大容量气枪震源在南黄海海相高速屏蔽层下VSP资料采集中的应用——以大陆架科学钻探CSDP-2井为例
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摘要
CSDP-2井为南黄海盆地中部隆起第一口以探查南黄海海相地层属性的科学钻探井,为了建立地震层位与钻井地层界面两者准确的对应关系,实施了垂直地震剖面(VSP)测井.针对浅部存在速度突变界面对地震波能量屏蔽作用严重的难题,根据大容量气枪激发的地震信号主频低、穿透能力强的优势,采用了4支容量为1500 in~3的Bolt气枪,组合设计形成总容量6000 in~3的气枪阵列,作为VSP资料采集的地震激发震源.在较小的井源距条件下,解决了海相地层顶部高速屏蔽层对地震波的强烈阻滞问题,获得了井孔内高信噪比的纵波波场信号特征,并得到了高速屏蔽层之下的有效转换波信号,为地震层位与钻井地层的关系建立、地层弹性波速度提取提供了良好的数据基础,而且为推广VSP观测与大容量气枪联合应用提供了经验与借鉴.
CSDP-2 well is the first scientific drilling well in the central uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin to explore the marine stratigraphic attributes of the South Yellow Sea. In order to establish an accurate correspondence between seismic horizon and drilling formation interface, Vertical Seismic Profile(VSP) logging has been implemented. In order to establish an accurate correspondence between seismic horizon and drilling formation interface, Vertical Seismic Profile(VSP) logging has been implemented. Aiming at the serious problem of shielding seismic wave energy by velocity sudden change interface in shallow region, according to the advantages of low main frequency and strong penetration ability of seismic signal excited by large capacity air gun, 4 Bolt air guns with a capacity of 1500 in~3 were used to design and form a total capacity of 6000 in~3 air gun array, which was used as seismic excitation source for VSP data acquisition. Under the condition of small well source distance, the problem of strong seismic wave retardation caused by high-speed shielding layer on the top of marine strata is solved, the characteristics of P-wave field signal with high signal-to-noise ratio in borehole are obtained, and the effective converted wave signal under high-speed shielding layer is obtained, which provides a good data basis for establishing the relationship between seismic horizon and drilling stratum and extracting formation elastic wave velocity, and also provides experience and reference for popularizing the joint application of VSP observation and large-capacity air gun.
CSDP-2 well is the first scientific drilling well in the central uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin to explore the marine stratigraphic attributes of the South Yellow Sea. In order to establish an accurate correspondence between seismic horizon and drilling formation interface, Vertical Seismic Profile(VSP) logging has been implemented. In order to establish an accurate correspondence between seismic horizon and drilling formation interface, Vertical Seismic Profile(VSP) logging has been implemented. Aiming at the serious problem of shielding seismic wave energy by velocity sudden change interface in shallow region, according to the advantages of low main frequency and strong penetration ability of seismic signal excited by large capacity air gun, 4 Bolt air guns with a capacity of 1500 in~3 were used to design and form a total capacity of 6000 in~3 air gun array, which was used as seismic excitation source for VSP data acquisition. Under the condition of small well source distance, the problem of strong seismic wave retardation caused by high-speed shielding layer on the top of marine strata is solved, the characteristics of P-wave field signal with high signal-to-noise ratio in borehole are obtained, and the effective converted wave signal under high-speed shielding layer is obtained, which provides a good data basis for establishing the relationship between seismic horizon and drilling stratum and extracting formation elastic wave velocity, and also provides experience and reference for popularizing the joint application of VSP observation and large-capacity air gun.
引文
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Chen Y,Liu L B,Ge H K,et al.2007.Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China:experiments and preliminary results[J].Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),56(4):601- 612.
Guo X W,Zhu X Q,Mu L,et al.2017.Discvery of Permian-Triassic Ammonoids in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea and its geological implications [J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology (in Chinese),37(3):121-128.
