西湖凹陷低渗储层成因及优质储层主控因素
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摘要
综合运用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、物性分析、压汞分析及地化分析等技术方法,结合勘探实践,分析了西湖凹陷低渗储层的成因,并探讨了优质储层的主控因素。结果表明,西湖凹陷周缘岩浆岩(特别是花岗岩)、变质岩是断陷阶段晚期平湖组和拗陷阶段花港组形成的砂体的主要母岩来源,奠定了在深层低渗背景下依然发育优质储层的物质基础,而后期成岩作用的改造通过影响储层内部的孔喉结构及孔隙演化特征控制了低渗储层的纵向分布,地温及成岩环境的差异控制了平湖组和花港组储层孔隙的差异演化。西部斜坡带平湖组地温梯度低,煤系地层有机酸供给充足,次生溶蚀普遍发育;中央反转构造带花港组地温梯度较高,成岩演化程度较高,受限于油源断层的供酸,次生溶蚀规模相对小。西湖凹陷优质储层受沉积微相、差异溶蚀控制,不同层段也有各自的特点,其中花港组发育早期绿泥石环边保护原生孔且抑制后期胶结,而平湖组深层普遍发育超压保孔,多因素共同控制了深层优质储层的形成。
By comprehensively utilizing technical measures including thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, physical property analysis, mercury intrusion analysis and geochemical analysis, and combined with the exploration practices, this paper analyzes and discusses the genesis of low permeability reservoirs in Xihu sag, and the main controlling factors of high quality reservoirs. The results show that the magmatic rocks(especially granite) and metamorphic rocks around Xihu sag are the main parent rocks of Pinghu Formation sand body formed in the late rifting stage and the Huagang Formation sand body formed in the depression stage, which lays the material basis for the development of high-quality reservoirs under the background of low-permeability deep formation. Furthermore, the later diagenesis transformation controlled the longitudinal distribution of low-permeability reservoirs by affecting the pore-throat structure and the pore evolution characteristics of reservoir, and the differences on geothermal and diagenetic environments control the differential evolution of Pinghu Formation and Huagang Formation reservoir pores. The geothermal gradient of the Pinghu Formation in the Western slope is low, the supply of organic acid in the coal-bearing strata is sufficient, and the secondary dissolution is widely developed. The geothermal gradient of the Huagang Formation in the Central Inversion Tectonic belt is relatively high, and the diagenetic evolution degree is high; the acid supply is restricted by oil source faults, and the scale of secondary dissolution is relatively limited. The high-quality reservoirs in Xihu sag are controlled by sedimentary microfacies and differential dissolution, and different layers also have their own characteristics. Among them, the early developed chlorite rims in the Huagang Formation preserved the primary pores and inhibited the late cementation, while the Pinghu Formation generally developed overpressure to preserve the pores; hence, multiple factors jointly contributed to the formation of high quality deep reservoirs.
By comprehensively utilizing technical measures including thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, physical property analysis, mercury intrusion analysis and geochemical analysis, and combined with the exploration practices, this paper analyzes and discusses the genesis of low permeability reservoirs in Xihu sag, and the main controlling factors of high quality reservoirs. The results show that the magmatic rocks(especially granite) and metamorphic rocks around Xihu sag are the main parent rocks of Pinghu Formation sand body formed in the late rifting stage and the Huagang Formation sand body formed in the depression stage, which lays the material basis for the development of high-quality reservoirs under the background of low-permeability deep formation. Furthermore, the later diagenesis transformation controlled the longitudinal distribution of low-permeability reservoirs by affecting the pore-throat structure and the pore evolution characteristics of reservoir, and the differences on geothermal and diagenetic environments control the differential evolution of Pinghu Formation and Huagang Formation reservoir pores. The geothermal gradient of the Pinghu Formation in the Western slope is low, the supply of organic acid in the coal-bearing strata is sufficient, and the secondary dissolution is widely developed. The geothermal gradient of the Huagang Formation in the Central Inversion Tectonic belt is relatively high, and the diagenetic evolution degree is high; the acid supply is restricted by oil source faults, and the scale of secondary dissolution is relatively limited. The high-quality reservoirs in Xihu sag are controlled by sedimentary microfacies and differential dissolution, and different layers also have their own characteristics. Among them, the early developed chlorite rims in the Huagang Formation preserved the primary pores and inhibited the late cementation, while the Pinghu Formation generally developed overpressure to preserve the pores; hence, multiple factors jointly contributed to the formation of high quality deep reservoirs.
