微生物改造有机质不同演化阶段油气的生成
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摘要
石油是生物地质作用的产物,沉积物中有机质的组成和结构影响着石油天然气的生成。微生物改造有机质形成石油、天然气具有明显的阶段性:1)易溶于水的有机质和分子量小、成分简单的化合物优先参与到成油中形成低熟油。2)成熟油的有机母质主要为来自水生生物、藻类的脂肪和蛋白质,其次为来自陆源有机质中的碳水化合物脂肪分解菌、蛋白质分解菌、产氢菌等;脂肪酸初始阶段不溶于水,只有当环境中不存在占优势的其他碳源物质时,微生物才能利用和分解脂类进行生长。3)高演化阶段生存着大量的嗜热、超嗜热产甲烷菌,来自于陆源植物的纤维素、木质素、高分子聚合物等许多在成熟阶段难以降解的有机质在高演化阶段可以发生降解。成油过程要经过降解有机质、去除含氧基团、产氢菌产氢、耗氢菌用氢等过程,较成气过程更为复杂。
Petroleum is produced through biogeological action. Oil generation follows regularity in the deposition of marine or terrestrial facies. The composition and structure of the organic matter exert an influence on the formation of petroleum and natural gas in sediments. For example, materials that easily dissolve in water and have low molecular weight, join with simple compounds in the petroleum formation first. Source materials of lower-maturation oils mainly include algae, low aquatic organisms, low plants, and twigs, leaves, fruits, etc. from terrestrial plants. Their compositions mainly consist of carbohydrates, starch, hemicelluloses, chlorophyll, etc., as well as the short chain and easily dissolved fatty acids and proteins. Microbia mainly include amylolytic bacteria, carbohydrate-splitting bacteria hydrogen-producing bacteria, and others. The organic matter of mature oils mainly originates from the lopoid and protein in organisms and algae, or from the carbohydrates in terrestrial organic matter, in which fat-decomposing bacteria, protelytic bacteria, H_2-producing bacteria, etc. grow. In the early stages, fatty acids cannot be dissolved in water. Only when no other superior carbon materials existed in the environment could the microbia grow by using and decomposing lipoids. Fatty acid takes the linear bonding of carbon and hydrogen as the dominant structure within the carboxyl group. Oxygen-containing groups are eliminated, and petroleum can be generated in great quantity. Amino acids are also mainly straight chain structures, and eliminated end carboxyl groups might form hydrocarbons. Fatty acids and protein are transformed to petroleum at the same time, and therefore, the high peak of the generated oil is formed. Source rocks containing abundant organisms are excellent hydrocarbon-generating materials. Thermophile and superthermophilic methanogens subsist at high evolutional stages with great quantity. Their methane-generating model is H_2+CO_2. Cellulose, xylem, high polymers, and others from terrestrial plants were degraded at the mature stage with difficulty, and yet they might be decomposed and provide carbon for forming CO_2 at a high evolutional stage. Microbia degrade organic matter to form petroleum and natural gas. Not only is there a successively settled basin, but also abundant organic matter from source rocks, and oil-generation might take place, which will require the degradation of original materials, elimination of oxygen-containing group, H2-producing bacteria to generate hydrogen H2-expending bacteria to use hydrogen, and other processes, which is more complicated than natural gas formation. Natural gas might be formed at a depth of 10 m in Quaternary reserves, but oil reserves need to be buried below 1 000 m depth within Tertiary strata for formation to occur.
Petroleum is produced through biogeological action. Oil generation follows regularity in the deposition of marine or terrestrial facies. The composition and structure of the organic matter exert an influence on the formation of petroleum and natural gas in sediments. For example, materials that easily dissolve in water and have low molecular weight, join with simple compounds in the petroleum formation first. Source materials of lower-maturation oils mainly include algae, low aquatic organisms, low plants, and twigs, leaves, fruits, etc. from terrestrial plants. Their compositions mainly consist of carbohydrates, starch, hemicelluloses, chlorophyll, etc., as well as the short chain and easily dissolved fatty acids and proteins. Microbia mainly include amylolytic bacteria, carbohydrate-splitting bacteria hydrogen-producing bacteria, and others. The organic matter of mature oils mainly originates from the lopoid and protein in organisms and algae, or from the carbohydrates in terrestrial organic matter, in which fat-decomposing bacteria, protelytic bacteria, H_2-producing bacteria, etc. grow. In the early stages, fatty acids cannot be dissolved in water. Only when no other superior carbon materials existed in the environment could the microbia grow by using and decomposing lipoids. Fatty acid takes the linear bonding of carbon and hydrogen as the dominant structure within the carboxyl group. Oxygen-containing groups are eliminated, and petroleum can be generated in great quantity. Amino acids are also mainly straight chain structures, and eliminated end carboxyl groups might form hydrocarbons. Fatty acids and protein are transformed to petroleum at the same time, and therefore, the high peak of the generated oil is formed. Source rocks containing abundant organisms are excellent hydrocarbon-generating materials. Thermophile and superthermophilic methanogens subsist at high evolutional stages with great quantity. Their methane-generating model is H_2+CO_2. Cellulose, xylem, high polymers, and others from terrestrial plants were degraded at the mature stage with difficulty, and yet they might be decomposed and provide carbon for forming CO_2 at a high evolutional stage. Microbia degrade organic matter to form petroleum and natural gas. Not only is there a successively settled basin, but also abundant organic matter from source rocks, and oil-generation might take place, which will require the degradation of original materials, elimination of oxygen-containing group, H2-producing bacteria to generate hydrogen H2-expending bacteria to use hydrogen, and other processes, which is more complicated than natural gas formation. Natural gas might be formed at a depth of 10 m in Quaternary reserves, but oil reserves need to be buried below 1 000 m depth within Tertiary strata for formation to occur.
