1980～2017年环渤海海岸线和围填海时空演变及其影响机制
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摘要
运用3S技术,采用水体指数法(MNDWI)、分形维数法、土地利用转移矩阵和回归分析等方法,以环渤海海岸带1980、1985、1990、1995、2000、2005、2010、2015和2017年9个时期TM遥感影像为主数据源,研究近40 a围填海活动影响下的环渤海海岸线动态演变特征。结果表明:1980～2017年环渤海海岸线增加了1 159.9 km,分形维数持续增加,岸线呈曲折化。其中,人工岸线增长了1 977.9 km,自然岸线减少了80%。重点变化区域包括黄河三角洲及莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾顶部、普兰店湾等地区。1980～2017年环渤海围填海的面积增加了1 988.5 km2。主要类型由养殖池、盐田及农用地向养殖池、盐田、建筑用地转化。围填海活动与岸线长度、属性变化呈显著线性关系。综上,水产养殖、围海晒盐、农田开垦、工业化和城镇化建设等围填海活动影响了岸线长度及属性等特征的变化。
The coastal zone is the border area between the land and the ocean. The marine resources are rich. In particular, since the reform and opening up in 1978, the coastal economy has developed rapidly. The rapid urbanization process has led to large-scale exploitation of coastal resources, and human activities severely affected shoreline evolution in the Bohai Rim region. Therefore, studying the changes of coastline and reclamation evolution is conducive to the sustainable development of coastal regional economy and the supervision and management of decision-making departments. The spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the shoreline under the action of sea reclamation were researched based on the remote sensing images in nine years(1980,1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017). The MNDWI method, transfer matrix of land use, the fractal dimension method and regression analysis were used in the study. These data were processed by 3 S technology and the soft wares of eCognition9.0, ArcGIS10.2 and SPSS. The results show that the Yellow River delta, Laizhou bay, Bohai bay and Liaodong bay changed a lot, the natural shoreline length decreased by 80%,whereas the artificial shoreline increased by 1 977.9 km in past 40 years. The fractal dimension of shoreline has been increased and tended to zigzag. Meanwhile, sea reclamation area increased by 1 988.5 km2 during1980-2017. Its main land use types are transformed from aquatic farm, salt field and agricultural land to aquatic farm, salt field and construction land. There is a significant linear relationship between the reclamation process and the change of the length of the coastline. To sum up, the sea reclamation evolution affects the changes of shoreline, including aquaculture, farmland reclamation, industrialization and urban construction, etc.
The coastal zone is the border area between the land and the ocean. The marine resources are rich. In particular, since the reform and opening up in 1978, the coastal economy has developed rapidly. The rapid urbanization process has led to large-scale exploitation of coastal resources, and human activities severely affected shoreline evolution in the Bohai Rim region. Therefore, studying the changes of coastline and reclamation evolution is conducive to the sustainable development of coastal regional economy and the supervision and management of decision-making departments. The spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of the shoreline under the action of sea reclamation were researched based on the remote sensing images in nine years(1980,1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2017). The MNDWI method, transfer matrix of land use, the fractal dimension method and regression analysis were used in the study. These data were processed by 3 S technology and the soft wares of eCognition9.0, ArcGIS10.2 and SPSS. The results show that the Yellow River delta, Laizhou bay, Bohai bay and Liaodong bay changed a lot, the natural shoreline length decreased by 80%,whereas the artificial shoreline increased by 1 977.9 km in past 40 years. The fractal dimension of shoreline has been increased and tended to zigzag. Meanwhile, sea reclamation area increased by 1 988.5 km2 during1980-2017. Its main land use types are transformed from aquatic farm, salt field and agricultural land to aquatic farm, salt field and construction land. There is a significant linear relationship between the reclamation process and the change of the length of the coastline. To sum up, the sea reclamation evolution affects the changes of shoreline, including aquaculture, farmland reclamation, industrialization and urban construction, etc.
引文
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[18]李飞,曹可,赵建华,等.典型海岸线指标识别与特征研究--以江苏中部海岸为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(6):963-971.[Li Fei,Cao Ke,Zhao Jianhua et al.Identification and characteristics of the typical coastline indicators:A case study of the central Jiangsu Coast.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(6):963-971.]
[19]Pagán J I,López I,Aragonés L et al.The effects of the anthropic actions on the sandy beaches of Guardamar del Segura,Spain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601-602:1364-1377.
[20]侯西勇,毋亭,王远东,等.20世纪40年代以来多时相中国大陆岸线提取方法及精度评估[J].海洋科学,2014,38(11):66-73.[Hou Xiyong,Wu Ting,Wang Yuandong et al.Shape changes of major gulfs along the mainland of China since the early1940s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,38(11):66-73.]
