Fully-coupled simulations of thermally-induced cracking in pegmatite due to microwave irradiation
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摘要
Fully-coupled thermo-mechanical simulations are implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate micro-scale stress-strain variability in pegmatite specimens subjected to thermal loading using microwaves. Thermally-induced compressive and tensile stresses increase as the microwave irradiation duration increases. The dielectric constant, coefficient of expansion, and type and size of mineralogical boundary have significant impacts on the responses of the rock to microwave irradiation. The maximum principal stress of the chlorite is the smallest, indicating that the chlorite experiences the most damage under microwave irradiation, followed by the quartz. The maximum principal stress values of plagioclase and orthoclase are larger, indicating that they are likely to incur the least damage. Where quartz or chlorite is dominant, the resulting von Mises stresses are consistently higher after 120 s of microwave irradiation. The rate of generation of von Mises stresses increases most rapidly along the interface between quartz and plagioclase, and the interface between quartz and orthoclase, followed by the interface between quartz and chlorite, and finally the interface between plagioclase and orthoclase. The presented modeling approach provides a practical method to investigate stress-strain relationships within mineralogical boundaries inside a rock thin section.
Fully-coupled thermo-mechanical simulations are implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate micro-scale stress-strain variability in pegmatite specimens subjected to thermal loading using microwaves. Thermally-induced compressive and tensile stresses increase as the microwave irradiation duration increases. The dielectric constant, coefficient of expansion, and type and size of mineralogical boundary have significant impacts on the responses of the rock to microwave irradiation. The maximum principal stress of the chlorite is the smallest, indicating that the chlorite experiences the most damage under microwave irradiation, followed by the quartz. The maximum principal stress values of plagioclase and orthoclase are larger, indicating that they are likely to incur the least damage. Where quartz or chlorite is dominant, the resulting von Mises stresses are consistently higher after 120 s of microwave irradiation. The rate of generation of von Mises stresses increases most rapidly along the interface between quartz and plagioclase, and the interface between quartz and orthoclase, followed by the interface between quartz and chlorite, and finally the interface between plagioclase and orthoclase. The presented modeling approach provides a practical method to investigate stress-strain relationships within mineralogical boundaries inside a rock thin section.
Fully-coupled thermo-mechanical simulations are implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics to investigate micro-scale stress-strain variability in pegmatite specimens subjected to thermal loading using microwaves. Thermally-induced compressive and tensile stresses increase as the microwave irradiation duration increases. The dielectric constant, coefficient of expansion, and type and size of mineralogical boundary have significant impacts on the responses of the rock to microwave irradiation. The maximum principal stress of the chlorite is the smallest, indicating that the chlorite experiences the most damage under microwave irradiation, followed by the quartz. The maximum principal stress values of plagioclase and orthoclase are larger, indicating that they are likely to incur the least damage. Where quartz or chlorite is dominant, the resulting von Mises stresses are consistently higher after 120 s of microwave irradiation. The rate of generation of von Mises stresses increases most rapidly along the interface between quartz and plagioclase, and the interface between quartz and orthoclase, followed by the interface between quartz and chlorite, and finally the interface between plagioclase and orthoclase. The presented modeling approach provides a practical method to investigate stress-strain relationships within mineralogical boundaries inside a rock thin section.
引文
Ali AY,Bradshaw SM.Bonded-particle modelling of microwave-induced damage in ore particles.Minerals Engineering 2010;23(10):780e90.
Chen TT,Dutrizac JE,Haque KE,Wyslouzil W,Kashyap S.The relative transparency of minerals to microwave radiation.Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly Journal1984;23(1):349e51.
Church RH,Webb WE,Salsman JB.Dielectric properties of low-loss minerals.Washington D.C.:US Department of the Interior;1988.
Clark DE,Folz DC.Processing materials with micro-wave energy.Materials Science and Engineering 2000;28(7):153e8.
Clauser C,Huenges E.Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals.Rock Physics and Phase Relations 1995;3:105e26.
Edelbro C.Rock mass strength-A review.Technical Report.2003.p.1402e536.https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/rock-mass-strength-review.
Eppelbaum L,Kutasov I,Pilchin A.Near-surface temperature measurements.In:Applied geothermics.Berlin:Springer;2014.p.619e53.
