碳酸岩分布特征及成矿意义
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摘要
将全球不同时代的碳酸岩体经过Arcgis软件进行坐标投点,得到了世界主要的碳酸岩体和碳酸岩有关矿产的分布特征图,结合全球主要构造,本文探讨了不同时代碳酸岩的产出和分布与深大断裂的关系。碳酸岩的空间分布主要与板块内部环境和造山带伸展环境中的拉张岩石圈构造背景有关,这种背景下的深大断裂容易切割到地球深处,为碳酸岩岩浆上涌提供通道,从而控制着碳酸岩的形成和分布。碳酸岩从太古代至新生代均有分布,年代越新出现的频率越高。碳酸岩的岩石学特征标志是其岩浆通过的上部地壳围岩中发生霓长岩化作用,形成一套含有霓石、钠(铁)闪石、钠长石、金云母、钾长石等为特征的霓长岩。碳酸岩体在平面和剖面上的分布,与其共生的碱性岩和超基性岩分布亦具有一定的规律性。碳酸岩的主量元素主要包括CO_2、CaO、MgO、FeO、Fe_2O_3、MnO以及SiO_2等,根据碳酸岩中的CaO、MgO和(FeO+Fe_2O_3+MnO)以及碱质之间的重量百分比可将碳酸岩划分为钙质碳酸岩、镁质碳酸岩和铁质碳酸岩以及碱质碳酸岩四大类。碳酸岩的微量元素主要是F、P、Nb-Ta、REE(LREE)、Zr(Hf)、碱金属(K、Na、Rb、Cs、Li)、碱土金属(Sr、Ba)以及衍生的Fe等强不相容的大离子亲石元素(LIPLE),通常是张性深大断裂导致的深部地幔低度部分熔融的产物,易在碳酸岩中富集成矿,形成一系列具有重要价值的金属和非金属矿床。碳酸岩中同位素及包裹体的研究,均不同程度反映了碳酸岩浆的深部来源及其演化特征。因此,碳酸岩特殊的产出背景、特有的矿物共生组合、围岩蚀变、岩石学特征以及地球化学特征等研究资料,还可以为人们了解深成岩浆的演化和探索地球深部信息提供证据。最近十几年的研究中,人们发现可能存在一种新的壳源成因的碳酸岩。
This article has systematically collected global coordinates of carbonatite complexes with different ages, and obtained the distribution map of the main carbonatite complexes and their related minerals of the world using Arcgis. Based on the main structures worlwide, this study investiged the relationship of carbonatites and deep-seated faults. Spatial distribution of carbonatites is often associated with extensional lithospheric tectonic background within intraplate and orogenic extensional environment. Under such tectonic setting, deep faults of tensional tectonic background can cut into the depth of the earth and provide upwelling channels for carbonatitic magma, thereby controlling the formation and distribution of carbonatites. Carbonatites occurred through all the geological periods from Archean to Cenozoic. But more carbonatites formed in later ages. The most significant petrological characteristic of carbonatite complexes is fenitization, containing aegirine, arfvedsonite, albite, phlogopite, potash feldspar and so on. The carbonatite complexes present certain of regularity in distribution of assocated alkaline rocks and ultramafic rocks in both plane and section. Major elements of carbonatites contain CO_2, CaO, MgO, FeO, Fe_2O_3, MnO and SiO_2. Carbonatites can divided into calcareous carbonatites, magnesial carbonatites, iron carbonatites and alkali carbonatites according to weight percentage of CaO, MgO,(FeO+Fe_2O_3+MnO) and alkali. Trace elements of carbonatite are LREE, Nb(Ta), Zr(Hf), F, P, alkali metals(K, Na, Rb, Cs, Li), alkaline earth metals(Sr, Ba), and Fe derived from above. Those trace elements are usually products of low partial melting of deep mantle caused by extensional deep faults which can form numerous important metal and nonmetal deposits in carbonatite complexes. The isotope and inclusion study of carbonatite complexes reflect the deep origin and evolution characteristics of the carbonate magma in different degrees. Therefore, carbonatite occurrence, unique mineral assemblages, wall rock alteration, petrology and geochemistry research data can provide evidence for understanding the evolution of deep magma and exploring the information of deep earth. In a recent decade's study, there is high possibility to find existence of a new crust-derived carbonatite.
This article has systematically collected global coordinates of carbonatite complexes with different ages, and obtained the distribution map of the main carbonatite complexes and their related minerals of the world using Arcgis. Based on the main structures worlwide, this study investiged the relationship of carbonatites and deep-seated faults. Spatial distribution of carbonatites is often associated with extensional lithospheric tectonic background within intraplate and orogenic extensional environment. Under such tectonic setting, deep faults of tensional tectonic background can cut into the depth of the earth and provide upwelling channels for carbonatitic magma, thereby controlling the formation and distribution of carbonatites. Carbonatites occurred through all the geological periods from Archean to Cenozoic. But more carbonatites formed in later ages. The most significant petrological characteristic of carbonatite complexes is fenitization, containing aegirine, arfvedsonite, albite, phlogopite, potash feldspar and so on. The carbonatite complexes present certain of regularity in distribution of assocated alkaline rocks and ultramafic rocks in both plane and section. Major elements of carbonatites contain CO_2, CaO, MgO, FeO, Fe_2O_3, MnO and SiO_2. Carbonatites can divided into calcareous carbonatites, magnesial carbonatites, iron carbonatites and alkali carbonatites according to weight percentage of CaO, MgO,(FeO+Fe_2O_3+MnO) and alkali. Trace elements of carbonatite are LREE, Nb(Ta), Zr(Hf), F, P, alkali metals(K, Na, Rb, Cs, Li), alkaline earth metals(Sr, Ba), and Fe derived from above. Those trace elements are usually products of low partial melting of deep mantle caused by extensional deep faults which can form numerous important metal and nonmetal deposits in carbonatite complexes. The isotope and inclusion study of carbonatite complexes reflect the deep origin and evolution characteristics of the carbonate magma in different degrees. Therefore, carbonatite occurrence, unique mineral assemblages, wall rock alteration, petrology and geochemistry research data can provide evidence for understanding the evolution of deep magma and exploring the information of deep earth. In a recent decade's study, there is high possibility to find existence of a new crust-derived carbonatite.
引文
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