引文
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[8] 惠荣耀,丁安娜. 微生物在石油生成中的作用(一):降解和去含氧基团[J]. 沉积学报,2017,35(6):1274-1283. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna. The role of microorganisms in the oil generation (I): The degradation of macromolecular organic matter and the elimination of oxygen-containing groups[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2017, 35(6): 1274-1283.]
[9] Zobell C E. Microbial transformation of molecular hydrogen in marine sediments, with particular reference to petroleum[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1947, 31(10): 1709-1751.
[10] 惠荣耀,丁安娜. 微生物在石油生成中的作用(二)——氢代谢及多源输入[J]. 沉积学报,2018,36(5):1023-1031. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna. Role of microorganisms in oil generation (Ⅱ): Hydrogen metabolism and organic matter input from many origins[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2018, 36(5): 1023-1031.]
[11] 黄第藩,张大江,王培荣,等. 中国未成熟石油成因机制和成藏条件[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社,2003:355-657. [Huang Difan, Zhang Dajiang, Wang Peirong, et al. Genetic mechanism and accumulation condition of immature oil in China[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2003: 355-657.]
[12] Killops S D, Howell V J, Massond M S, et al. Role of bacteria in oil generation from higher plant material: Biomarker evidence from oils from Korea Bay Basin[M]//Manning D C. Organic geochemistry, advances and applications in energy and the natural environment. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991: 53-55.
[13] 惠荣耀,丁安娜,连莉文. 甲烷气在低演化沉积物中的形成[J]. 石油勘探与开发,1994,21(4):103-104. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna, Lian Liwen. Formaton of methane gas in lower-evolutional sediments[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1994, 21(4): 103-104.]
[14] 蒂索 B P,威尔特 D H. 石油形成和分布[M]. 徐永元,徐濂,郝石生,等译. 2版. 北京:石油工业出版社,1989:20-21. [Tissot B P, Welte D H. Petroleum formation and occurrence[M]. Xu Yongyuan, Xu Lian, Hao Shisheng, et al, trans. 2nd ed. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1989: 20-21.]
[15] 汪小兰. 有机化学[M]. 2版. 北京:高等教育出版社,1987:229. [Wang Xiaolan. Organic chemistry[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: High Education Press, 1987: 299.]
[16] 王启军,陈建瑜. 油气地球化学[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1988:73-91. [Wang Qijun, Chen Jianyu. Geochemistry of petroleum and natural gas[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 1988: 73-91.]
[17] Stevenson F J, Butler J H A. Chemistry of humic acids and related pigments[M]//Eglinton G, Murphy M T J. Organic geochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1969: 534-556.
[18] Stetter K O. Thermophiles: General, molecular, and applied microbiology[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986: 39-45.
[19] 和致中,彭谦,陈俊英. 高温微生物学[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2001. [He Zhizhong, Peng Qian, Chen Junying. High temperature microbiology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2001.]
[20] 赵一章,连莉文. 产甲烷细菌及其研究方法[M]. 成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999. [Zhao Yizhang, Lian Liwen. Methanogenic bacteria and methodology[M]. Chengdu: Chengdu Science and Technology University Press, 1999.]
[21] Bazhenova O K, Arefiev O A. Immature oils as the products of early catagenetic transformation of bacterial-algal organic matter[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1990, 16(1/2/3): 307-311.
[22] 惠荣耀,连莉文. 产甲烷菌等微生物群体在中浅层天然气藏形成中的作用[J]. 天然气地球科学,1994,5(2):38-39. [Hui Rongyao, Lian Liwen. Effects of microbial colony methanogens and others in formation of middle-shallow gas reservoirs[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 1994, 5(2): 38-39.]
[23] 丁安娜,孟仟祥,崔明中,等. 微生物改造有机质与未—低熟石油的形成[J]. 天然气地球科学,1999,10(1/2):23-29. [Ding Anna, Meng Qianxiang, Cui Mingzhong, et al. Bacterial reworking of organic matter and the formation of immature-low mature fossil oil[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 1999, 10(1/2): 23-29.]
[2] 惠荣耀,李剑,张英,等. 生物气源岩评价方法[J]. 天然气工业,2009,29(2):18-22. [Hui Rongyao, Li Jian, Zhang Ying, et al. A study on evaluation procedures of biogas source rocks[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2009, 29(2): 18-22.]
