Characteristics of Early Cretaceous wildfires in peat-forming environment, NE China
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摘要
Inertinite maceral compositions in coals from the Early Cretaceous Erlian, Hailar, and Sanjiang Basins in NE China are analyzed in order to reveal palaeowildfire events and palaeoclimate variations. Although huminite is the dominant maceral group in the studied basins, the inertinite group, as a byproduct of palaeowildfires, makes up a considerable proportion. Occurrence of inertinite macerals indicates that wildfires were widespread and frequent,and supports the opinion that the Early Cretaceous was a "high-fire" interval. Inertinite contents vary from 0.2% to 85.0%, mostly within the range of 10%–45%, and a model-based calculation suggests that the atmospheric oxygen levels during the Aptian and Albian(Early Cretaceous) were around 24.7% and 25.3% respectively. Frequent fire activity during Early Cretaceous has been previously related to higher atmospheric oxygen concentrations. The inertinite reflectance, ranging from 0.58%Ro to 2.00%Ro, indicates that the palaeowildfire in the Early Cretaceous was dominated by ground fires, partially reaching-surface fires. These results further support that the Cretaceous earliest angiosperms from NE China were growing in elevated O_2 conditions compared to the present day.
Inertinite maceral compositions in coals from the Early Cretaceous Erlian, Hailar, and Sanjiang Basins in NE China are analyzed in order to reveal palaeowildfire events and palaeoclimate variations. Although huminite is the dominant maceral group in the studied basins, the inertinite group, as a byproduct of palaeowildfires, makes up a considerable proportion. Occurrence of inertinite macerals indicates that wildfires were widespread and frequent,and supports the opinion that the Early Cretaceous was a "high-fire" interval. Inertinite contents vary from 0.2% to 85.0%, mostly within the range of 10%–45%, and a model-based calculation suggests that the atmospheric oxygen levels during the Aptian and Albian(Early Cretaceous) were around 24.7% and 25.3% respectively. Frequent fire activity during Early Cretaceous has been previously related to higher atmospheric oxygen concentrations. The inertinite reflectance, ranging from 0.58%Ro to 2.00%Ro, indicates that the palaeowildfire in the Early Cretaceous was dominated by ground fires, partially reaching-surface fires. These results further support that the Cretaceous earliest angiosperms from NE China were growing in elevated O_2 conditions compared to the present day.
Inertinite maceral compositions in coals from the Early Cretaceous Erlian, Hailar, and Sanjiang Basins in NE China are analyzed in order to reveal palaeowildfire events and palaeoclimate variations. Although huminite is the dominant maceral group in the studied basins, the inertinite group, as a byproduct of palaeowildfires, makes up a considerable proportion. Occurrence of inertinite macerals indicates that wildfires were widespread and frequent,and supports the opinion that the Early Cretaceous was a "high-fire" interval. Inertinite contents vary from 0.2% to 85.0%, mostly within the range of 10%–45%, and a model-based calculation suggests that the atmospheric oxygen levels during the Aptian and Albian(Early Cretaceous) were around 24.7% and 25.3% respectively. Frequent fire activity during Early Cretaceous has been previously related to higher atmospheric oxygen concentrations. The inertinite reflectance, ranging from 0.58%Ro to 2.00%Ro, indicates that the palaeowildfire in the Early Cretaceous was dominated by ground fires, partially reaching-surface fires. These results further support that the Cretaceous earliest angiosperms from NE China were growing in elevated O_2 conditions compared to the present day.
引文
Belcher,C.M.,L.Mander,G.Rein,F.X.Jervis,M.Haworth,S.P.Hesselbo,I.J.Glasspool,and J.C.McElwain.2010.Increased fire activity at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in Greenland due to climate-driven floral change.Nature Geoscience 3(6):426-429.
Belcher,C.M.,and J.C.McElwain.2008.Limits for combustion in low O2redefine paleoatmospheric predictions for the Mesozoic.Science 321(5893):1197-1200.
Bond,W.J.,and J.E.Keeley.2005.Fire as global‘herbivore’:The ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(7):387-394.
Bond,W.J.,and A.C.Scott.2010.Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.The New Phytologist 188(4):1137-1150.
