甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床萤石成因研究
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摘要
通过晚期与稀土元素矿化相关的萤石中流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析,以及萤石、矿石及碱性岩体的稀土及微量元素分析,系统地探讨了沙鄂博稀土矿床成矿流体的特征、成矿物质来源及萤石成因。与稀土矿化相关的晚期萤石中发育大量的熔体包裹体及流体-熔体包裹体,表明萤石归属于岩浆成因,同时表明成矿与岩浆作用有关。碱性斑岩体、晚期萤石和矿石的稀土元素具相似的配分模式,表现为向右陡倾的分配曲线。微量元素分析结果表明:含矿碱性岩体、晚期萤石和矿石均富集大离子亲石元素,并具明显的Ba, Th, Ce, Sr和Hf等负异常,微量元素蛛网图相似。含矿碱性岩体、矿石及与稀土矿化相关的萤石的稀土元素及微量元素的相似特征,表明成矿物质来自碱性岩体。通过包裹体、稀土与微量元素研究认为,干沙鄂博稀土矿床中萤石成因类型为岩浆成因非热液成因。
Based on petrography and micro-thermometry of fluid inclusions in late ore-forming related fluorite and REEs and trace elements determination of fluorite, ore mineral and alkaline pluton, this paper discussed the characteristics of the ore-forming fluid and source of ore-forming substances, as well as genetic type of fluorite. A large amount of melt inclusions and melt-fluid inclusions, which attribute fluorite to be igneous origin, were found in fluorite, indicating ore-forming process is related to magma activity. Similar REs partition pattern, with the curve incline to the right sharply, was found in the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral. Trace elements analysis showed that all of the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral are rich in large ion lithophile element(LILEs), with similar spider diagram of trace elements and obvious negative anomaly of Ba, Th, Ce, Sr and Hf. The similarities of REEs and trace elements of the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral make clear that the origin of ore-forming materials come from the alkaline pluton. Based on analysis of fluid inclusions, REE and trace elements of alkaline pluton, fluorite, and ores it suggests that fluorite in the Gansha-Ebo REE deposit can be classified as a magmatic type associated with alkaline porphyry rather than hydrothermal origin.
Based on petrography and micro-thermometry of fluid inclusions in late ore-forming related fluorite and REEs and trace elements determination of fluorite, ore mineral and alkaline pluton, this paper discussed the characteristics of the ore-forming fluid and source of ore-forming substances, as well as genetic type of fluorite. A large amount of melt inclusions and melt-fluid inclusions, which attribute fluorite to be igneous origin, were found in fluorite, indicating ore-forming process is related to magma activity. Similar REs partition pattern, with the curve incline to the right sharply, was found in the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral. Trace elements analysis showed that all of the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral are rich in large ion lithophile element(LILEs), with similar spider diagram of trace elements and obvious negative anomaly of Ba, Th, Ce, Sr and Hf. The similarities of REEs and trace elements of the alkaline porphyry, fluorite and ore mineral make clear that the origin of ore-forming materials come from the alkaline pluton. Based on analysis of fluid inclusions, REE and trace elements of alkaline pluton, fluorite, and ores it suggests that fluorite in the Gansha-Ebo REE deposit can be classified as a magmatic type associated with alkaline porphyry rather than hydrothermal origin.
引文
[1] 陈耀宇,代文军,魏学平,冯兰君.甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床地质特征及矿床成因分析 [J].甘肃地质,2014,23(4):52.Chen Y Y,Dai W J,Wei X P,Feng L J.Geology and genesis of the Ganshaebo REE deposit Northern Qilian fold belt,Gansu Province [J].Gansu Geology,2014,23(4):52.
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[3] 李葆华,杨倩倩,高昆丽,陈晨,黄增保,董小燕,傅太宇.甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床熔体和流体包裹体对成矿的制约 [J].矿物学报,2018,38(2):223.Li B H,Yang Q Q,Gao K L,Cheng C,Huang Z B,Dong X Y,Fu T Y.Melt and fluid inclusions and their constraints on ore-forming conditions of Ganshaebo REE deposit,Gansu Province,China [J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2018,38(2):223.
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[5] 吴才来,杨经绥,杨宏仪,郑秋光,史仁灯,陈松永,Wooden J,lreland T.北祁连东部两类I型花岗岩定年及其地质意义 [J].岩石学报,2004,20(3):425.Wu C L,Yang J S,Yang H Y,Zheng Q G,Shi R D,Chen S Y,Wooden J,lreland T.Dating of two types of granite from north Qilian,China [J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2004,20(3):425.