Hayward N,Westbrook G K,Peacock S.2003.Seismic velocity,anisotropy,and fluid pressure in the Barbados accretionary wedge from an offset vertical seismic profile with seabed sources [J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(B11),doi:10.1029/2001JB001638.
He H Y.2001.The Marine High Resolution Seismic Technique and its Applications (in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
HONG QiYu,LI JiaXin,ZHENG XuYao.2018.Inversion of TTI anisotropic parameters based on walkaway VSP downgoing P-waves [J].Chinese Journal Of Geophysics (in Chinese),61(2):625- 635,doi:10.6038/cjg2018K0295.
Li X X,Fan T G,Hu G Y,et al.2015.Study and application of offshore Walkaway VSP methodology [J].China Offshore Oil and Gas (in Chinese),27(2):1-7,23.
Lin J M,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.2008.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),51(1):206-212.
Luo G C,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.2006.Progress in earth’s deep structures exploration by airgun source [J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),21(2):400- 407,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.02.011.
Matsushima J.2006.Seismic wave attenuation in methane hydrate-bearing sediments:Vertical seismic profiling data from the Nankai Trough exploratory well,offshore Tokai,central Japan [J].J.Geophys.Res.,111(B10),doi:10.1029/2005JB004031.
Pang Y M;Zhang X H;Guo X W,et al.2017a.Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectono-thermal evolution modeling in the Northern South Yellow Sea Basin [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),60(8):3177-3190,doi:10.6038/cjg20170824.
Pang Yumao,Zhang Xunhua,Guo Xingwei,et al.2017c.Basin modeling in the initial stage of exploration:a case study from the North Subbasin of the South Yellow Sea Basin[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(9):65-78.
Pang Yumao,Zhang Xunhua,Xiao Guolin,et al.2017b.Characteristics of Meso-Cenozoic Igneous Complexes in the South Yellow Sea Basin,Lower Yangtze Craton of Eastern China and the Tectonic Setting [J].Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,91(3):971-987.
Pecher I A,Holbrook W S,Sen M K,et al.2003.Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge,from a walkaway vertical seismic profile[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(14),doi:10.1029/2003GL017477.
Qiu X L,Chen Y,Zhu R X,et al.2007.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys:Implication from the experimental results in northern South China Sea [J].Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),52(4):463- 469.
She D P,Guan L P,Xu Y,et al.2007.Applying of low frequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt [J].OGP.(in Chinese),42(5):564-567.
Wang J H,Li Q Z,Qiu R.2003.Energy shielding action of shallow strong reflection [J].OGP (in Chinese),38(6):589-596,602.
Wu S J,Luo B,Chen Y Y,et al.2017.Joint in version of up-going SS-wave and PP-wave in land zero offset VSP with P-wave source and a tentative exploration of their application [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),56(4):589-598.
Wu Z Q,Hao T Y,Tang S H,et al.2016.Tridimensional air-gun array with delay fired source signal characteristics and the application in OBS exploration in shallow seas[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(7):2573-2586,doi:10.6038/cjg20160722.
Wu Z Q,Liu L H,Xiao G L,et al.2015.Progress and enlightenment of integrated geophysics exploration of marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea [J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),30(6):2945-2954,doi:10.6038/pg20150664.
Wu Z Q,Wu S G,Tong S Y,et al.2011.A study on seismic acquisition basic on marine carbonate hydrocarbon exploration in the southern Yellow Sea [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):1061-1070,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.021.
Xiao G L,Cai L X,Guo X W,et al.2017.Detailed assessment of Meso-Paleozoic hydrocarbon source rocks:Implications from Well CSDP-2 on the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin [J].Marine Geology Frontiers (in Chinese),33(12):24-36.
Xu Z D,Hao X H,Xu X Z,et al.2002.Estimation of velocities of shear-waves using downward on verted P-S waves in VSP data [J].GPP.(in Chinese),41(3):274-278.
Yao Z R,He X H.2006.The S wave velocity calculated by the data of zero-offset VSP:a case history of zero-offset VSP in Qibei 101 [J].PETROLEUM GEOPHYSICS (in Chinese),4(3):32-34.