Bowman,D.M.,J.K.Balch,P.Artaxo,W.J.Bond,J.M.Carlson,M.A.Cochrane,C.M.D’Antonio,R.S.Defries,J.C.Doyle,S.P.Harrison,F.H.Johnston,J.E.Keeley,M.A.Krawchuk,C.A.Kull,J.B.Marston,M.A.Moritz,I.C.Prentice,C.I.Roos,A.C.Scott,T.W.Swetnam,G.R.van der Werf,and S.J.Pyne.2009.Fire in the Earth system.Science 324(5926):481-484.
Brown,S.A.E.,A.C.Scott,I.J.Glasspool,and M.E.Collinson.2012.Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system.Cretaceous Research 36(2):162-190.
Chanton,J.P.,C.M.Rutkowski,C.C.Schwartz,D.E.Ward,and L.Boring.2000.Factors influencing the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane from combustion and biomass burning.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 105(D2):1867-1877.
Diessel,C.F.K.2010.The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite.International Journal of Coal Geology 81(4):251-268.
Gao,Y.Q.,L.Liu,and W.X.Hu.2009.Petrology and isotopic geochemistry of dawsonite-bearing sandstones in Hailaer Basin,northeastern China.Applied Geochemistry 24(9):1724-1738.
Glasspool,I.J.,D.Edwards,and L.Axe.2004.Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire.Geology 32(5):381-383.
Glasspool,I.J.,and A.C.Scott.2010.Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal.Nature Geoscience 3(9):627-630.
Glasspool,I.J.,A.C.Scott,D.Waltham,N.Pronina,and L.Y.Shao.2015.The impact of fire on the Late Paleozoic Earth system.Frontiers in Plant Science 6:756.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00756.
Guo,B.,L.Y.Shao,J.Hilton,S.Wang,and L.Zhang.2018.Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of peatland evolution in thick coal seams:Examples from Yimin Formation(Early Cretaceous),Hailaer Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology 196:211-231.
Hamad,A.M.B.A.,B.Amireh,H.El Atfy,A.Jasper,and D.Uhl.2016.Fire in a Weichselia-dominated coastal ecosystem from the Lower Cretaceous(Barremian)of the Kurnub Group in NW Jordan.Cretaceous Research 66:82-93.
Han,D.X.,and Q.Yang.1980.Coalfield Geology of China(Volume I).Beijing:China Coal Industry Press(in Chinese).
Heilongjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.1993.Regional Geology of Heilongjiang Province.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Hu,X.M.,M.Wagreich,and I.O.Yilmaz.2012.Marine rapid environmental/climatic change in the Cretaceous greenhouse world.Cretaceous Research 38:1-6.
Hudspith,V.,A.C.Scott,M.E.Collinson,N.Pronina,and T.Beeley.2012.Evaluating the extent to which wildfire history can be interpreted from inertinite distribution in coal pillars:An example from the Late Permian,Kuznetsk Basin,Russia.International Journal of Coal Geology 89:13-25.
ICCP(International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology).2001.The new inertinite classification(ICCP system 1994).Fuel 80(4):459-471.
ICS(International Commission on Stratigraphy).2017.International Chronostratigraphic Chart:International Commission on Stratigraphy.http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2017-02.pdf.Accessed 15 May 2017.
Jasper,A.,D.Agnihotri,R.Tewari,R.Spiekermann,E.F.Pires,á.A.S.Da Rosa,and D.Uhl.2017.Fires in the mire:Repeated fire events in Early Permian‘peat forming’vegetation of India.Geological Journal 52(6):955-969.
Jones,T.P.1997.Fusain in Late Jurassic sediments from Witch Ground Graben,North Sea,U.K.Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor.Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 58:93-103.
Jones,T.P.,and W.G.Chaloner.1991.Fossil charcoal,its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 97(1-2):39-50.
Li,S.T.1988.Fault Basin Analysis and Coal Accumulation.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Petersen,H.I.,and S.Lindstr?m.2012.Synchronous wildfire activity rise and mire deforestation at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.PLo S ONE 7(10):e47236.
Petersen,H.I.,and B.Ratanasthien.2011.Coal facies in a Cenozoic paralic lignite bed,Krabi Basin,southern Thailand:Changing peat-forming conditions related to relative sea-level controlled watertable variations.International Journal of Coal Geology 87(1):2-12.