Haque KE.Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes-a brief review.International Journal of Mineral Processing 1999;57(1):1e24.
Harrison PC.A fundamental study of the heating effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on minerals.PhD Thesis.University of Birmingham;1997.
Hartlieb P,Leindl M,Kuchar F.Damage of basalt induced by microwave irradiation.International Journal of Minerals Engineering 2012;31:82e9.
Hassani F,Nekoovaght PM,Gharib N.The influence of microwave irradiation on rocks for microwave assisted underground excavation.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2016;8(1):1e15.
Jones DA,Kingman SW,Whittles DN,Lowndes IS.Understanding microwave assisted breakage.Minerals Engineering 2005;18(7):659e69.
Jones DA,Kingman SW,Whittles DN,Lowndes IS.The influence of microwave energy delivery method on strength reduction in ore samples.Chemical Engineering and Processing Process Intensification 2007;46(4):291e9.
Kingman SW,Vorster W,Rowson NA.The influence of mineralogy on microwave assisted grinding.Minerals Engineering 2000;13(3):313e27.
Kingman SW,Jackson K,Cumbane A,Bradshaw SM,Rowson NA,Greenwood R.Recent developments in microwave-assisted combination.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2004;74(1e4):71e83.
Lanaro F,Fredriksson A.Rock mechanics model-summary of the primary data.Preliminary site description Forsmark area.Version 1.2.Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.;2005.
Lindroth DP,Berglund WR,Morrell RJ,Blair JR.Microwave assisted drilling in hard rock.Tunnels and Tunnelling 1993;25(6):24e7.
Liu CP,Xu YS,Hua YX.Application of microwave radiation to extractive metallurgy.Journal of Materials Science and Technology 1990;6(2):121e4.
Liu SL,Chen SX,Yu F,Zhao WG.Anisotropic properties study of chlorite schist.Rock and Soil Mechanics 2012;33(12):3616e23(in Chinese).
McGill SL,Walkiewicz JW,Smyres GA.The effect of power level on the heating rate of selected chemical and minerals.Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 1988;124:247e52.
Meisels RM,Toifl P,Hartlieb F,Kuchar Antretter T.Microwave propagation and absorption and its thermo-mechanical consequences in heterogeneous rocks.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2015;135:40e51.
Metaxas AC,Meredith RJ.Industrial microwave heating.Chapter 10.London,UK:Peter Peregrinus;1983.
Michal L,KovácováM,Dimitrakis G,CuvanováS,ZnamenáckováI,JakabskyS.Modeling of microwave heating of andesite and minerals.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2010;53:3378e93.
Nicco M,Holley EA,Hartlieb P,Kaunda R,Nelson PP.Methods for characterizing cracks induced in rock.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2018;51(7):2075e93.
Pejman NM.Physical and mechanical properties of rocks exposed to microwave irradiation:potential application to tunnel boring.PhD Thesis.McGill University;2015.
Toifl M,Meisels R,Hartlieb P,Kuchar F,Antretter T.3D numerical study on microwave induced stresses in inhomogeneous hard rocks.Minerals Engineering2016;90:29e42.
Wang Y,Forssberg E.Dry comminution and liberation with microwave assistance.Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 2005;34(1):57e63.
Wang Y,Djordjevic N.Thermal stress FEM analysis of rock with microwave energy.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2014;130:74e81.
Waples DW,Waples JS.A review and evaluation of specific heat capacities of rocks,minerals,and subsurface fluids.Part 1:minerals and nonporous rocks.Natural Resources Research 2004;13(2):97e122.
Whittles DN,Kingman SW,Reddish DJ.Application of numerical modelling for prediction of the influence of power density on microwave-assisted breakage.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2003;68(1e4):71e91.
Xiao J.The effects of mineral composition and structure on dielectric constants.Acta Mineralogica Sinica 1985;5(4):331e7(in Chinese).
Chen TT,Dutrizac JE,Haque KE,Wyslouzil W,Kashyap S.The relative transparency of minerals to microwave radiation.Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly Journal1984;23(1):349e51.
Church RH,Webb WE,Salsman JB.Dielectric properties of low-loss minerals.Washington D.C.:US Department of the Interior;1988.
Clark DE,Folz DC.Processing materials with micro-wave energy.Materials Science and Engineering 2000;28(7):153e8.