Yu G P,Jiang H,Wei X J.2002.Research on Dolphin-100 crowbar air-gun source and its application [J].EGP.(in Chinese),12(1):18-20,27.
Yu S H,Song Y L,Liu M L,et al.2001.VSP converted wave research in Jurong area [J].GPP.(in Chinese),40(1):56- 63,55.
Zhao M H,Qiu XL,Xia S H,et al.2008.Large volume air-gun sources and its seismic waveform characters [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(2):558-565,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.028.
Zhao X P.2004.Marine air gun array source and wavelet simulation [J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency (in Chinese),11(4):36-38.
Zhu G M,Yang W C,Yang Z H,et al.2008.Vertical seismic profiling at the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling site [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(2):479- 490,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.020.
陈顒,张先康,丘学林,等.2007.陆地人工激发地震波的一种新方法[J].科学通报,52(11):1317-1321.
郭兴伟,朱晓青,牟林,等.2017.南黄海中部隆起二叠纪-三叠纪菊石的发现及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(3):121-128.
何汉漪.2001.海上高分辨率地震技术及其应用.北京:地质出版社.
洪启宇,李佳欣,郑需要.2018.基于walkaway VSP下行P波的TTI各向异性参数反演[J].地球物理学报,61(2):625- 635,doi:10.6038/cjg2018K0295.
李绪宣,范廷恩,胡光义,等.2015.海上Walkaway VSP 技术研究与应用[J].中国海上油气,27(2):1-7,23.
林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2008.大容量气枪震源特征及地震波传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,51(1):206212.
罗桂纯,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2006.气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的应用研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,21(2):400- 407,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.02.011.
庞玉茂,张训华,郭兴伟,等.2017.南黄海北部盆地中、新生代构造热演化史模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,60(8):3177-3190,doi:10.6038/cjg20170824.
丘学林,陈龥,朱日祥,等.2007.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,52(4):463- 469.
佘德平,管路平,徐颖,等.2007.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,42(5):564-567.
王风帆.2015.海上立体气枪阵列信号模拟与设计方法研究[博士论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,博士论文.
王建花,李庆忠,邱睿.2003.浅层强反射界面的能量屏蔽作用[J].石油地球物理勘探,38(6):589-596,602.
吴少军,罗斌,陈元勇,等.2017.纵波源零偏VSP资料中的上行横波与纵波联合反演初探[J].石油物探,56(4):589-598.
吴志强,郝天珧,唐松华,等.2016.立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源特性及在浅海区OBS探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,59(7):2573-2586,doi:10.6038/cjg20160722.
吴志强,刘丽华,肖国林,等.2015.南黄海海相残留盆地综合地球物理调查进展与启示[J].地球物理学进展,30(6):2945-2954,doi:10.6038/pg20150664.
吴志强,吴时国,童思友,等.2011.基于南黄海海相油气勘探的地震采集技术研究[J].地球物理学报,54(4):1061-1070,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.021.
肖国林,蔡来星,郭兴伟,等.2017.南黄海中部隆起CSDP-2井中-古生界烃源岩精细评价[J].海洋地质前沿,33(12):24-36.
徐仲达,郝晓红,徐翔之,等.2002.用VSP数据中下行P-SV转换横波求取横波速度[J].石油物探,41(3):274-278.
姚忠瑞,何惺华.2006.利用零偏VSP数据求取横波速度——以七北101井VSP测井为例[J].油气地球物理,4(3):32-34.
於国平,姜海,魏学进.2002.VSP气枪震源的研制与应用[J].物探装备,12(1):18-20,27.
于世焕,宋玉龙,刘美丽,等.2001.句容地区VSP转换波的研究[J].石油物探,40(1):56- 63,55.
赵明辉,丘学林,夏少红,等.2008.大容量气枪震源及其波形特征[J].地球物理学报,51(2):558-565,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.028.
赵秀鹏.2004.海洋气枪震源组合及子波模拟[J].油气地质与采收率,11(4):36-38.