Robson,B.E.,M.E.Col inson,W.Riegel,V.Wilde,A.C.Scott,and R.D.Pancost.2015.Early Paleogene wildfires in peat-forming environments at Sch?ningen,Germany.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 437:53-62.
Scott,A.C.1989.Observations on the nature and origin of fusain.International Journal of Coal Geology 12:443-475.
Scott,A.C.2000.The Pre-Quaternary history of fire.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 164(1):281-329.
Scott,A.C.2010.Charcoal recognition,taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 291(1):11-39.
Scott,A.C.,and I.J.Glasspool.2006.The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(29):10861-10865.
Scott,A.C.,and I.J.Glasspool.2007.Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals.International Journal of Coal Geology 70(1):53-66.
Scott,A.C.,and T.P.Jones.1994.The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 106:91-112.
Scott,A.C.,and R.Stea.2002.Fires sweep across the Mid-Cretaceous landscapes of Nova Scotia.Geoscientist 12:4-6.
Sha,J.G.2007.Cretaceous stratigraphy of northeastern China:Non-marine and marine correlation.Cretaceous Research 28:146-170.
Shao,K.,L.Y.Shao,Y.L.Qu,Q.Zhang,J.Wang,D.Gao,D.D.Wang,and Z.Li.2013.Study of sequence stratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous coal measures in northeastern China.Journal of China Coal Society 38(Supp.2):423-433(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shao,L.Y.,H.Wang,X.H.Yu,J.Lu,and M.Q.Zhang.2012.Paleo-fires and atmospheric oxygen levels in the latest Permian:Evidence from maceral compositions of coals in eastern Yunnan,southern China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)86(4):949-962.
Shen,J.,Y.Qin,J.Y.Wang,Y.L.Shen,and G.Wang.2018.Peat-forming environments and evolution of thick coal seam in Shengli Coalfield,China:Evidence from geochemistry,coal petrology,and palynology.Minerals 8(3):82.https://doi.org/10.3390/min8030082.
Sun,G.,and S.L.Zheng.2000.New proposal on division and correlation of Mesozoic from northeastern China.Journal of Stratigraphy 24(1):60-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,Y.Z.,C.L.Zhao,W.Püttmann,W.Kalkreuth,and S.J.Qin.2017.Evidence of widespread wildfires in a coal seam from the Middle Permian of the North China Basin.Lithosphere 9(4):595-608.
Sykorová,I.,W.Pickel,K.Christanis,M.Wolf,G.H.Taylor,and D.Flores.2005.Classification of huminite-ICCP System 1994.International Journal of Coal Geology 62(1):85-106.
Tao,M.H.,Z.Q.Cui,and G.Q.Chen.2013.Mesozoic sporo-pollen assemblages and climate fluctuations in northeastern China.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 30(3):275-287(in Chinese with English abstract).
Uhl,D.,and H.Kerp.2003.Wildfires in the Late Palaeozoic of Central EuropeThe Zechstein(Upper Permian)of NW-Hesse(Germany).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 199(1):1-15.
Usup,A.,Y.Hashimoto,H.Takahashi,and H.Hayasaka.2004.Combustion and thermal characteristics of peat/forest fire in a tropical peatland in Kalimantan,Indonesia.Tropics 14(1):1-19.
Wang,C.S.2013.Environmental/climate change in the Cretaceous greenhouse world:Records from terrestrial scientific drilling of Songliao Basin and adjacent areas of China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 385:1-5.
Wang,P.J.,X.A.Xie,M.Frank,Y.G.Ren,D.F.Zhu,and X.M.Sun.2007.The Cretaceous Songliao Basin:Volcanogenic succession,sedimentary sequence and tectonic evolution,NE China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)81(6):1002-1011.
Wu,F.Y.,D.Y.Sun,W.C.Ge,Y.B.Zhang,M.L.Grant,S.A.Wilde,and B.-M.Jahn.2011.Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 41(1):1-30.
Xu,Y.2011.Early Cretaceous Paleowildfire in Huolinhe Coalfield of Eastern Inner Mongolia[PhD thesis].Jilin University,Jilin Province,China(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan,M.X.,M.L.Wan,X.Z.He,X.D.Hou,and J.Wang.2016.First report of Cisuralian(Early Permian)charcoal layers within a coal bed from Baode,North China with reference to global wildfire distribution.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 459:394-408.
