岩石破裂过程中电磁辐射信号特征研究
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摘要
为了探索震前电磁异常现象的物理机制,许多研究注重于分析岩石破裂过程中产生的电磁辐射信号。对花岗岩样品进行单轴加载,变形直至破裂,记录整个过程中产生的电磁辐射(EME)和声发射(AE)信号,对比分析。这里主要从两个方面分析岩石破裂过程中EME信号的特征:①利用非广延分析方法分析EME的能量分布情况,并与b值分析方法对比,推断岩石破裂类型以及裂纹发育过程;②利用统一等待时间定标律分析EME的时间特征,期望获得岩石破裂过程中EME信号等待时间的分布规律。结果表明,在拟合AE和EME信号的能量分布曲线时,发现b值只能拟合AE部分数据,完全不能拟合EME数据,而非广延参数q可以很好地拟合这两类信号。通过对比分析AE和EME信号的等待时间概率密度的分布情况,发现EME信号的集成效果相对较差,可能不满足统一等待时间定标律。
In order to explore the physical mechanism of the anomalous electromagnetic emissions observed before earthquakes,many studies have focused on the analysis of electromagnetic emissions produced during rock fracture.Granite samples under uniaxial loading underwent deformation until its fracture,we recorded and comparatively analysed the electromagnetic(EME)and acoustic emission(AE)signals produced during the whole loading process.This paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of EME signals from two aspects:(1)the energy distribution characteristics of EME signals was analysed with nonextensive analysis method and comparing it with b-value analysis method,so that we may infer the type and the development process of rock fracture;(2)the time characteristics of EME signals was analysed by using unified scaling law for waiting time,and we expect to get the distribution law of the waiting time of EME signals during rock fracture.The result shows that bvalue fitting method can only match the part of AE signal and it's almost impossible to match the EME signal when fitting the energy distribution curves of the AE and EME signals,but these two kinds of signal can be well fitted with non-extensive parameter q.By comparing and analyzing the probability density distribution for the waiting time of the AE and EME signals,it is found that the integration effect of EME signals is relatively poor,which may not meet the unified scaling law for waiting time.
In order to explore the physical mechanism of the anomalous electromagnetic emissions observed before earthquakes,many studies have focused on the analysis of electromagnetic emissions produced during rock fracture.Granite samples under uniaxial loading underwent deformation until its fracture,we recorded and comparatively analysed the electromagnetic(EME)and acoustic emission(AE)signals produced during the whole loading process.This paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of EME signals from two aspects:(1)the energy distribution characteristics of EME signals was analysed with nonextensive analysis method and comparing it with b-value analysis method,so that we may infer the type and the development process of rock fracture;(2)the time characteristics of EME signals was analysed by using unified scaling law for waiting time,and we expect to get the distribution law of the waiting time of EME signals during rock fracture.The result shows that bvalue fitting method can only match the part of AE signal and it's almost impossible to match the EME signal when fitting the energy distribution curves of the AE and EME signals,but these two kinds of signal can be well fitted with non-extensive parameter q.By comparing and analyzing the probability density distribution for the waiting time of the AE and EME signals,it is found that the integration effect of EME signals is relatively poor,which may not meet the unified scaling law for waiting time.
引文
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[15]CHMEL A,SHCHERBAKOV I.Acoustic,electromag-netic,and photon emission from dynamically fracturing granite[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2012,169(12):2139-2148.
[16]SOTOLONGO-COSTA O,POSADAS A.Fragmentasperity interaction model for earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,92(4):048501(1-4).
[17]SILVA R,FRANA G S,VILAR C S,et al.Nonextensive models for earthquakes[J].Physical Review E,2006,73:026102(1-5).
[18]SOTOLONGO-COSTA O.Nonextensive framework for earthquakes:The role of fragments[J].Acta Geophysica,2012,60(3):526-534.
[19]PAPADAKIS G,VALLIANATOS F,SAMMONDSP.A nonextensive statistical physics analysis of the1995Kobe,Japan earthquake[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2015,172(7):1923-1931.
[20]BAK P,CHRISTENSEN K,DANON L,et al.Unified scaling law for earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(17):178501(1-4).
[21]BAR'J,CORRAL,ILLA X,et al.Statistical similarity between the compression of a porous material and earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2013,110(8):088702(1-5).
