基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析
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摘要
本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区,从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发,结合矿区现有条件,设置11种恢复措施,选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标,采用主成分分析法,得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明,单一恢复措施,如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的,存在一定的缺陷,恢复效益排名比较靠后;多种措施相结合,不仅能改善土壤环境,也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化,生态恢复效益很好;同一种恢复措施,施行年限越长恢复效果越好。
Ecological restoration has been widely regarded as an effective approach for mitigating ecological degradation and improving ecosystem service supply.Environmental effects evaluation on ecological restoration i.e.measuring the ecological restoration extent of damaged ecosystem is one of the important branches of restoration ecology.Scientific,objective and accurate assessment of ecological restoration effects not only was important element of ecological restoration,but also could provide important guidance to the further implementation of ecological restoration.The "Two River Nature Reserve" in the Altay Mountains is located at the southern slope of the Altay Mountains,Xinjiang,China.This ecoregion is characterized by mountains dissected by river valleys,high levels of precipitation,and high biodiversity.The climate condition of this region is characterized by long cold winters,and short,cool summers.Irrational gold mining activities in this area have caused serious ecosystem degradation and led to the overall degradation or even the loss of ecological functions.In this paper,an abandoned gold mining field in Altay Mountains,Xinjiang was selected as study area.11 kinds of restoration measures taken by "Two river Nature Reserve Administration" from 2010 to 2015 were examined by calculating the richness index,dominance index,diversity index,evenness index,biomass,vegetation coverage,species number and soil-rock ratio index.Further,the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) was used to compare the efficiency of each artificial measure.The results show that the effects of the single restoration measures,such as leveling,flock,mud and so on was not ideal;The combination of various measures can only improve the soil environment,but also lead to the change of plant community diversity,and the ecological restoration benefits are very good;As far as the same kind of restoration measure is considered,the longer restoration period the better recovery effect.According to a systematic summary of the study progress on effects evaluation of ecological restoration in an abandoned gold mining field in Altay Mountains,this paper supplies a brief account of effects evaluation from the aspects of its content,approach,method and technology.
Ecological restoration has been widely regarded as an effective approach for mitigating ecological degradation and improving ecosystem service supply.Environmental effects evaluation on ecological restoration i.e.measuring the ecological restoration extent of damaged ecosystem is one of the important branches of restoration ecology.Scientific,objective and accurate assessment of ecological restoration effects not only was important element of ecological restoration,but also could provide important guidance to the further implementation of ecological restoration.The "Two River Nature Reserve" in the Altay Mountains is located at the southern slope of the Altay Mountains,Xinjiang,China.This ecoregion is characterized by mountains dissected by river valleys,high levels of precipitation,and high biodiversity.The climate condition of this region is characterized by long cold winters,and short,cool summers.Irrational gold mining activities in this area have caused serious ecosystem degradation and led to the overall degradation or even the loss of ecological functions.In this paper,an abandoned gold mining field in Altay Mountains,Xinjiang was selected as study area.11 kinds of restoration measures taken by "Two river Nature Reserve Administration" from 2010 to 2015 were examined by calculating the richness index,dominance index,diversity index,evenness index,biomass,vegetation coverage,species number and soil-rock ratio index.Further,the Principal Component Analysis(PCA) was used to compare the efficiency of each artificial measure.The results show that the effects of the single restoration measures,such as leveling,flock,mud and so on was not ideal;The combination of various measures can only improve the soil environment,but also lead to the change of plant community diversity,and the ecological restoration benefits are very good;As far as the same kind of restoration measure is considered,the longer restoration period the better recovery effect.According to a systematic summary of the study progress on effects evaluation of ecological restoration in an abandoned gold mining field in Altay Mountains,this paper supplies a brief account of effects evaluation from the aspects of its content,approach,method and technology.
引文
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[17] AILI A,OANH N T K.Effects of dust storm on public health in desert fringe area:Case study of northeast edge of Taklimakan Desert,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2015,6(5):805-814.
[18] 新疆阿勒泰山林业局.新疆阿勒泰山两河源综合科学考察[M].乌鲁木齐: 新疆科技出版社,2004.[Altai Forestry Bureau of Xinjiang.Comprehensive scientific expedition of Two-River Source Region of Altay Mountain,Xinjiang[M].Urumqi: Xinjiang Science and Technology Press,2004.]
[19] 富蕴县地方志编纂委员会.富蕴县志[R].2001:182-184.[History Compilation Committee of Fuyun County.Annals of Fuyun County[R].2001:182-184.]