Yang,X.P.,Y.C.Li,Z.Liu,Y.Wang,and H.J.Wang.2005.Classification of tectonic sequence and dynamic evolution of Jixi Basin,eastern Heilongjiang Province.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)35(5):616-621(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhan,C.L.,J.J.Cao,Y.M.Han,and Z.S.An.2011.Research progress on reconstruction of paleofire history.Advances in Earth Science 26(12):1248-1259(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,C.J.,and Y.W.Long.1995.Sedimentary Facies Characteristics and Oil Gas Distribution of Hailar Basin.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press(in Chinese).
Zhang,R.,S.Dai,M.Z.Zhang,J.Zhao,L.B.Wang,L.L.Zhang,X.Zhang,and H.J.Liu.2014.Early Cretaceous paleo-wildfire events recorded on the Wulan section in the Urat Back Banner of Inner Mongolia,China.Acta Geological Sinica 88(6):211-220(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.G.,Y.B.Zhang,and H.J.Yan.2015.Introduction to the Stratigraphic Chart of China(2014).Journal of Stratigraphy 39(4):359-366(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,X.Q.,G.Q.Zhang,S.N.Xi,L.Q.Li,C.T.Deng,Y.Wang,N.Zhou,Y.D.Wang,and Y.Song.2016.Wildfire event at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary:Approaches,progress,and perspective.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 55(3):331-345(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu,Y.H.,W.H.Zhang,H.S.Wang,Z.Q.Cui,H.Y.Li,and C.Y.Han.2000.Sedimentary Facies and Oil Bearing of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
Belcher,C.M.,and J.C.McElwain.2008.Limits for combustion in low O2redefine paleoatmospheric predictions for the Mesozoic.Science 321(5893):1197-1200.
Bond,W.J.,and J.E.Keeley.2005.Fire as global‘herbivore’:The ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(7):387-394.
Bond,W.J.,and A.C.Scott.2010.Fire and the spread of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.The New Phytologist 188(4):1137-1150.
Bowman,D.M.,J.K.Balch,P.Artaxo,W.J.Bond,J.M.Carlson,M.A.Cochrane,C.M.D’Antonio,R.S.Defries,J.C.Doyle,S.P.Harrison,F.H.Johnston,J.E.Keeley,M.A.Krawchuk,C.A.Kull,J.B.Marston,M.A.Moritz,I.C.Prentice,C.I.Roos,A.C.Scott,T.W.Swetnam,G.R.van der Werf,and S.J.Pyne.2009.Fire in the Earth system.Science 324(5926):481-484.
Brown,S.A.E.,A.C.Scott,I.J.Glasspool,and M.E.Collinson.2012.Cretaceous wildfires and their impact on the Earth system.Cretaceous Research 36(2):162-190.
Chanton,J.P.,C.M.Rutkowski,C.C.Schwartz,D.E.Ward,and L.Boring.2000.Factors influencing the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane from combustion and biomass burning.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 105(D2):1867-1877.
Diessel,C.F.K.2010.The stratigraphic distribution of inertinite.International Journal of Coal Geology 81(4):251-268.
Gao,Y.Q.,L.Liu,and W.X.Hu.2009.Petrology and isotopic geochemistry of dawsonite-bearing sandstones in Hailaer Basin,northeastern China.Applied Geochemistry 24(9):1724-1738.
Glasspool,I.J.,D.Edwards,and L.Axe.2004.Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire.Geology 32(5):381-383.
Glasspool,I.J.,and A.C.Scott.2010.Phanerozoic concentrations of atmospheric oxygen reconstructed from sedimentary charcoal.Nature Geoscience 3(9):627-630.
Glasspool,I.J.,A.C.Scott,D.Waltham,N.Pronina,and L.Y.Shao.2015.The impact of fire on the Late Paleozoic Earth system.Frontiers in Plant Science 6:756.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00756.
Guo,B.,L.Y.Shao,J.Hilton,S.Wang,and L.Zhang.2018.Sequence stratigraphic interpretation of peatland evolution in thick coal seams:Examples from Yimin Formation(Early Cretaceous),Hailaer Basin,China.International Journal of Coal Geology 196:211-231.
