大气影响下平顶山膨胀土地表蒸发研究
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摘要
为探索膨胀土的蒸发特征,对平顶山市区膨胀土进行了不同初始含水量土体的室内和室外蒸发试验,测试了蒸发过程中土体含水量在不同深度的变化。对室内、外试验结果及其差异性进行了分析,发现室内和室外土样的蒸发强度差别较大,但是蒸发系数相差不大,蒸发系数与土体含水量、含水量梯度有较强的相关性。地表土体接近饱和时,蒸发系数在1上下波动。随着蒸发的持续,蒸发系数随地表含水量降低而下降,含水量梯度随地表含水量的降低而升高。当地表含水量达到残余含水量时,含水量梯度达到极大值,持续蒸发下含水量梯度将继续减小。对土体蒸发系数与蒸发历时进行拟合,呈较好的对数关系。
The expansive soil is sensitive to climate. In this study, the indoor and outdoor evaporation experiments on Pingdingshan expansive soil with various initial water contents have been studied. The variation of soil water content with depth in the evaporation process has been obtained. The evaporation intensity is different between indoor and outdoor soil specimens, but their evaporation coefficient is less different. The evaporation coefficient has correlation with soil water content and water content gradient. When the surface soil is close to saturation, the evaporation coefficient fluctuates around one. With continuous evaporation, the evaporation coefficient decreases with the surface water content, and the water content gradient increases with the decrease of surface water content. When the surface water content reaches the residual water content, the water content gradient reaches the maximum. The continuous evaporation water content gradient will gradually decrease. A good logarithmic relationship between the evaporation coefficient of soil and the evaporation duration can be seen.
The expansive soil is sensitive to climate. In this study, the indoor and outdoor evaporation experiments on Pingdingshan expansive soil with various initial water contents have been studied. The variation of soil water content with depth in the evaporation process has been obtained. The evaporation intensity is different between indoor and outdoor soil specimens, but their evaporation coefficient is less different. The evaporation coefficient has correlation with soil water content and water content gradient. When the surface soil is close to saturation, the evaporation coefficient fluctuates around one. With continuous evaporation, the evaporation coefficient decreases with the surface water content, and the water content gradient increases with the decrease of surface water content. When the surface water content reaches the residual water content, the water content gradient reaches the maximum. The continuous evaporation water content gradient will gradually decrease. A good logarithmic relationship between the evaporation coefficient of soil and the evaporation duration can be seen.
引文
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[17] Xiong Yi,Gao Kang.Numerical simulation of water evaporation and transfer in unsaturated soil[J].Journal of China Three Gorges University (Natural Sciences),2014,36(1):46-50.[熊义,高抗.蒸发条件下非饱和土水分迁移的数值模拟[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(1):46-50.]
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[20] Zeng Zhaotian,Lü Haibo,Zhao Yanlin,et al.Analysis of climatic sensitivity of expansive soil in evaporation process[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013,22(3):236-243.[曾召田,吕海波,赵艳林,等.膨胀土蒸发过程的气候敏感性分析[J].自然灾害学报,2013,22(3):236-243.]
[21] Wang Tiehang,Chen Jingjing,Li Yanlong.Experimental research on the land surface evaporation of unsaturated loess[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(6):986-990.[王铁行,陈晶晶,李彦龙.非饱和黄土地表蒸发的试验研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(6):986-990.]
[22] Cao Jing,Aramusa.Variation of pan evaporation and its affecting factors in the west Horqin Sandy Land[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):418-424.[曹静,阿拉木萨.科尔沁沙地西部蒸发皿蒸发量变化及其影响因子分析[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):418-424.]
[23] Chen Fulong,Feng Ping,Wu Zebin.Changes of evaporation and impact factors in the plain region in Sangong River basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):45-53.[陈伏龙,冯平,吴泽斌.三工河流域平原区蒸发量变化特征及影响因素[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):45-53.]
[24] Cao Ling,Wang Zhijian,Zhang Zhenhua.Experimental research of cracking process of expansive soil under rainfall infiltration and evaporation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(2):414-421.[曹玲,王志俭,张振华.降雨-蒸发条件下膨胀土裂隙演化特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(2):414-421.]