引文
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[8] 赵仲祥,董春梅,林承焰,等.西湖凹陷深层低渗-致密气藏“甜点”类型划分及成因探讨[J].石油与天然气地质,2018,39(4):778-789.ZHAO Zhongxiang,DONG Chunmei,LIN Chengyan,et al.Classification and origin of “sweet spots” in deep low permeability tight gas reservoirs,Xihu sag,East China Sea Shelf basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2018,39(4):778-789.
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[12] DESBOIS G,URAI J L.High-resolution 3D fabric and porosity model in a tight gas sandstone reservoir[J].Journal of Petrdeum Science and Engineering,2011,78(2):243-257.
[13] RIEPE L,SUHAIMI M H B.Application of high resolution micro-CT imaging and pore network modeling (PNM)for the petrophysical characterization of tight gas reservoirs:A case history from a deep clastic tight gas reservoir in Oman[R].SPE Middle East unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition,2011.
[14] WANG Huaai,ZHONG Jianhua,ZHONG Fuping,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of low permeability beach-bar sandstone of Es4 in Dongying Sag[J].Mining Science and Technology(China),2009,19(6):788-795.
[15] DESBOIS G,URAI J L,KUKLA P A,et al.High-resolution 3D fabric and porosity model in a tight gas sandstone reservoir:A new approach to investigate microstructures from mm- to nm-scale combining argon beam cross-sectioning and SEM imaging[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2011,78:243-259.
[16] 于兴河,李顺利,曹冰,等.西湖凹陷渐新世层序地层格架与沉积充填响应[J].沉积学报,2017,35(2):299-314.YU Xinghe,LI Shunli,CAO Bing,et al.Oligocene sequence framework and depositional response in the Xihu Depression,East China Sea Shelf Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2017,35(2):299-314.
[17] 王果寿,周卓明,肖朝辉,等.西湖凹陷春晓区带下第三系平湖组、花港组沉积特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2002,23(3):257-261,265.WANG Guoshou,ZHOU Zhuoming,XIAO Zhaohui,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of Eogene Pinghu Formation and Huagang Formation in Chunxiao zone of Xihu Lake depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2002,23(3):257-261,265.
[18] 周瑞琦,傅恒,徐国盛,等.东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖组—花港组沉积层序[J].沉积学报,2018,36(1):132-141.ZHOU Quiqi,FU Heng,XU Guosheng,et al.Eocene Pinghu Formation—Oligocene Huagang Formation sequence stratigraphy and depositional model of Xihu sag in East China Sea basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2018,36(1):132-141.
[19] 秦兰芝,刘金水,李帅,等.东海西湖凹陷中央反转带花港组锆石特征及物源指示意义[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(4):498-504.QIN Lanzhi,LIU Jinshui,LI Shuai,et al.Characteristics of zircon in the Huagang Formation of the Central Inversion zone of Xihu sag and its provenance indication[J].Petroleum Geology &Experiment,2017,39(4):498-504.
[20] 陈琳琳.东海西湖凹陷渐新世花港组轴向水系沉积机制探讨[J].海洋石油,2001,21(3):35-41.CHEN Linlin.Discussion on depositional mechanism controlled by axis-wise drainage in Huagang Formation (Oligocene)of Xihu trough,the East China Sea[J].Offshore Oil,2001,21(3):35-41.
[21] 张建培,徐发,钟韬,等.东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖组-花港组层序地层模式及沉积演化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(1):35-41.ZHANG Jianpei,XU Fa,ZHONG Tao,et al.Sequence stratigraphic models and sedimentary evolution of Pinghu and Huagang Formations in the Xihu Trough[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2012,32(1):35-41.
[22] 郭宏莉,王大锐.塔里木油气区砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物的同位素组成与成因分析[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(3):51-52.GUO Hongli,WANG Darui.Isotopic composition and genetic analysis of carbonate cement in sandstone reservoir in Tarim oil and gas region[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1999,26(3):51-52.