Hamad,A.M.B.A.,B.Amireh,H.El Atfy,A.Jasper,and D.Uhl.2016.Fire in a Weichselia-dominated coastal ecosystem from the Lower Cretaceous(Barremian)of the Kurnub Group in NW Jordan.Cretaceous Research 66:82-93.
Han,D.X.,and Q.Yang.1980.Coalfield Geology of China(Volume I).Beijing:China Coal Industry Press(in Chinese).
Heilongjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.1993.Regional Geology of Heilongjiang Province.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Hu,X.M.,M.Wagreich,and I.O.Yilmaz.2012.Marine rapid environmental/climatic change in the Cretaceous greenhouse world.Cretaceous Research 38:1-6.
Hudspith,V.,A.C.Scott,M.E.Collinson,N.Pronina,and T.Beeley.2012.Evaluating the extent to which wildfire history can be interpreted from inertinite distribution in coal pillars:An example from the Late Permian,Kuznetsk Basin,Russia.International Journal of Coal Geology 89:13-25.
ICCP(International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology).2001.The new inertinite classification(ICCP system 1994).Fuel 80(4):459-471.
ICS(International Commission on Stratigraphy).2017.International Chronostratigraphic Chart:International Commission on Stratigraphy.http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2017-02.pdf.Accessed 15 May 2017.
Jasper,A.,D.Agnihotri,R.Tewari,R.Spiekermann,E.F.Pires,á.A.S.Da Rosa,and D.Uhl.2017.Fires in the mire:Repeated fire events in Early Permian‘peat forming’vegetation of India.Geological Journal 52(6):955-969.
Jones,T.P.1997.Fusain in Late Jurassic sediments from Witch Ground Graben,North Sea,U.K.Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor.Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 58:93-103.
Jones,T.P.,and W.G.Chaloner.1991.Fossil charcoal,its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 97(1-2):39-50.
Li,S.T.1988.Fault Basin Analysis and Coal Accumulation.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese).
Petersen,H.I.,and S.Lindstr?m.2012.Synchronous wildfire activity rise and mire deforestation at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.PLo S ONE 7(10):e47236.
Petersen,H.I.,and B.Ratanasthien.2011.Coal facies in a Cenozoic paralic lignite bed,Krabi Basin,southern Thailand:Changing peat-forming conditions related to relative sea-level controlled watertable variations.International Journal of Coal Geology 87(1):2-12.
Robson,B.E.,M.E.Col inson,W.Riegel,V.Wilde,A.C.Scott,and R.D.Pancost.2015.Early Paleogene wildfires in peat-forming environments at Sch?ningen,Germany.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 437:53-62.
Scott,A.C.1989.Observations on the nature and origin of fusain.International Journal of Coal Geology 12:443-475.
Scott,A.C.2000.The Pre-Quaternary history of fire.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 164(1):281-329.
Scott,A.C.2010.Charcoal recognition,taphonomy and uses in palaeoenvironmental analysis.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 291(1):11-39.
Scott,A.C.,and I.J.Glasspool.2006.The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103(29):10861-10865.
Scott,A.C.,and I.J.Glasspool.2007.Observations and experiments on the origin and formation of inertinite group macerals.International Journal of Coal Geology 70(1):53-66.
Scott,A.C.,and T.P.Jones.1994.The nature and influence of fire in Carboniferous ecosystems.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 106:91-112.
Scott,A.C.,and R.Stea.2002.Fires sweep across the Mid-Cretaceous landscapes of Nova Scotia.Geoscientist 12:4-6.
Sha,J.G.2007.Cretaceous stratigraphy of northeastern China:Non-marine and marine correlation.Cretaceous Research 28:146-170.
Shao,K.,L.Y.Shao,Y.L.Qu,Q.Zhang,J.Wang,D.Gao,D.D.Wang,and Z.Li.2013.Study of sequence stratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous coal measures in northeastern China.Journal of China Coal Society 38(Supp.2):423-433(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shao,L.Y.,H.Wang,X.H.Yu,J.Lu,and M.Q.Zhang.2012.Paleo-fires and atmospheric oxygen levels in the latest Permian:Evidence from maceral compositions of coals in eastern Yunnan,southern China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)86(4):949-962.