[6] 熊子良,张宏飞,张杰.北祁连东段冷龙岭地区毛藏寺岩体和黄羊河岩体的岩石成因及其构造意义 [J].地学前缘,2012,19(3):214.Xiong Z L,Zhang H F,Zhang J.Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Maozangsi and Huangyanghe granitic intrusions in Lenglongling area,the eastern part of North Qilian Mountains,NW China [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(3):214.
[7] 秦海鹏.北祁连造山带早古生代花岗岩岩石学特征及其与构造演化的关系 [D].北京:中国地质科学院,2012.Qin H P.The Relationship Between Early Paleozoic Granite Petrology and Tectonic Evolution of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geologecal Sciences,2012.
[8] 黄增保,李葆华,金霞,刘明强.北祁连山中段北大坂岩体成因及构造环境讨论 [J].矿物岩石,2010,30(4):62.Huang Z B,Li B H,Jin X,Liu M Q.Discussion on the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Beidaban granitic pluton in north Qilian Mountain[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2010,30(4):62.
[9] Song S G,Niu Y L,Su L,Xia X H.Tectonics of the North Qilian Orogen,NW China [J].Gondwana Res.,2013,23(4):1378.
[10] 黄增保.北祁连中段碱性杂岩的成因与稀土成矿作用 [D].武汉:中国地质大学,2019.Huang Z B.Genesis of Alkaline Complex and Metallogenesis of REE in North Qilian Mountain [D].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2019.
[11] Liu Y S,Hu Z C,Gao S,Detlef Gunther,Xu J,Gao C G,Chen H H.In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard [J].Chem.Geol.,2008,257(1-2):34.
[12] 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.元素地球化学 [M].北京:科学出版社,1984.194.Liu Y J,Cao L M,Li Z L,Wang H N,Chu T Q,Zhang J R.Geochemistry of Element [M].Beijing:Science Press,1984.194.
[13] Wood S A.The aqueousgeochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium.1.Reviewof available low-temperature data for inorganic complexes and inorganic REE speciation of natural waters [J].Chem.Geol.,1990,82:159.
[14] Lottermoser B G.Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes [J].Ore Geol.Rev.,1992,7:25.
[15] Hass J R,Shock E,Sassani D C.Rare earth elements in hydrothermal systems:Estimates of standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous complex of the rare earth elements at high pressures and temperatures [J].Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta,1995,59:4329.
[16] 庞奖励,裘愉卓.二道沟金矿床中的稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].中国稀土学报,1996,14(2):98.Pang J L,Qiu Y Z.Geochemical behavior of REE earth elements in the Erdaogou gold deposit [J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths,1996,14(2):98.
[17] 张德会,张文淮,许国建.富F熔体溶液体系流体地球化学及其成矿效应——研究现状及存在问题 [J].地学前缘,2004,11(2):479.Zhang D H,Zhang W H,Xu G J.The ore fluid geochenmistry of F-rich silicate melt-hydrous fluid system and its metallogeny——the current status and problems [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(2):479.
[18] 曹俊臣.华南低温热液脉状萤石矿床稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].地球化学,1995,24(3):225.Cao J C.REE Geochemical characteristics of epithermal vein fluorite deposits in south China [J].Geochimica,1995,24(3):225.
[19] 侯增谦,田世洪,谢玉玲,袁忠信,杨竹森,尹淑苹,费红彩,邹天人,李小渝,杨志明.川西冕宁-德昌喜马拉雅期稀土元素成矿带:矿床地质特征与区域成矿模型 [J].矿床地质,2008,27(2):145.Hou Z Q,Tian S H,Xie Y L,Yuan Z X,Yang Z S,Yin S P,Fei H C,Zou T R,Li X Y,Yang Z M.Mianning-dechang himalayan REE belt associated with carbonatite-alkalic complex in eastern Indo-Asian collision zone,southwest China:Geological characteristics of REE deposits and a possible metallogenic model [J].Mineral Deposits,2008,27(2):145.
[20] 牛贺才,陈繁荣,林茂青.岩浆成因重晶石、 萤石的稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].矿物学报,1996,16(4):382.Niu H C,Chen F R,Lin M Q.REE geochemistry of magmatogenic barite and fluorite [J].Acta Mineralogicasinica,1996,16(4):382.
[21] M?ller P,Parekh P P,Schneider H J.The application of Tb Ca-Tb La abundance ratios to problems of fluorspar genesis [J].Miner.Deposita,1976,11(1):111.