[23] SURDAM R C,CROSSEY L J,HAGEN E S,et al.Organic-inorganic and sandstone diagenesis[J].AAPG Bulletin,1989,73(1):1-23.
[24] 黄思静,谢连文,张萌,等.中国三叠系陆相砂岩中自生绿泥石的形成机制及其与储层孔隙保存的关系[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31 (3):273-281HUANG Sijing,XIE Lianwen,ZHANG Meng,et al.Formation mechanism of authigenic chlorite and relation to preservation of porosity in nonmarine Triassic reservoir sandstones,Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2004,31(3):273-281.
[2] 邹才能,朱如凯,吴松涛,等.常规与非常规油气聚集类型、特征、机理及展望:以中国致密油和致密气为例[J].石油学报,2012,33(2):173-178.ZOU Caineng,ZHU Rukai,WU Songtao,et al.Types,characteristics,genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations:Taking tight oil and tight gas in China as an instance[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(2):173-178.
[3] 李盼盼,朱筱敏,朱世发,等.鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组长4+5油层组储层特征及主控因素分析[J].岩性油气藏,2014,26(4):50-56.LI Panpan,ZHU Xiaomin,ZHU Shifa,et al.Characteristics and main controlling factors of Chang 4+5 oil reservoir set in Longdong area,Ordos Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2014,26(4):50-56.
[4] 王禹诺.鄂尔多斯盆地新安边油田致密储层成岩演化与成藏耦合关系[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2018.WANG Yunuo.The coupling relationship between the diagenetic evolution and oil accumulation of tight sandstone reservoir in Xin Anbian oilfield,Ordos Basin[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences (Beijing),2018.
[5] 魏新善,胡爱平,赵会涛,等.致密砂岩气地质认识新进展[J].岩性油气藏,2017,29(1):11-20.WEI Xinshan,HU Aiping,ZHAO Huitao,et al.New geological understanding of tight sandstone gas[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2017,29(1):11-20.
[6] 邴振阳.盆地级致密砂岩气资源评价方法研究:以北美地区为例[D].大庆:东北石油大学,2018.BING Zhenyang.Research on evaluation method of basin-scale tight gas sands resources-illustrated by the case of North America[D].Daqing:Northeast Petroleum University,2018.
[7] 刘金水,唐健程.西湖凹陷低渗储层微观孔隙结构与渗流特征及其地质意义:以HY构造花港组为例[J].中国海上油气,2013,25(2):18-23.LIU Jinshui,TANG Jiancheng.Mircoscopic pore texture and percolation features in the low permeability reservoirs and their geological significance in Xihu sag:A case of Huagang Formation in HY structure[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2013,25(2):18-23.
[8] 赵仲祥,董春梅,林承焰,等.西湖凹陷深层低渗-致密气藏“甜点”类型划分及成因探讨[J].石油与天然气地质,2018,39(4):778-789.ZHAO Zhongxiang,DONG Chunmei,LIN Chengyan,et al.Classification and origin of “sweet spots” in deep low permeability tight gas reservoirs,Xihu sag,East China Sea Shelf basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2018,39(4):778-789.
[9] 戴金星,倪云燕,吴小奇,等.中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):257-264.DAI Jinxing,NI Yunyan,WU Xiaoqi,et al.Tight gas in China and its significance in exploration and exploitation[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(4):257-264.
[10] 徐国盛,徐芳艮,袁海锋,等.西湖凹陷中央反转构造带花港组致密砂岩储层成岩环境演变与孔隙演化[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2016,43(4):385-395.XU Guosheng,XU Fanggen,YUAN Haifeng,et al.Evolution of pore and diagenetic environment for the tight sandstone reservoir of Paleogene Huagang Formation in the central reversal structural belt in Xihu sag,East China Sea[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science and Technology Edition),2016,43(4):385-395.
[11] GOLAB A N,KNACKSTED M A.3-D porosity and mineralogical charecterization in tight gas sandstone[J].The Leading Edge,2010,29(12):1476-1483.
[12] DESBOIS G,URAI J L.High-resolution 3D fabric and porosity model in a tight gas sandstone reservoir[J].Journal of Petrdeum Science and Engineering,2011,78(2):243-257.
