下古生界有机质成熟度评价新参数:笔石表皮体光学特征再研究
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摘要
下古生界缺失高等植物来源的镜质组,其有机质成熟度的确定一直是油气源岩评价的难题之一。基于对含笔石页岩的反射光显微镜观察和低成熟度含笔石页岩与煤共置的热压模拟实验,研究了下古生界海相页岩笔石表皮体的光性特征及其热演化规律,探讨了笔石表皮体随机反射率作为有机质热演化参数的可行性。下古生界海相页岩非粒状笔石表皮体呈条带状顺层或者碎片状产出、颗粒较大,光学特征类似于镜质组,适合于测量反射率。非粒状笔石表皮体随机反射率■换算为等效镜质组反射率■的关系式为■。采用笔石表皮体随机反射率分析了上扬子地区东部五峰组—龙马溪组页岩的有机质成熟度分布特征,认为非粒状笔石表皮体随机反射率是一个实用的下古生界烃源岩有机质成熟度指标,为确定下古生界有机质成熟度提供了一种可信的解决方案。
The determination of thermal maturity of the Lower Paleozoic sediments has long been a difficult problem for evaluation of the hydrocarbon source rocks due to lack of vitrinites. Based on microscopic observation of graptolite-bearing shale and laboratory simulated maturation of low mature graptolite-bearing shale and coal, optical characteristics and thermal evolution of the graptolites in marine shale was investigated to anlayze the feasbility of graptolite random reflectance as an indicator of the thermal maturity. The non-granular graptolite of lower Paleozoic marine shale occurs in banded-shaped parallel to the bedding or in the fragmented shape, and has similar optical characteristics as that of vitrinite, therefore, it can be used to measure its reflectance. The relationship between non-granular graptolite reflectance ■ and vitrinite reflectance ■ can be presented as following: ■. The distribution characteristic of thermal maturity of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the eastern Upper Yangtze area has been determined using the non-granular graptolite random reflectance. The results indicate that the non-granular graptolite random reflectance is a practical indicator for the thermal maturity of the lower Paleozoic sediments and provides a reliable method to determine the thermal maturity of the Lower Palaeozoic sediments.
The determination of thermal maturity of the Lower Paleozoic sediments has long been a difficult problem for evaluation of the hydrocarbon source rocks due to lack of vitrinites. Based on microscopic observation of graptolite-bearing shale and laboratory simulated maturation of low mature graptolite-bearing shale and coal, optical characteristics and thermal evolution of the graptolites in marine shale was investigated to anlayze the feasbility of graptolite random reflectance as an indicator of the thermal maturity. The non-granular graptolite of lower Paleozoic marine shale occurs in banded-shaped parallel to the bedding or in the fragmented shape, and has similar optical characteristics as that of vitrinite, therefore, it can be used to measure its reflectance. The relationship between non-granular graptolite reflectance ■ and vitrinite reflectance ■ can be presented as following: ■. The distribution characteristic of thermal maturity of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the eastern Upper Yangtze area has been determined using the non-granular graptolite random reflectance. The results indicate that the non-granular graptolite random reflectance is a practical indicator for the thermal maturity of the lower Paleozoic sediments and provides a reliable method to determine the thermal maturity of the Lower Palaeozoic sediments.
引文
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Bertrand R.1993.Standardization of solid bitumen reflectance to vitrinite in some Paleozoic sequences of Canada.Energy Sources,15:269～287.
Buchardt B,Lewan M D.1990.Reflectance of vitrinite-like macerals as a thermal maturity index for Cambrian-Ordovician Alum shale,southern Scandinavia.AAPG Bulletin,74:394～406.
Bustin R,Link C,Goodarzi F.1989.Optical properties and chemistry of graptolite periderm following laboratory simulated maturation.Organic Geochemistry,14:355～364.
Chen L,Jiang Z,Liu K,Gao F,Wang P.2017.A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption to characterize nanopore structure of organic-rich lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze Platform,south china:implications for shale gas sorption capacity.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),91(4):1380～1394.
Chukwuma K,Bordy E M,Coetzer A.2018.Evolution of porosity and pore geometry in the Permian Whitehill Formation of South Africa-A FE-SEM image analysis study.Marine and Petroleum Geology,91:262～278.
Clausen C,Teichmüller M.1982.Die Bedeutung der Graptolithenfragmente im Pal?ozoikum von Soest-Erwitte für Stratigraphie und Inkohlung.Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen,30:145～167.
Crowther P.1981.The fine structure of graptolite periderm.London:Special papers in palaeontology,Palaeontological Association,1～119.
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Goodarzi F,Norford B.1987.Optical properties of graptolite epiderm—A review.Bulletin of Geological Society of Denmark,35:141～147.
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Lavoie D,Pinet N,Bordeleau G,Ardakani O H,Ladevèze P,Duchesne M J,Rivard C,Mort A,Brake V,Sanei H.2016.The Upper Ordovician black shales of southern Quebec (Canada) and their significance for naturally occurring hydrocarbons in shallow groundwater.International Journal of Coal Geology,158:44～64.