[22] 卢焕章,王中刚,李院生.岩浆-流体过渡和阿尔泰三号伟晶岩脉之成因 [J].矿物学报,1996,16(1):1.Lu H Z,Wang Z G,Li Y S.Magma/fluid transition and genesis of pegmatite No.3 Altay,Xinjiang[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1996,16(1):1.
[23] 曹俊臣.初论中国层控萤石矿床分类及某些地球化学特征 [J].地质与勘探,1985,(7):8.Cao J C.A preliminary study on the classifications and some geochemical characteristics of strata bound fluorite deposits in China [J].Geology and Exploration,1985,(7):8.
[24] 吴永涛,韩润生,任涛,赵冻,张小培.滇东北矿集区茂租铅锌矿床萤石的稀土元素特征及其指示意义 [J].中国稀土学报,2017,35(3):404.Wu Y T,Han R S,Ren T,Zhao D,Zhang X P.REE geochemistry of fluorite from Maozu Pb-Zn deposit and its geological implications,northeastern Yunnan,China [J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths,2017,35(3):404.
[25] 彭建堂,胡瑞忠,漆亮,蒋国豪.晴隆锑矿床中萤石的稀土元素特征及其指示意义 [J].地质科学,2002,37(3):277.Peng J T,Hu R Z,Qi L,Jiang G H.REE geochemistry of fluorite from the Qinglong antimony deposit and its geological implications [J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(3):277.
[2] 李葆华,陈晨,董晓燕,黄增保,高昆丽,傅太宇,郑惠.甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床成矿介质演化过程:来自包裹体的信息 [J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2017,44(5):579.Li B H,Chen C,Dong X Y,Huang Z B,Gao K L,Fu T Y,Zheng H.Research on evolution process of ore-forming medium in Ganshaebo REE deposit,Gansu,China:information from inclusions [J].Journal of Chendu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),2017,44(5):579.
[3] 李葆华,杨倩倩,高昆丽,陈晨,黄增保,董小燕,傅太宇.甘肃干沙鄂博稀土矿床熔体和流体包裹体对成矿的制约 [J].矿物学报,2018,38(2):223.Li B H,Yang Q Q,Gao K L,Cheng C,Huang Z B,Dong X Y,Fu T Y.Melt and fluid inclusions and their constraints on ore-forming conditions of Ganshaebo REE deposit,Gansu Province,China [J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2018,38(2):223.
[4] Yu S Y,Zhang J X,Qin H P,Sun D Y,Zhao X L,Cong F,Li Y S.Petrogenesis of the early Paleozoic low-Mg and high-Mg adakitic rocks in the North Qilian orogenic belt,NW China:Implications for transition from crustal thickening to extension thinning [J].J.Asian Earth Sci.,2015,107:122.
[5] 吴才来,杨经绥,杨宏仪,郑秋光,史仁灯,陈松永,Wooden J,lreland T.北祁连东部两类I型花岗岩定年及其地质意义 [J].岩石学报,2004,20(3):425.Wu C L,Yang J S,Yang H Y,Zheng Q G,Shi R D,Chen S Y,Wooden J,lreland T.Dating of two types of granite from north Qilian,China [J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2004,20(3):425.
[6] 熊子良,张宏飞,张杰.北祁连东段冷龙岭地区毛藏寺岩体和黄羊河岩体的岩石成因及其构造意义 [J].地学前缘,2012,19(3):214.Xiong Z L,Zhang H F,Zhang J.Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Maozangsi and Huangyanghe granitic intrusions in Lenglongling area,the eastern part of North Qilian Mountains,NW China [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(3):214.
[7] 秦海鹏.北祁连造山带早古生代花岗岩岩石学特征及其与构造演化的关系 [D].北京:中国地质科学院,2012.Qin H P.The Relationship Between Early Paleozoic Granite Petrology and Tectonic Evolution of the North Qilian Orogenic Belt [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geologecal Sciences,2012.
[8] 黄增保,李葆华,金霞,刘明强.北祁连山中段北大坂岩体成因及构造环境讨论 [J].矿物岩石,2010,30(4):62.Huang Z B,Li B H,Jin X,Liu M Q.Discussion on the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Beidaban granitic pluton in north Qilian Mountain[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2010,30(4):62.
[9] Song S G,Niu Y L,Su L,Xia X H.Tectonics of the North Qilian Orogen,NW China [J].Gondwana Res.,2013,23(4):1378.
[10] 黄增保.北祁连中段碱性杂岩的成因与稀土成矿作用 [D].武汉:中国地质大学,2019.Huang Z B.Genesis of Alkaline Complex and Metallogenesis of REE in North Qilian Mountain [D].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2019.