[13] RIEPE L,SUHAIMI M H B.Application of high resolution micro-CT imaging and pore network modeling (PNM)for the petrophysical characterization of tight gas reservoirs:A case history from a deep clastic tight gas reservoir in Oman[R].SPE Middle East unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition,2011.
[14] WANG Huaai,ZHONG Jianhua,ZHONG Fuping,et al.Characteristics and mechanism of low permeability beach-bar sandstone of Es4 in Dongying Sag[J].Mining Science and Technology(China),2009,19(6):788-795.
[15] DESBOIS G,URAI J L,KUKLA P A,et al.High-resolution 3D fabric and porosity model in a tight gas sandstone reservoir:A new approach to investigate microstructures from mm- to nm-scale combining argon beam cross-sectioning and SEM imaging[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2011,78:243-259.
[16] 于兴河,李顺利,曹冰,等.西湖凹陷渐新世层序地层格架与沉积充填响应[J].沉积学报,2017,35(2):299-314.YU Xinghe,LI Shunli,CAO Bing,et al.Oligocene sequence framework and depositional response in the Xihu Depression,East China Sea Shelf Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2017,35(2):299-314.
[17] 王果寿,周卓明,肖朝辉,等.西湖凹陷春晓区带下第三系平湖组、花港组沉积特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2002,23(3):257-261,265.WANG Guoshou,ZHOU Zhuoming,XIAO Zhaohui,et al.Sedimentary characteristics of Eogene Pinghu Formation and Huagang Formation in Chunxiao zone of Xihu Lake depression[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2002,23(3):257-261,265.
[18] 周瑞琦,傅恒,徐国盛,等.东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖组—花港组沉积层序[J].沉积学报,2018,36(1):132-141.ZHOU Quiqi,FU Heng,XU Guosheng,et al.Eocene Pinghu Formation—Oligocene Huagang Formation sequence stratigraphy and depositional model of Xihu sag in East China Sea basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2018,36(1):132-141.
[19] 秦兰芝,刘金水,李帅,等.东海西湖凹陷中央反转带花港组锆石特征及物源指示意义[J].石油实验地质,2017,39(4):498-504.QIN Lanzhi,LIU Jinshui,LI Shuai,et al.Characteristics of zircon in the Huagang Formation of the Central Inversion zone of Xihu sag and its provenance indication[J].Petroleum Geology &Experiment,2017,39(4):498-504.
[20] 陈琳琳.东海西湖凹陷渐新世花港组轴向水系沉积机制探讨[J].海洋石油,2001,21(3):35-41.CHEN Linlin.Discussion on depositional mechanism controlled by axis-wise drainage in Huagang Formation (Oligocene)of Xihu trough,the East China Sea[J].Offshore Oil,2001,21(3):35-41.
[21] 张建培,徐发,钟韬,等.东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷平湖组-花港组层序地层模式及沉积演化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,32(1):35-41.ZHANG Jianpei,XU Fa,ZHONG Tao,et al.Sequence stratigraphic models and sedimentary evolution of Pinghu and Huagang Formations in the Xihu Trough[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,2012,32(1):35-41.
[22] 郭宏莉,王大锐.塔里木油气区砂岩储集层碳酸盐胶结物的同位素组成与成因分析[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(3):51-52.GUO Hongli,WANG Darui.Isotopic composition and genetic analysis of carbonate cement in sandstone reservoir in Tarim oil and gas region[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,1999,26(3):51-52.
[23] SURDAM R C,CROSSEY L J,HAGEN E S,et al.Organic-inorganic and sandstone diagenesis[J].AAPG Bulletin,1989,73(1):1-23.
[24] 黄思静,谢连文,张萌,等.中国三叠系陆相砂岩中自生绿泥石的形成机制及其与储层孔隙保存的关系[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31 (3):273-281HUANG Sijing,XIE Lianwen,ZHANG Meng,et al.Formation mechanism of authigenic chlorite and relation to preservation of porosity in nonmarine Triassic reservoir sandstones,Ordos Basin and Sichuan Basin,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science & Technology Edition),2004,31(3):273-281.
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