in forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(6):945-950.(in Chinese)
[6] 马国飞,满苏尔·沙比提,靳万贵.天山南坡台兰河上游草地土壤理化性质与海拔的关系研究[J].土壤通报,2017,48(3):597-603.MA G F,MAN S R·S,JIN W G.Grassland soil physicochemical properties at different altitudes in Tailan river upstream of the Southern slope of Tianshan Mountain[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(3):597-603.(in Chinese)
[7] 张广帅,邓浩俊,杜锟,等.泥石流频发区山地不同海拔土壤化学计量特征——以云南省小江流域为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(3):675-68.ZHANG G S,DENG H J,DU K,et al.Soil stoichiometry characteristics at different elevation gradients of a mountain in an area with high frequency debris flow:a case study in Xiaojiang Watershed,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(3):675-687.(in Chinese)
[8] 张黎明,邓万刚,魏志远,等.五指山不同海拔的土壤化学性质特征[J].生态环境,2006,15(6):1313-1318.ZHANG L M,DENG W G,WEI Z Y,et al.Characteristics of chemical properties of soil in Wuzhi Mountain at different altitudes in Hainan Province[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(6):1313-1318.(in Chinese)
[9] 魏新,郑小锋,张硕新.秦岭火地塘不同海拔梯度森林土壤理化性质研究[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):9-14.WEI X,ZHENG X F,ZHANG S X.Forest soil physicochemical properties along different altitudinal gradients at Huoditang in the Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(3):9-14.(in Chinese)
[10] 魏强,凌雷,张广忠,等.甘肃兴隆山森林演替过程中的土壤理化性质[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4700-4713.WEI Q,LING L,CHAI C S,et al.Soil physical and chemical properties in forest succession process in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4700-4713.(in Chinese)
[11] 魏强,凌雷,张广忠,等.兴隆山森林群落不同演替阶段的结构特征[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2015,39(5):59-66.WEI Q,LING L,ZHANG G Z,et al.Structure characteristics of dominant tree species population in different succession stages of forest community in Xinglong Mountain[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2015,39(5):59-66.(in Chinese)
[12] 魏强,凌雷,柴春山,等.甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段典型森林群落的凋落物动态[J],南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,(5):2017,41(5):27-34.WEI Q,LING L,CHAI C S,et al.Litterfall dynamics of typical forest communities at different succession stages in Xinglong Mountain of Gansu Province,China[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2017,41(5):27-34.(in Chinese)
[13] 马雪华.森林生态系统定位研究方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994.
[14] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[15] LIN H S,WHEELER D,BELL J,et al.Assessment of soil spatial variability at multiple scales [J].Ecological Modeling,2005,182:271-290.
[16] 杨秀清,韩有志.关帝山森林土壤有机碳和氮素的空间变异特征[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(2):223-229.YANG X Q,HAN Y Z.Spatial variations of soil organic carbon and nitrogen of forestland in Guandi Mountain[J].Forest Research,2011,24(2):223-229.(in Chinese)
[17] 赵伟红,康峰峰,韩海荣,等.冀北辽河源地区不同林龄油松天然次生林土壤理化特征的研究[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(3):1-8.ZHAO W H,KANG F F,HAN H R,et al.Physicochemical properties of the soils of Pinus tabulaeformis natural secondary stands with different ages in Liaoheyuan area of Northern Hebei[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(3):1-8.(in Chinese)
[18] 宋彦彦,张言,赵忠林,等.长白山西部不同林型土壤有机碳和全氮的分布特征[J].西北林学院学报,2018,33(3):39-44.SONG Y Y,ZHANG Y,ZHAO Z L,et al.Distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of different forest types in the West of Changbai Mountain[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2018,33(3):39-44 .(in Chinese)
[19] 张巧明,王得祥,龚明贵,等.秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔森林土壤理化性质[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(5):69-73.ZHANG Q M,WANG D X,GONG M G,et al.Changes in physicochemical properties of forest soil along different altitudes in Huoditang of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(5):69-73.(in Chinese)
[20] 王晓伟.抚育间伐强度对内蒙古赤峰地区用材林土壤肥力的影响[J].森林工程,2017,33(6):19-24.WANG X W.Effects of tending felling on soil fertility of timber forest in Chifeng area,Inner Mongo[J].Forsty Engineering,2017,33(6):19-24.(in Chinese)
[21] 权伟,徐侠,王丰,等.武夷山不同海拔植被细根生物量及形态特征[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(7):1095-1103.QUAN W,XU X,WANG F,et al.Fine root biomass and its morphological characteristics of different vegetations along an elevation gradient of Wuyi Mountains in Southeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(7):1095-1103.(in Chinese)
[22] 党坤良,张长录,陈海滨,等.秦岭南坡不同海拔土壤肥力的空间分异规律[J].林业科学,2006,42(1):16-21.DANG K L,ZHANG C L,CHEN H B,et al.Spatial distribution and variation pattern of soil fertility at different altitude on south slope in Qinling Mountains[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(1):16-21.(in Chinese)
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