[11] Liu Y S,Hu Z C,Gao S,Detlef Gunther,Xu J,Gao C G,Chen H H.In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard [J].Chem.Geol.,2008,257(1-2):34.
[12] 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.元素地球化学 [M].北京:科学出版社,1984.194.Liu Y J,Cao L M,Li Z L,Wang H N,Chu T Q,Zhang J R.Geochemistry of Element [M].Beijing:Science Press,1984.194.
[13] Wood S A.The aqueousgeochemistry of the rare-earth elements and yttrium.1.Reviewof available low-temperature data for inorganic complexes and inorganic REE speciation of natural waters [J].Chem.Geol.,1990,82:159.
[14] Lottermoser B G.Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes [J].Ore Geol.Rev.,1992,7:25.
[15] Hass J R,Shock E,Sassani D C.Rare earth elements in hydrothermal systems:Estimates of standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous complex of the rare earth elements at high pressures and temperatures [J].Geochim.Cosmochim.Acta,1995,59:4329.
[16] 庞奖励,裘愉卓.二道沟金矿床中的稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].中国稀土学报,1996,14(2):98.Pang J L,Qiu Y Z.Geochemical behavior of REE earth elements in the Erdaogou gold deposit [J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths,1996,14(2):98.
[17] 张德会,张文淮,许国建.富F熔体溶液体系流体地球化学及其成矿效应——研究现状及存在问题 [J].地学前缘,2004,11(2):479.Zhang D H,Zhang W H,Xu G J.The ore fluid geochenmistry of F-rich silicate melt-hydrous fluid system and its metallogeny——the current status and problems [J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(2):479.
[18] 曹俊臣.华南低温热液脉状萤石矿床稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].地球化学,1995,24(3):225.Cao J C.REE Geochemical characteristics of epithermal vein fluorite deposits in south China [J].Geochimica,1995,24(3):225.
[19] 侯增谦,田世洪,谢玉玲,袁忠信,杨竹森,尹淑苹,费红彩,邹天人,李小渝,杨志明.川西冕宁-德昌喜马拉雅期稀土元素成矿带:矿床地质特征与区域成矿模型 [J].矿床地质,2008,27(2):145.Hou Z Q,Tian S H,Xie Y L,Yuan Z X,Yang Z S,Yin S P,Fei H C,Zou T R,Li X Y,Yang Z M.Mianning-dechang himalayan REE belt associated with carbonatite-alkalic complex in eastern Indo-Asian collision zone,southwest China:Geological characteristics of REE deposits and a possible metallogenic model [J].Mineral Deposits,2008,27(2):145.
[20] 牛贺才,陈繁荣,林茂青.岩浆成因重晶石、 萤石的稀土元素地球化学特征 [J].矿物学报,1996,16(4):382.Niu H C,Chen F R,Lin M Q.REE geochemistry of magmatogenic barite and fluorite [J].Acta Mineralogicasinica,1996,16(4):382.
[21] M?ller P,Parekh P P,Schneider H J.The application of Tb Ca-Tb La abundance ratios to problems of fluorspar genesis [J].Miner.Deposita,1976,11(1):111.
[22] 卢焕章,王中刚,李院生.岩浆-流体过渡和阿尔泰三号伟晶岩脉之成因 [J].矿物学报,1996,16(1):1.Lu H Z,Wang Z G,Li Y S.Magma/fluid transition and genesis of pegmatite No.3 Altay,Xinjiang[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1996,16(1):1.
[23] 曹俊臣.初论中国层控萤石矿床分类及某些地球化学特征 [J].地质与勘探,1985,(7):8.Cao J C.A preliminary study on the classifications and some geochemical characteristics of strata bound fluorite deposits in China [J].Geology and Exploration,1985,(7):8.
[24] 吴永涛,韩润生,任涛,赵冻,张小培.滇东北矿集区茂租铅锌矿床萤石的稀土元素特征及其指示意义 [J].中国稀土学报,2017,35(3):404.Wu Y T,Han R S,Ren T,Zhao D,Zhang X P.REE geochemistry of fluorite from Maozu Pb-Zn deposit and its geological implications,northeastern Yunnan,China [J].Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths,2017,35(3):404.
[25] 彭建堂,胡瑞忠,漆亮,蒋国豪.晴隆锑矿床中萤石的稀土元素特征及其指示意义 [J].地质科学,2002,37(3):277.Peng J T,Hu R Z,Qi L,Jiang G H.REE geochemistry of fluorite from the Qinglong antimony deposit and its geological implications [J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(3):277.
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