Luo Q,George S C,Xu Y,Zhong N.2016a.Organic geochemical characteristics of the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation from northern China:implications for thermal maturity and biological sources.Organic Geochemistry,99:23～37.
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Luo Q,Hao J,Skovsted C B,Luo P,Khan I,Wu J,Zhong N.2017.The organic petrology of graptolites and maturity assessment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations from Chongqing,China:Insights from reflectance cross-plot analysis.International Journal of Coal Geology,183:161～173.
Luo Q,Hao J,Skovsted C,Luo P,Khan I,Wu J,Zhang S,Wang W.2018.Organic petrology of graptolites and its implication for thermal maturity assessment.International Journal of Coal Geology,195:386～401.
Luo Qingyong,Hao Jingyue,Li Kewen,Dai Na,Luan Jinhua,Cheng Lijun,Zhang Zhiping,Hu Ke,Zhong Ningning.2017.The optical characteristics of the graptolites in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations and its application for the thermal maturity evaluation.Natural Gas Industry,28 (12):1855～1863 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Y,Zhong N,Cheng L,Pan Z,Dai N,Zhang Y,Yang L.2016.Pore structure of the graptolite-derived OM in the Longmaxi Shale,southeastern Upper Yangtze Region,China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,72:1～11.
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Malinconico M A L.1993.Reflectance cross-plot analysis of graptolites from the anchi-metamorphic region of northern Maine,USA.Organic Geochemistry,20:197～207.
Mu Enzhi.1950.The evolution and classification of the graptolites.Geological Review,15 (4-6):171～183 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Nie H,Jin Z J,Zhang J.2018.Characteristics of three organic matter pore types in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale of the Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Scientific Reports,8:1～11.
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Buchardt B,Lewan M D.1990.Reflectance of vitrinite-like macerals as a thermal maturity index for Cambrian-Ordovician Alum shale,southern Scandinavia.AAPG Bulletin,74:394～406.
Bustin R,Link C,Goodarzi F.1989.Optical properties and chemistry of graptolite periderm following laboratory simulated maturation.Organic Geochemistry,14:355～364.
Chen L,Jiang Z,Liu K,Gao F,Wang P.2017.A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption to characterize nanopore structure of organic-rich lower Silurian shale in the upper Yangtze Platform,south china:implications for shale gas sorption capacity.Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition),91(4):1380～1394.
Chukwuma K,Bordy E M,Coetzer A.2018.Evolution of porosity and pore geometry in the Permian Whitehill Formation of South Africa-A FE-SEM image analysis study.Marine and Petroleum Geology,91:262～278.
Clausen C,Teichmüller M.1982.Die Bedeutung der Graptolithenfragmente im Pal?ozoikum von Soest-Erwitte für Stratigraphie und Inkohlung.Fortschritte in der Geologie von Rheinland und Westfalen,30:145～167.
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Curtis M E,Cardott B J,Sondergeld C H,Rai C S.2012.Development of organic porosity in the Woodford Shale with increasing thermal maturity.International Journal of Coal Geology,103:26～31.
Dai J,Zou C,Liao S,Dong D,Ni Y,Huang J,Wu W,Gong D,Huang S,Hu G.2014.Geochemistry of the extremely high thermal maturity Longmaxi shale gas,southern Sichuan Basin.Organic Geochemistry,74:3～12.
Dai J,Zou C,Dong D,Ni Y,Wu W,Gong D,Wang Y,Huang S,Huang J,Fang C,Liu D.2016.Geochemical characteristics of marine and terrestrial shale gas in China.Marine and Petroleum Geology 76:444～463.
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Foucart M F,Jeuniaux C.1966.Paléobiochimie et position systématique des Graptolites.An.Soc.roy.Zool.Belg.,95:39～45.
Gentzis T,de Freitas T,Goodarzi F,Melchin M,Lenz A.1996.Thermal maturity of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary successions in Arctic Canada.AAPG bulletin,80:1065～1083.
George S,Ahmed M.2002.Use of aromatic compound distributions to evaluate organic maturity of the Proterozoic middle Velkerri Formation,McArthur Basin,Australia.The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia,3:253～270.
Goodarzi F.1984.Organic petrography of graptolite fragments from Turkey.Marine and Petroleum Geology,1:202～210.
Goodarzi F.1985.Dispersion of optical properties of graptolite epiderms with increased maturity in early Paleozoic organic sediments.Fuel,64:1735～1740.
Goodarzi F,Norford B.1985.Graptolites as indicators of the temperature histories of rocks.Journal of the Geological Society,142:1089～1099.
Goodarzi F,Higgins A.1987.Optical properties of scolecodonts and their use as indicators of thermal maturity.Marine and Petroleum Geology,4:353～359.
Goodarzi F,Norford B.1987.Optical properties of graptolite epiderm—A review.Bulletin of Geological Society of Denmark,35:141～147.
Goodarzi F,Norford B.1989.Variation of graptolite reflectance with depth of burial.International Journal of Coal Geology,11:127～141.