[22]何明文.室内岩石电磁信号观测系统的组建、测试及初步应用[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2016.HE M W.Construction,inspection and preliminary application of an acquisition system for electromagnetic signals emitted from rocks in laboratory[D].Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2016.(In Chinese)
[2]钱书清,郝锦绮,周建国,等.岩石受压破裂的ULF和LF电磁前兆信号[J].中国地震,2003,19(2):109-116.QIAN S Q,HAO J Q,ZHOU J G,et al.Precursory electric and magnetic signals at ULF and LF bands during the fracture of rocks under pressure[J].Earthquake Research in China,2003,19(2):109-116.(In Chinese)
[3]钱书清,吕智,任克新.地震电磁辐射前兆不同步现象物理机制的实验研究[J].地震学报,1998,20(5):535-540.QIAN S Q,LU Z,REN K X.Experimental study on the mechanism of non-synchronism of seismoelectromagnetic radiation precursors[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1998,20(5):535-540.(In Chinese)
[4]郭自强,郭子祺,钱书清,等.岩石破裂中的电声效应[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(1):74-83.GUO Z Q,GUO Z Q,QIAN S Q,et,al.Electroacoustic effect in rock fracturing[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1999,42(1):74-83.(In Chinese)
[5]陈国强,刘力强,刘培洵.实验室岩石变形电磁信号的观测系统[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2010,29(1):20-23.CHEN G Q,LIU LQ,LIU P X.Electromagnetic emission measurement system for rock deformation experiment[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science),2010,29(1):20-23.(In Chinese)
[6]TRCKA T,TOFEL P,KOKTAVY P.Electromagnetic and acoustic emission signals real-time measurement,processing and data evaluation[J].Key Engineering Materials,2011,465:318-321.
[7]YAMADA I,MASUDA K,MIZUTANI H.Electromagnetic and acoustic emission associated with rock fracture[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1989,57:157-168.
[8]VALLIANATOS F,TRIANTIS D,TZANIS A,et al.Electric earthquake precursors:from laboratory results to field observations[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29:339-351.
[9]FUKUI K,OKUBO S,TERASHIMA T.Electromagnetic radiation from rock during uniaxial compression testing:The effects of rock characteristics and test conditions[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,2005,38(5):411-423.
[10]MORI Y,OBATA Y,SIKULA J.Acoustic and electro-magnetic emission from crack created in rock sample under deformation[J].Journal of Acou-stic Emission,2009(27):157-166.
[11]KOKTAVY P.Experimental study of electromagnetic emission signals generated by crack generation in composite materials[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2009,20(1):015704(1-8).
[12]曾正文,马瑾,刘力强,等.岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义[J].地震地质,1995,17(1):7-12.ZENG Z W,MA J,LIU L Q,et al.AE b-value dynamic features during rockmass fracturing and their significances[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(1):7-12.(In Chinese)
[13]RAO M V M S,Prasanna Lakshmi K J.Analysis of bvalue and improved b-value of acoustic emissions accompanying rock fracture[J].Current Science,2005,89(9):1577-1582.
[14]李元辉,刘建坡,赵兴东,等.岩石破裂过程中的声发射b值及分形特征研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(9):2559-2564.LI Y H,LIU J P,ZHAO X D,et al.Study on b-value and fractal dimension of acoustic emission during rock failure process[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(9):2559-2564.(In Chinese)
[15]CHMEL A,SHCHERBAKOV I.Acoustic,electromag-netic,and photon emission from dynamically fracturing granite[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2012,169(12):2139-2148.
[16]SOTOLONGO-COSTA O,POSADAS A.Fragmentasperity interaction model for earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2004,92(4):048501(1-4).
[17]SILVA R,FRANA G S,VILAR C S,et al.Nonextensive models for earthquakes[J].Physical Review E,2006,73:026102(1-5).
[18]SOTOLONGO-COSTA O.Nonextensive framework for earthquakes:The role of fragments[J].Acta Geophysica,2012,60(3):526-534.
[19]PAPADAKIS G,VALLIANATOS F,SAMMONDSP.A nonextensive statistical physics analysis of the1995Kobe,Japan earthquake[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2015,172(7):1923-1931.
[20]BAK P,CHRISTENSEN K,DANON L,et al.Unified scaling law for earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,88(17):178501(1-4).
[21]BAR'J,CORRAL,ILLA X,et al.Statistical similarity between the compression of a porous material and earthquakes[J].Physical Review Letters,2013,110(8):088702(1-5).
[22]何明文.室内岩石电磁信号观测系统的组建、测试及初步应用[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2016.HE M W.Construction,inspection and preliminary application of an acquisition system for electromagnetic signals emitted from rocks in laboratory[D].Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,2016.(In Chinese)
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