Shen,J.,Y.Qin,J.Y.Wang,Y.L.Shen,and G.Wang.2018.Peat-forming environments and evolution of thick coal seam in Shengli Coalfield,China:Evidence from geochemistry,coal petrology,and palynology.Minerals 8(3):82.https://doi.org/10.3390/min8030082.
Sun,G.,and S.L.Zheng.2000.New proposal on division and correlation of Mesozoic from northeastern China.Journal of Stratigraphy 24(1):60-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Sun,Y.Z.,C.L.Zhao,W.Püttmann,W.Kalkreuth,and S.J.Qin.2017.Evidence of widespread wildfires in a coal seam from the Middle Permian of the North China Basin.Lithosphere 9(4):595-608.
Sykorová,I.,W.Pickel,K.Christanis,M.Wolf,G.H.Taylor,and D.Flores.2005.Classification of huminite-ICCP System 1994.International Journal of Coal Geology 62(1):85-106.
Tao,M.H.,Z.Q.Cui,and G.Q.Chen.2013.Mesozoic sporo-pollen assemblages and climate fluctuations in northeastern China.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 30(3):275-287(in Chinese with English abstract).
Uhl,D.,and H.Kerp.2003.Wildfires in the Late Palaeozoic of Central EuropeThe Zechstein(Upper Permian)of NW-Hesse(Germany).Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 199(1):1-15.
Usup,A.,Y.Hashimoto,H.Takahashi,and H.Hayasaka.2004.Combustion and thermal characteristics of peat/forest fire in a tropical peatland in Kalimantan,Indonesia.Tropics 14(1):1-19.
Wang,C.S.2013.Environmental/climate change in the Cretaceous greenhouse world:Records from terrestrial scientific drilling of Songliao Basin and adjacent areas of China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 385:1-5.
Wang,P.J.,X.A.Xie,M.Frank,Y.G.Ren,D.F.Zhu,and X.M.Sun.2007.The Cretaceous Songliao Basin:Volcanogenic succession,sedimentary sequence and tectonic evolution,NE China.Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)81(6):1002-1011.
Wu,F.Y.,D.Y.Sun,W.C.Ge,Y.B.Zhang,M.L.Grant,S.A.Wilde,and B.-M.Jahn.2011.Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 41(1):1-30.
Xu,Y.2011.Early Cretaceous Paleowildfire in Huolinhe Coalfield of Eastern Inner Mongolia[PhD thesis].Jilin University,Jilin Province,China(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yan,M.X.,M.L.Wan,X.Z.He,X.D.Hou,and J.Wang.2016.First report of Cisuralian(Early Permian)charcoal layers within a coal bed from Baode,North China with reference to global wildfire distribution.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 459:394-408.
Yang,X.P.,Y.C.Li,Z.Liu,Y.Wang,and H.J.Wang.2005.Classification of tectonic sequence and dynamic evolution of Jixi Basin,eastern Heilongjiang Province.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)35(5):616-621(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhan,C.L.,J.J.Cao,Y.M.Han,and Z.S.An.2011.Research progress on reconstruction of paleofire history.Advances in Earth Science 26(12):1248-1259(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,C.J.,and Y.W.Long.1995.Sedimentary Facies Characteristics and Oil Gas Distribution of Hailar Basin.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press(in Chinese).
Zhang,R.,S.Dai,M.Z.Zhang,J.Zhao,L.B.Wang,L.L.Zhang,X.Zhang,and H.J.Liu.2014.Early Cretaceous paleo-wildfire events recorded on the Wulan section in the Urat Back Banner of Inner Mongolia,China.Acta Geological Sinica 88(6):211-220(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,S.G.,Y.B.Zhang,and H.J.Yan.2015.Introduction to the Stratigraphic Chart of China(2014).Journal of Stratigraphy 39(4):359-366(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang,X.Q.,G.Q.Zhang,S.N.Xi,L.Q.Li,C.T.Deng,Y.Wang,N.Zhou,Y.D.Wang,and Y.Song.2016.Wildfire event at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary:Approaches,progress,and perspective.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 55(3):331-345(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu,Y.H.,W.H.Zhang,H.S.Wang,Z.Q.Cui,H.Y.Li,and C.Y.Han.2000.Sedimentary Facies and Oil Bearing of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese).
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