[25] Teng Jidong,Shan Feng,Zhang Sheng,et al.New method for calculating soil surface evaporation considering effect of wind speed[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(1):101-107.[滕继东,单锋,张升,等.考虑风速影响的土表蒸发计算方法[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(1):101-107.]
[26] Li Ge,Lei Zhe.The climatic characteristics of wind change in Pingdingshan area in recent 30 years[J].Meteorology Journal of Henan,1998(1):28-29.[李戈,雷哲.平顶山地区近30年大风变化的气候特征[J].河南气象,1998(1):28-29.]
[27] He Lei,Wang Zhijian,Cao Ling,et al.Experimental study on permeability characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil under different dry densities[J].China Water Transportation,2015,15(5):300-302.[贺雷,王志俭,曹玲,等.不同干密度下的非饱和膨胀土渗透特性试验研究[J].中国水运,2015,15(5):300-302.]
[2] Gao Jianqiang,Bai Ruiqiang,Ma Qinguo.Experimental study on freezing of unsaturated coarse-grained soils[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2018,40(1):94-101.[高建强,白瑞强,马勤国.非饱和粗颗粒土体的冻结试验研究[J].冰川冻土,2018,40(1):94-101.]
[3] Zhu Meizhuang,Wang Genxu,Xiao Yao,et al.A study on the changes of soil water infiltration in alpine meadow of permafrost regions in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2017,39(6):1316-1325.[朱美壮,王根绪,肖瑶,等.青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤水分入渗变化研究[J].冰川冻土,2017,39(6):1316-1325.]
[4] Ming Feng,Li Dongqing,Chen Shijie.Impact of water migration on meso-structure of frozen soil[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(3):671-678.[明锋,李东庆,陈世杰.水分迁移对冻土细观结构的影响[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(3):671-678.]
[5] Fredlund D G,Rahardjo H.Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M].Chen Zhongyi,Zhang Zaiming,Chen Yujiong,et al trans.Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1997.[弗雷德隆德 D G,拉哈尔佐 H.非饱和土土力学[M].陈仲颐,张在明,陈愈烔,等译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1997.]
[6] Geostudio tutorials[M].Calgary,Alberta,Canada:GEO-SLOPE International Ltd,2004.
[7] Ouyang Binqiang,Tang Chaosheng,Wang Deyin,et al.Advances on soil moisture evaporation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(3):626-636.[欧阳斌强,唐朝生,王德银,等.土体水分蒸发研究进展[J].岩土力学,2016,37(3):626-636.]
[8] Li Tao.Characteristics of soil water and nutrient distribution under lateral evaporation conditions[J].China Soil and Water Conservation,2017(4):54-58.[李涛.侧面蒸发条件下土壤水分及养分分布特征[J].中国水土保持,2017(4):54-58.]
[9] Zhao Jingang,Wang Jiading,Gu Tianfeng,et al.Study on the field model test of expansive soil fill slope under atmospheric influence[J].Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition),2013,43(6):939-946.[赵金刚,王家鼎,谷天峰,等.大气作用下膨胀土填方边坡现场模型试验研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2013,43(6):939-946.]
[10] Kong Lingwei,Chen Jianbin,Guo Aiguo,et al.Field response tests on expansive soil slopes under atmosphere[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2007,29(7):1065-1073.[孔令伟,陈建斌,郭爱国,等.大气作用下膨胀土边坡的现场响应实验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(7):1065-1073.]
[11] Ai Pengrui,Ma Yingjie,Ma Liang.Study on evaporation variation of jujube trees under drip irrigation of jujube and cotton intercropping in an arid area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(13):1-10.[艾鹏睿,马英杰,马亮.干旱区滴灌枣棉间作模式下枣树棵间蒸发的变化规律[J].生态学报,2018,38(13):1-10.]
[12] Li Yan,Liu Haijun,Huang Guanhua.Modeling resistance of soil evaporation and soil evaporation under straw mulching[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):98-106.[李艳,刘海军,黄冠华.麦秸覆盖条件下土壤蒸发阻力及蒸发模拟[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(1):98-106.]
[13] Zhang Lei,Qi Ruipeng,Zhang Yinglong,et al.Effects of amendment of aeolian sandy soil and loess with soft sandstone on soil water retention curve and evaporation[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):77-86.[张磊,齐瑞鹏,张应龙,等.砒砂岩风化物对土壤水分特征曲线及蒸发的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(1):77-86.]