Clauser C,Huenges E.Thermal conductivity of rocks and minerals.Rock Physics and Phase Relations 1995;3:105e26.
Edelbro C.Rock mass strength-A review.Technical Report.2003.p.1402e536.https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/rock-mass-strength-review.
Eppelbaum L,Kutasov I,Pilchin A.Near-surface temperature measurements.In:Applied geothermics.Berlin:Springer;2014.p.619e53.
Haque KE.Microwave energy for mineral treatment processes-a brief review.International Journal of Mineral Processing 1999;57(1):1e24.
Harrison PC.A fundamental study of the heating effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on minerals.PhD Thesis.University of Birmingham;1997.
Hartlieb P,Leindl M,Kuchar F.Damage of basalt induced by microwave irradiation.International Journal of Minerals Engineering 2012;31:82e9.
Hassani F,Nekoovaght PM,Gharib N.The influence of microwave irradiation on rocks for microwave assisted underground excavation.Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2016;8(1):1e15.
Jones DA,Kingman SW,Whittles DN,Lowndes IS.Understanding microwave assisted breakage.Minerals Engineering 2005;18(7):659e69.
Jones DA,Kingman SW,Whittles DN,Lowndes IS.The influence of microwave energy delivery method on strength reduction in ore samples.Chemical Engineering and Processing Process Intensification 2007;46(4):291e9.
Kingman SW,Vorster W,Rowson NA.The influence of mineralogy on microwave assisted grinding.Minerals Engineering 2000;13(3):313e27.
Kingman SW,Jackson K,Cumbane A,Bradshaw SM,Rowson NA,Greenwood R.Recent developments in microwave-assisted combination.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2004;74(1e4):71e83.
Lanaro F,Fredriksson A.Rock mechanics model-summary of the primary data.Preliminary site description Forsmark area.Version 1.2.Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.;2005.
Lindroth DP,Berglund WR,Morrell RJ,Blair JR.Microwave assisted drilling in hard rock.Tunnels and Tunnelling 1993;25(6):24e7.
Liu CP,Xu YS,Hua YX.Application of microwave radiation to extractive metallurgy.Journal of Materials Science and Technology 1990;6(2):121e4.
Liu SL,Chen SX,Yu F,Zhao WG.Anisotropic properties study of chlorite schist.Rock and Soil Mechanics 2012;33(12):3616e23(in Chinese).
McGill SL,Walkiewicz JW,Smyres GA.The effect of power level on the heating rate of selected chemical and minerals.Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 1988;124:247e52.
Meisels RM,Toifl P,Hartlieb F,Kuchar Antretter T.Microwave propagation and absorption and its thermo-mechanical consequences in heterogeneous rocks.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2015;135:40e51.
Metaxas AC,Meredith RJ.Industrial microwave heating.Chapter 10.London,UK:Peter Peregrinus;1983.
Michal L,KovácováM,Dimitrakis G,CuvanováS,ZnamenáckováI,JakabskyS.Modeling of microwave heating of andesite and minerals.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2010;53:3378e93.
Nicco M,Holley EA,Hartlieb P,Kaunda R,Nelson PP.Methods for characterizing cracks induced in rock.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2018;51(7):2075e93.
Pejman NM.Physical and mechanical properties of rocks exposed to microwave irradiation:potential application to tunnel boring.PhD Thesis.McGill University;2015.
Toifl M,Meisels R,Hartlieb P,Kuchar F,Antretter T.3D numerical study on microwave induced stresses in inhomogeneous hard rocks.Minerals Engineering2016;90:29e42.
Wang Y,Forssberg E.Dry comminution and liberation with microwave assistance.Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 2005;34(1):57e63.
Wang Y,Djordjevic N.Thermal stress FEM analysis of rock with microwave energy.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2014;130:74e81.
Waples DW,Waples JS.A review and evaluation of specific heat capacities of rocks,minerals,and subsurface fluids.Part 1:minerals and nonporous rocks.Natural Resources Research 2004;13(2):97e122.
Whittles DN,Kingman SW,Reddish DJ.Application of numerical modelling for prediction of the influence of power density on microwave-assisted breakage.International Journal of Mineral Processing 2003;68(1e4):71e91.
Xiao J.The effects of mineral composition and structure on dielectric constants.Acta Mineralogica Sinica 1985;5(4):331e7(in Chinese).
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