[3] 阎葆瑞,张锡根. 微生物成矿学[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2000:109-120. [Yan Baorui, Zhang Xigen. Microbial minerogenetology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2000: 109-120.]
[4] Zeikus J G. Chemical and fuel production by anaerobic bacteria[J]. Annual Review of Microbiology, 1980, 34: 423-464.
[5] 侯读杰,冯子辉,王铁冠,等. 松辽盆地石油地球化学研究新进展[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社,1999. [Hou Dujie, Feng Zihui, Wang Tieguan, et al. New development on petroleum geochemistry of Songliao Basin[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1999.]
[6] 王铁冠,钟宁宁,侯读杰,等. 低熟油气形成机理与分布[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社,1995. [Wang Tieguan, Zhong Ningning, Hou Dujie, et al. Formative machine and occurrence of lower-mature oil and gas[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1995.]
[7] Zobell C E. Geochemical aspects of the microbial modification of carbon compounds[M]//Advances organic geochemistry. New York: Macmilan, 1964: 339-356.
[8] 惠荣耀,丁安娜. 微生物在石油生成中的作用(一):降解和去含氧基团[J]. 沉积学报,2017,35(6):1274-1283. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna. The role of microorganisms in the oil generation (I): The degradation of macromolecular organic matter and the elimination of oxygen-containing groups[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2017, 35(6): 1274-1283.]
[9] Zobell C E. Microbial transformation of molecular hydrogen in marine sediments, with particular reference to petroleum[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1947, 31(10): 1709-1751.
[10] 惠荣耀,丁安娜. 微生物在石油生成中的作用(二)——氢代谢及多源输入[J]. 沉积学报,2018,36(5):1023-1031. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna. Role of microorganisms in oil generation (Ⅱ): Hydrogen metabolism and organic matter input from many origins[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2018, 36(5): 1023-1031.]
[11] 黄第藩,张大江,王培荣,等. 中国未成熟石油成因机制和成藏条件[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社,2003:355-657. [Huang Difan, Zhang Dajiang, Wang Peirong, et al. Genetic mechanism and accumulation condition of immature oil in China[M]. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2003: 355-657.]
[12] Killops S D, Howell V J, Massond M S, et al. Role of bacteria in oil generation from higher plant material: Biomarker evidence from oils from Korea Bay Basin[M]//Manning D C. Organic geochemistry, advances and applications in energy and the natural environment. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991: 53-55.
[13] 惠荣耀,丁安娜,连莉文. 甲烷气在低演化沉积物中的形成[J]. 石油勘探与开发,1994,21(4):103-104. [Hui Rongyao, Ding Anna, Lian Liwen. Formaton of methane gas in lower-evolutional sediments[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1994, 21(4): 103-104.]
[14] 蒂索 B P,威尔特 D H. 石油形成和分布[M]. 徐永元,徐濂,郝石生,等译. 2版. 北京:石油工业出版社,1989:20-21. [Tissot B P, Welte D H. Petroleum formation and occurrence[M]. Xu Yongyuan, Xu Lian, Hao Shisheng, et al, trans. 2nd ed. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1989: 20-21.]
[15] 汪小兰. 有机化学[M]. 2版. 北京:高等教育出版社,1987:229. [Wang Xiaolan. Organic chemistry[M]. 2nd ed. Beijing: High Education Press, 1987: 299.]
[16] 王启军,陈建瑜. 油气地球化学[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1988:73-91. [Wang Qijun, Chen Jianyu. Geochemistry of petroleum and natural gas[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 1988: 73-91.]
[17] Stevenson F J, Butler J H A. Chemistry of humic acids and related pigments[M]//Eglinton G, Murphy M T J. Organic geochemistry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1969: 534-556.
[18] Stetter K O. Thermophiles: General, molecular, and applied microbiology[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986: 39-45.
[19] 和致中,彭谦,陈俊英. 高温微生物学[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2001. [He Zhizhong, Peng Qian, Chen Junying. High temperature microbiology[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2001.]
[20] 赵一章,连莉文. 产甲烷细菌及其研究方法[M]. 成都:成都科技大学出版社,1999. [Zhao Yizhang, Lian Liwen. Methanogenic bacteria and methodology[M]. Chengdu: Chengdu Science and Technology University Press, 1999.]
[21] Bazhenova O K, Arefiev O A. Immature oils as the products of early catagenetic transformation of bacterial-algal organic matter[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1990, 16(1/2/3): 307-311.
[22] 惠荣耀,连莉文. 产甲烷菌等微生物群体在中浅层天然气藏形成中的作用[J]. 天然气地球科学,1994,5(2):38-39. [Hui Rongyao, Lian Liwen. Effects of microbial colony methanogens and others in formation of middle-shallow gas reservoirs[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 1994, 5(2): 38-39.]
[23] 丁安娜,孟仟祥,崔明中,等. 微生物改造有机质与未—低熟石油的形成[J]. 天然气地球科学,1999,10(1/2):23-29. [Ding Anna, Meng Qianxiang, Cui Mingzhong, et al. Bacterial reworking of organic matter and the formation of immature-low mature fossil oil[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 1999, 10(1/2): 23-29.]
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