[21]Moore L J.Shoreline mapping techniques[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2000,16(1):111-124.
[22]Smith G L,Zarillo G A.Calculating long-term shoreline recessing rates using aerial photographic and beach profiling techniques[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1990,1:111-120.
[23]国家海洋局908专项办公室.海岸带调查技术规程[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.[State Oceanic Administration 908 Special Office.Technical regulations for coastal zone survey.Beijing:Ocean Press,2005.]
[24]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.[Xu Hanqiu.Astudy on information extraction of water body with the modified Normalized Difference Water Index(MNDWI).Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):589-595.]
[25]国家海洋局.海域使用分类[M].北京:国家海洋局,2009.[State Oceanic Administation.Sea area use classification.Beijing:State Oceanic Administation,2009.]
[26]吴正鹏,奚歌,王健洁.基于多源遥感影像的围填海监测--以天津南港工业区为例[J].城市勘测,2012,12(6):77-80.[Wu Zhengpeng,Xi Ge.Wang Jianjie.Reclamation monitoring based on the multi-source remote sensing image:As an example of Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone.Urban Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2012,12(6):77-80.]
[27]穆雪男.天津滨海新区围填海演进过程与岸线、湿地变化关系研究[D].天津:天津大学,2014.[Mu Xuenan.Research on the relationship between the evolution process of reclamation,shoreline and wetland changes of Tianjin Binhai new area.Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.]
[28]叶梦姚,李加林,史小丽,等.1990~2015年浙江省大陆岸线变迁与开发利用空间格局变化[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1159-1170.[Ye Mengyao,Li Jialin,Shi Xiaoli et al.Spatial pattern change of the coastline development and utilization in Zhejiang from 1990 to 2015.Geographical Research,2017,36(6):1159-1170.]
[29]李京梅,孙晨,谢恩年.围填海造地经济驱动因素的实证分析[J].中国渔业经济,2012,30(6):61-68.[Li Jingmei,Sun Chen,Xie Ennian.An empirical analysis of economic driving forces on land reclamation.Chinese Fisheries Economics,2012,30(6):61-68.]
[30]王雪鸽,李晓燕,贾明明,等.1975~2015年大连市海岸线变迁和围填海变化[J].海洋环境科学,2017,36(1):87-93.[Wang Xuege,Li Xiaoyan,Jia Mingming et al.Analysis on changes in coastline and reclamation in Dalian from 1975 to 2015.Marine Environmental Science,2017,36(1):87-93.]
[31]刘百桥,孟伟庆,赵建华,等.中国大陆1990~2013年海岸线资源开发利用特征变化[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(12):2033-2044.[Liu Baiqiao,Meng Weiqing,Zhao Jianhua et al.Variation of coastline resources utilization in China from 1990 to2013.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(12):2033-2044.]
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[2]许宁.中国大陆海岸线及海岸工程时空变化研究[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.[Xu Ning.Research on spatial and temporal variation of China mainland coastline and coastal engineering.Yantai:Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,CAS,2016.]
[3]张云,张建丽,景昕蒂,等.1990年以来我国大陆海岸线变迁及分形维数研究[J].海洋环境科学,2015,34(3):406-410.[Zhang Yun,Zhang Jianli,Jing Xindi et al.Historical changes of the length and fractal dimension of Chinese coastline since1990.Marine Environmental Science,2015,34(3):406-410.]
[4]孙晓宇,吕婷婷,高义,等.2000~2010年渤海湾岸线变迁及驱动力分析[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):413-419.[Sun Xiaoyu,Lv Tingting,Gao Yi et al.Driving force analysis of Bohai Bay coastline change from 2000 to 2010.Resources Science,2014,36(2):413-419.]
[5]刘雪,马妍妍,李广雪,等.基于卫星遥感的长江口岸线演化分析[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013(2):17-23.[Liu Xue,Ma Yanyan,Li Guangxue et al.Coastline evolution of the Yangtze estuary upon satellite remote sensing analysis.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2013(2):17-23.]
[6]葛振鹏,戴志军,谢华亮,等.北部湾海湾岸线时空变化特征研究[J].上海国土资源,2014(2):49-53.[Ge Zhenpeng,Dai Zhijun,Xie Hualiang et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of the shoreline along the Beibu Gulf.Shanghai Land&Resources,2014(2):49-53.]
[7]陈静,王永学.大连湾岸线变迁对海域水动力环境的影响[J].海洋通报,2016,35(3):351-359.[Chen Jing,Wang Yongxue.Effects of the coastline changes on the hydrodynamic condition in the Dalian Bay.Marine Science Bulletin,2016,35(3):351-359.]