朱光明,杨文采,杨正华,等.2008.中国大陆科学钻探孔区的垂直地震剖面调查[J].地球物理学报,51(2):479- 490,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.020.
Chen Y,Liu L B,Ge H K,et al.2007.Using an airgun array in a land reservoir as the seismic source for seismotectonic studies in northern China:experiments and preliminary results[J].Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese),56(4):601- 612.
Guo X W,Zhu X Q,Mu L,et al.2017.Discvery of Permian-Triassic Ammonoids in the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea and its geological implications [J].Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology (in Chinese),37(3):121-128.
Hayward N,Westbrook G K,Peacock S.2003.Seismic velocity,anisotropy,and fluid pressure in the Barbados accretionary wedge from an offset vertical seismic profile with seabed sources [J].J.Geophys.Res.,108(B11),doi:10.1029/2001JB001638.
He H Y.2001.The Marine High Resolution Seismic Technique and its Applications (in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House.
HONG QiYu,LI JiaXin,ZHENG XuYao.2018.Inversion of TTI anisotropic parameters based on walkaway VSP downgoing P-waves [J].Chinese Journal Of Geophysics (in Chinese),61(2):625- 635,doi:10.6038/cjg2018K0295.
Li X X,Fan T G,Hu G Y,et al.2015.Study and application of offshore Walkaway VSP methodology [J].China Offshore Oil and Gas (in Chinese),27(2):1-7,23.
Lin J M,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.2008.Study on large volume airgun source characteristics and seismic phase analysis [J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),51(1):206-212.
Luo G C,Wang B S,Ge H K,et al.2006.Progress in earth’s deep structures exploration by airgun source [J].Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),21(2):400- 407,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.02.011.
Matsushima J.2006.Seismic wave attenuation in methane hydrate-bearing sediments:Vertical seismic profiling data from the Nankai Trough exploratory well,offshore Tokai,central Japan [J].J.Geophys.Res.,111(B10),doi:10.1029/2005JB004031.
Pang Y M;Zhang X H;Guo X W,et al.2017a.Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectono-thermal evolution modeling in the Northern South Yellow Sea Basin [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),60(8):3177-3190,doi:10.6038/cjg20170824.
Pang Yumao,Zhang Xunhua,Guo Xingwei,et al.2017c.Basin modeling in the initial stage of exploration:a case study from the North Subbasin of the South Yellow Sea Basin[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,36(9):65-78.
Pang Yumao,Zhang Xunhua,Xiao Guolin,et al.2017b.Characteristics of Meso-Cenozoic Igneous Complexes in the South Yellow Sea Basin,Lower Yangtze Craton of Eastern China and the Tectonic Setting [J].Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,91(3):971-987.
Pecher I A,Holbrook W S,Sen M K,et al.2003.Seismic anisotropy in gas-hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments on the Blake Ridge,from a walkaway vertical seismic profile[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(14),doi:10.1029/2003GL017477.
Qiu X L,Chen Y,Zhu R X,et al.2007.The application of large volume airgun sources to the onshore-offshore seismic surveys:Implication from the experimental results in northern South China Sea [J].Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),52(4):463- 469.
She D P,Guan L P,Xu Y,et al.2007.Applying of low frequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt [J].OGP.(in Chinese),42(5):564-567.
Wang J H,Li Q Z,Qiu R.2003.Energy shielding action of shallow strong reflection [J].OGP (in Chinese),38(6):589-596,602.
Wu S J,Luo B,Chen Y Y,et al.2017.Joint in version of up-going SS-wave and PP-wave in land zero offset VSP with P-wave source and a tentative exploration of their application [J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),56(4):589-598.
Wu Z Q,Hao T Y,Tang S H,et al.2016.Tridimensional air-gun array with delay fired source signal characteristics and the application in OBS exploration in shallow seas[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),59(7):2573-2586,doi:10.6038/cjg20160722.