[14] Wang Shunli,Liu Xiande,Jin Ming,et al.The influence of moss covers on soil evaporation of Picea crassifolia forest[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(4):131-135.[王顺利,刘贤德,金铭,等.青海云杉林下苔藓层对土壤蒸发的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(4):131-135.]
[15] Chen Zhenqian,Shi Mingheng.Experimental study on heat and moisture transfer in unsaturated soil caused by air convection[J].Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica,1999,20(1):87-92.[陈振乾,施明恒.大气对流对土壤内热湿迁移影响的实验研究[J].太阳能学报,1999,20(1):87-92.]
[16] Chen Jianbin,Kong Lingwei,Zhao Yanlin,et al.Evaporation effect in unsaturated soil and its influential factors[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2007,28(1):36-40.[陈建斌,孔令伟,赵艳林,等.非饱和土的蒸发效应与影响因素分析[J].岩土力学,2007,28(1):36-40.]
[17] Xiong Yi,Gao Kang.Numerical simulation of water evaporation and transfer in unsaturated soil[J].Journal of China Three Gorges University (Natural Sciences),2014,36(1):46-50.[熊义,高抗.蒸发条件下非饱和土水分迁移的数值模拟[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(1):46-50.]
[18] Wu Junhua,Yuan Junping,He Lijun,et al.Study on distribution and change laws of soil water content due to evaporation[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2013,33(3):290-294.[吴珺华,袁俊平,何利军,等.蒸发条件下土体内部水分分布及变化规律研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2013,33(3):290-294.]
[19] Zhong Fang,Li Zhengping,Song Yaoxuan,et al.Experimental study on soil moisture evaporation in western Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Desert Research,2006,26(4):608-611.[钟芳,李正平,宋耀选,等.黄土高原西部土壤蒸发实验研究[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(4):608-611.]
[20] Zeng Zhaotian,Lü Haibo,Zhao Yanlin,et al.Analysis of climatic sensitivity of expansive soil in evaporation process[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2013,22(3):236-243.[曾召田,吕海波,赵艳林,等.膨胀土蒸发过程的气候敏感性分析[J].自然灾害学报,2013,22(3):236-243.]
[21] Wang Tiehang,Chen Jingjing,Li Yanlong.Experimental research on the land surface evaporation of unsaturated loess[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(6):986-990.[王铁行,陈晶晶,李彦龙.非饱和黄土地表蒸发的试验研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(6):986-990.]
[22] Cao Jing,Aramusa.Variation of pan evaporation and its affecting factors in the west Horqin Sandy Land[J].Arid Zone Research,2018,35(2):418-424.[曹静,阿拉木萨.科尔沁沙地西部蒸发皿蒸发量变化及其影响因子分析[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(2):418-424.]
[23] Chen Fulong,Feng Ping,Wu Zebin.Changes of evaporation and impact factors in the plain region in Sangong River basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2017,40(1):45-53.[陈伏龙,冯平,吴泽斌.三工河流域平原区蒸发量变化特征及影响因素[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):45-53.]
[24] Cao Ling,Wang Zhijian,Zhang Zhenhua.Experimental research of cracking process of expansive soil under rainfall infiltration and evaporation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(2):414-421.[曹玲,王志俭,张振华.降雨-蒸发条件下膨胀土裂隙演化特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(2):414-421.]
[25] Teng Jidong,Shan Feng,Zhang Sheng,et al.New method for calculating soil surface evaporation considering effect of wind speed[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(1):101-107.[滕继东,单锋,张升,等.考虑风速影响的土表蒸发计算方法[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(1):101-107.]
[26] Li Ge,Lei Zhe.The climatic characteristics of wind change in Pingdingshan area in recent 30 years[J].Meteorology Journal of Henan,1998(1):28-29.[李戈,雷哲.平顶山地区近30年大风变化的气候特征[J].河南气象,1998(1):28-29.]
[27] He Lei,Wang Zhijian,Cao Ling,et al.Experimental study on permeability characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil under different dry densities[J].China Water Transportation,2015,15(5):300-302.[贺雷,王志俭,曹玲,等.不同干密度下的非饱和膨胀土渗透特性试验研究[J].中国水运,2015,15(5):300-302.]
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