Goodarzi F,Fowler M,Bustin M,McKirdy D.1992a.ThermalMaturity of Early Paleozoic Sediments as Determined by the Optical Properties of Marine-Derived Organic Matter—A Review,Early Organic Evolution.Berlin:Springer,279～295.
Goodarzi F,Gentzis T,Harrison C,Thorsteinsson R.1992b.The significance of graptolite reflectance in regional thermal maturity studies,Queen Elizabeth Islands,Arctic Canada.Organic Geochemistry,18:347～357.
Guan Q,Dong D,Wang S,Huang J,Wang Y,Lu H,Zhang C.2016.Preliminary study on shale gas microreservoir characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin,China.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering,31:382～395.
Jackson D.1973.Amplexograptus and Glyptograptus isolated from Ordovician limestones in Manitoba.Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin,22:1～8.
Jacob H.1989.Classification,structure,genesis and practical importance of natural solid oil bitumen (“migrabitumen”).International Journal of Coal Geology,11:65～79.
Lavoie D,Pinet N,Bordeleau G,Ardakani O H,Ladevèze P,Duchesne M J,Rivard C,Mort A,Brake V,Sanei H.2016.The Upper Ordovician black shales of southern Quebec (Canada) and their significance for naturally occurring hydrocarbons in shallow groundwater.International Journal of Coal Geology,158:44～64.
Luo Q,George S C,Xu Y,Zhong N.2016a.Organic geochemical characteristics of the Mesoproterozoic Hongshuizhuang Formation from northern China:implications for thermal maturity and biological sources.Organic Geochemistry,99:23～37.
Luo Q,Zhong N,Dai N,Zhang W.2016b.Graptolite-derived organic matter in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations (Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian) of southeastern Chongqing,China:Implications for gas shale evaluation.International Journal of Coal Geology,153:87～98.
Luo Q,Hao J,Skovsted C B,Luo P,Khan I,Wu J,Zhong N.2017.The organic petrology of graptolites and maturity assessment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations from Chongqing,China:Insights from reflectance cross-plot analysis.International Journal of Coal Geology,183:161～173.
Luo Q,Hao J,Skovsted C,Luo P,Khan I,Wu J,Zhang S,Wang W.2018.Organic petrology of graptolites and its implication for thermal maturity assessment.International Journal of Coal Geology,195:386～401.
Luo Qingyong,Hao Jingyue,Li Kewen,Dai Na,Luan Jinhua,Cheng Lijun,Zhang Zhiping,Hu Ke,Zhong Ningning.2017.The optical characteristics of the graptolites in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations and its application for the thermal maturity evaluation.Natural Gas Industry,28 (12):1855～1863 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Ma Y,Zhong N,Cheng L,Pan Z,Dai N,Zhang Y,Yang L.2016.Pore structure of the graptolite-derived OM in the Longmaxi Shale,southeastern Upper Yangtze Region,China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,72:1～11.
Malinconico M A L.1992.Graptolite reflectance in the prehnite-pumpellyite zone of Northern Maine,USA.Organic Geochemistry,18:263～271.
Malinconico M A L.1993.Reflectance cross-plot analysis of graptolites from the anchi-metamorphic region of northern Maine,USA.Organic Geochemistry,20:197～207.
Mu Enzhi.1950.The evolution and classification of the graptolites.Geological Review,15 (4-6):171～183 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Nie H,Jin Z J,Zhang J.2018.Characteristics of three organic matter pore types in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale of the Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Scientific Reports,8:1～11.
Peters K E,Walters C C,Moldowan J M.2005.The biomarker guide.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1～1155.
Petersen H I,Schovsbo N H,Nielsen A T.2013.Reflectance measurements of zooclasts and solid bitumen in Lower Palaeozoic shales,southern Scandinavia:Correlation to vitrinite reflectance.International Journal of Coal Geology,114:1～18.
Riediger C,Goodarzi F,Macqueen R.1989.Graptolites as indicators of regional maturity in lower Paleozoic sediments,Selwyn Basin,Yukon and Northwest Territories,Canada.Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,26:2003～2015.
Sanei H,Petersen H,Schovsbo N,Jiang C,Goodsite M E.2014.Petrographic and geochemical composition of kerogen in the Furongian (U.Cambrian) Alum Shale,central Sweden:Reflections on the petroleum generation potential.International Journal of Coal Geology,132:158～169.
Stach E,Mackowski M T,Teichmuller M,Taylor G H,Chandra D,Teichmuller R.1982.Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology.Berlin:Gebruder Borntraeger,1～535.
Tang L,Song Y,Li Q,Pang X,Jiang Z,Li Z,Tang X,Yu H,Sun Y,Fan S.2019.A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation:A New Insight from Well JY‐A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica‐English Edition,93(2):400～419.
Teichmüller M.1978.Nachweis von graptolithen-periderm in geschieferten gesteinen mit hilfe kohlenpetrologischer methoden.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal?ontologie,Monatshefte,7:430～447.
Wu J,Liang F,Lin W,Wang H,Bai W,Ma C,Sun S,Zhao Q,Song X,Yu R.2017.Characteristics of shale gas reservoirs in Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in Well WX2,northeast Chongqing.Petroleum Research,2:324～335.
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