[20] GEKADU P,ISAKSSON H,LINDQVIST L,et al.Principal component analysis of multivariate images[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1989,5(3):209-220.
[2] 孙书存,包维楷.恢复生态学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.[SUN Shucun,BAO Weikai.Restoration ecology[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2004.]
[3] 赵晓英,陈怀顺,孙成权.恢复生态学:生态恢复的原理与方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.[ZHAO Shaoying,CHEN Huaishun,SUN Chengquan.Restoration ecology:Principle and methods of ecological restoration[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001.]
[4] 米文宝,谢应忠.生态恢复与重建研究综述[J]. 水土保持研究,2006,13(2):49-53.[MI Wenbao,XIE Yingzhong.Review of ecological restoration and reconstruction[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(2):49-53.]
[5] 包维楷,刘照光,刘庆.生态恢复重建研究与发展现状及存在的主要问题[J].世界科技研究与发展,2001,23(1):44-48.[BAO Weikai,LIU Zhaoguang,LIU Qing.Research,development status and main problems of ecological restoration and reconstruction[J].World Sci-Tech R & D,2001,23(1):44-48.]
[6] 范国忠,杨作糜.现代统计分析方法[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1992.[FAN Guozhong,YANG Zuomi.Modern statistical analysis methods[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,1992.]
[7] 裴鑫德.多元统计分析及其应用[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991.[PEI Xinde.Multivariate statistical analysis and its application[M].Beijing:Beijing Agricultural University Press,1991.]
[8] 卜兆宏.主成分分析的简便解算法及其应用[J].土壤通报,1982,(4):45-49.[BU Zhaohong.Simple solution algorithm of principal component analysis and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1982,(4):45-49.]
[9] OANH N T K,CHUTIMON P,EKBORDIN W,et al.Meteorological pattern classification and application for forecasting air pollution episode potential in a mountain-valley area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(7):1211-1225.
[10] VOUKANTSIS D,KARATZAS K,KUKKONEN J,et al.Intercomparison of air quality data using principal component analysis,and forecasting of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations using artificial neural networks in Thessaloniki and Helsinki[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(7):1266-1276.
[11] 万金保,曾海燕,朱邦辉.主成分分析法在乐安河水质评价中的应用[J].中国给水排水,2009,25(16):104-108.[WAN Jinbao,ZENG Haiyan,ZHU Banghui.The application of principal component analysis in the evaluation of water quality of Le’an River[J].China Water & Wastewater,2009,25(16):104-108.]
[12] 新疆福海县史志编纂委员会.福海县志[R].2000:649-655.[History Compilation Committee of Fuhai County.Annals of Fuhai County[R].2000:649-655.]
[13] 青河县地方志编纂委员会:青河县志[R].2001:332-335.[Local Chronicle Editorial Committee of Qinghe County.Annals of Qinhe County[M].2001:332-335.]
[14] 马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法I.α多样性的测度方法(上)[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.[MA Keping.A method for measuring diversity of biological communities:Measures of diversity (I)[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(3):162-168.]
[15] 马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法I.α多样性的测度方法(下) [J].生物多样性,1994,2(4):231-239.[MA Keping.A method for measuring diversity of biological communities:Measures of diversity (II)[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(4):231-239.]
[16] 刘德林,刘贤赵.主成分分析在河流水质综合评价中的应用.水土保持研究,2006,13(3),124-125.[LIU Delin,LIU Xianzhao.Application of principal component analysis in comprehensive evaluation of river water quality[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3),124-125.]
[17] AILI A,OANH N T K.Effects of dust storm on public health in desert fringe area:Case study of northeast edge of Taklimakan Desert,China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2015,6(5):805-814.
[18] 新疆阿勒泰山林业局.新疆阿勒泰山两河源综合科学考察[M].乌鲁木齐: 新疆科技出版社,2004.[Altai Forestry Bureau of Xinjiang.Comprehensive scientific expedition of Two-River Source Region of Altay Mountain,Xinjiang[M].Urumqi: Xinjiang Science and Technology Press,2004.]
[19] 富蕴县地方志编纂委员会.富蕴县志[R].2001:182-184.[History Compilation Committee of Fuyun County.Annals of Fuyun County[R].2001:182-184.]
[20] GEKADU P,ISAKSSON H,LINDQVIST L,et al.Principal component analysis of multivariate images[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1989,5(3):209-220.
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