Wu Z Q,Liu L H,Xiao G L,et al.2015.Progress and enlightenment of integrated geophysics exploration of marine residual basin in the South Yellow Sea [J].Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),30(6):2945-2954,doi:10.6038/pg20150664.
Wu Z Q,Wu S G,Tong S Y,et al.2011.A study on seismic acquisition basic on marine carbonate hydrocarbon exploration in the southern Yellow Sea [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),54(4):1061-1070,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.04.021.
Xiao G L,Cai L X,Guo X W,et al.2017.Detailed assessment of Meso-Paleozoic hydrocarbon source rocks:Implications from Well CSDP-2 on the Central Uplift of the South Yellow Sea Basin [J].Marine Geology Frontiers (in Chinese),33(12):24-36.
Xu Z D,Hao X H,Xu X Z,et al.2002.Estimation of velocities of shear-waves using downward on verted P-S waves in VSP data [J].GPP.(in Chinese),41(3):274-278.
Yao Z R,He X H.2006.The S wave velocity calculated by the data of zero-offset VSP:a case history of zero-offset VSP in Qibei 101 [J].PETROLEUM GEOPHYSICS (in Chinese),4(3):32-34.
Yu G P,Jiang H,Wei X J.2002.Research on Dolphin-100 crowbar air-gun source and its application [J].EGP.(in Chinese),12(1):18-20,27.
Yu S H,Song Y L,Liu M L,et al.2001.VSP converted wave research in Jurong area [J].GPP.(in Chinese),40(1):56- 63,55.
Zhao M H,Qiu XL,Xia S H,et al.2008.Large volume air-gun sources and its seismic waveform characters [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(2):558-565,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.028.
Zhao X P.2004.Marine air gun array source and wavelet simulation [J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency (in Chinese),11(4):36-38.
Zhu G M,Yang W C,Yang Z H,et al.2008.Vertical seismic profiling at the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling site [J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),51(2):479- 490,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.02.020.
陈顒,张先康,丘学林,等.2007.陆地人工激发地震波的一种新方法[J].科学通报,52(11):1317-1321.
郭兴伟,朱晓青,牟林,等.2017.南黄海中部隆起二叠纪-三叠纪菊石的发现及其意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,37(3):121-128.
何汉漪.2001.海上高分辨率地震技术及其应用.北京:地质出版社.
洪启宇,李佳欣,郑需要.2018.基于walkaway VSP下行P波的TTI各向异性参数反演[J].地球物理学报,61(2):625- 635,doi:10.6038/cjg2018K0295.
李绪宣,范廷恩,胡光义,等.2015.海上Walkaway VSP 技术研究与应用[J].中国海上油气,27(2):1-7,23.
林建民,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2008.大容量气枪震源特征及地震波传播的震相分析[J].地球物理学报,51(1):206212.
罗桂纯,王宝善,葛洪魁,等.2006.气枪震源在地球深部结构探测中的应用研究进展[J].地球物理学进展,21(2):400- 407,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2006.02.011.
庞玉茂,张训华,郭兴伟,等.2017.南黄海北部盆地中、新生代构造热演化史模拟研究[J].地球物理学报,60(8):3177-3190,doi:10.6038/cjg20170824.
丘学林,陈龥,朱日祥,等.2007.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析[J].科学通报,52(4):463- 469.
佘德平,管路平,徐颖,等.2007.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,42(5):564-567.
王风帆.2015.海上立体气枪阵列信号模拟与设计方法研究[博士论文].青岛:中国海洋大学,博士论文.
王建花,李庆忠,邱睿.2003.浅层强反射界面的能量屏蔽作用[J].石油地球物理勘探,38(6):589-596,602.
吴少军,罗斌,陈元勇,等.2017.纵波源零偏VSP资料中的上行横波与纵波联合反演初探[J].石油物探,56(4):589-598.
吴志强,郝天珧,唐松华,等.2016.立体气枪阵列延迟激发震源特性及在浅海区OBS探测中的应用[J].地球物理学报,59(7):2573-2586,doi:10.6038/cjg20160722.
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