[8]许宁,高志强,宁吉才.基于分形维数的环渤海地区海岸线变迁及成因分析[J].海洋学研究,2016,36(1):45-51.[Xu Ning,Gao Zhiqiang,Ning Jicai.Spatial-temporal variations of coastlines in Bohai Rim based on fractal dimension and their causes analysis.Journal of Marine Sciences,2016,36(1):45-51.]
[9]王毅杰,俞慎.长江三角洲城市群区域滨海湿地利用时空变化特征[J].湿地科学,2012,10(2):129-135.[Wang Yijie,Yu Shen.Temporal and spatial variation of coastal wetlands utilization in the city cluster area of Yangtze River Delta.Wetland Science,2012,10(2):129-135.]
[10]吴文挺,田波,周云轩,等.中国海岸带围垦遥感分析[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):5007-5016.[Wu Wenting,Tian Bo,Zhou Yunxuan et al.The trends of coastal reclamation in China in the past three decades.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(16):5007-5016.]
[11]岳奇,徐伟,胡恒,等.世界围填海发展历程及特征[J].海洋开发与管理,2015,32(6):1-5.[Yue Qi,Xu Wei,Hu Heng et al.The development history and characteristics of the world reclamation.Ocean Development and Management,2015,32(6):1-5.]
[12]Cui B L,Li X Y.Coastline change of the Yellow River estuary and its response to the sediment and runoff(1976-2005)[J].Geomorphology,2011,127(1-2):32-40.
[13]Kirwan M L,Megonigal J P.Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rise[J].Nature,2013,504(7478):53-60.
[14]刘彦随.中国环渤海地区城乡发展转型格局测度[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):248-256.[Liu Yansui.The spatial pattern measure of urban-rural development transformation in the Bohai Rim region in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):248-256.]
[15]郭丽英,王道龙,邱建军.环渤海区域土地利用类型动态变化研究[J].地域研究与开发,2009,28(3):92-95.[Guo Liying,Wang Daolong,Qiu Jianjun.Study on the land-use types changes in the area around Bohai Bay in China.Areal Research and Development,2009,28(3):92-95.]
[16]巢子豪,高一博,谢宏全,等.1984~2012年海州湾海岸线时空演变研究[J].海洋科学,2016,40(6):95-100.[Chao Zihao,Gao Yibo,Xie Hongquan et al.Study of temporal and spatial evolutions of coastline of the Haizhou Bay from 1984 to2012.Marine Sciences,2016,40(6):95-100.]
[17]徐进勇,张增祥,赵晓丽,等.2000~2012年中国北方海岸线时空变化分析[J].地理学报,2013,68(5):651-660.[Xu Jinyong,Zhang Zengxiang,Zhao Xiaoli et al.Spatial-temporal analysis of coastline changes in northern China from 2000 to 2012.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(5):651-660.]
[18]李飞,曹可,赵建华,等.典型海岸线指标识别与特征研究--以江苏中部海岸为例[J].地理科学,2018,38(6):963-971.[Li Fei,Cao Ke,Zhao Jianhua et al.Identification and characteristics of the typical coastline indicators:A case study of the central Jiangsu Coast.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2018,38(6):963-971.]
[19]Pagán J I,López I,Aragonés L et al.The effects of the anthropic actions on the sandy beaches of Guardamar del Segura,Spain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,601-602:1364-1377.
[20]侯西勇,毋亭,王远东,等.20世纪40年代以来多时相中国大陆岸线提取方法及精度评估[J].海洋科学,2014,38(11):66-73.[Hou Xiyong,Wu Ting,Wang Yuandong et al.Shape changes of major gulfs along the mainland of China since the early1940s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,38(11):66-73.]
[21]Moore L J.Shoreline mapping techniques[J].Journal of Coastal Research,2000,16(1):111-124.
[22]Smith G L,Zarillo G A.Calculating long-term shoreline recessing rates using aerial photographic and beach profiling techniques[J].Journal of Coastal Research,1990,1:111-120.
[23]国家海洋局908专项办公室.海岸带调查技术规程[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.[State Oceanic Administration 908 Special Office.Technical regulations for coastal zone survey.Beijing:Ocean Press,2005.]
[24]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.[Xu Hanqiu.Astudy on information extraction of water body with the modified Normalized Difference Water Index(MNDWI).Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,9(5):589-595.]
[25]国家海洋局.海域使用分类[M].北京:国家海洋局,2009.[State Oceanic Administation.Sea area use classification.Beijing:State Oceanic Administation,2009.]
[26]吴正鹏,奚歌,王健洁.基于多源遥感影像的围填海监测--以天津南港工业区为例[J].城市勘测,2012,12(6):77-80.[Wu Zhengpeng,Xi Ge.Wang Jianjie.Reclamation monitoring based on the multi-source remote sensing image:As an example of Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone.Urban Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2012,12(6):77-80.]
[27]穆雪男.天津滨海新区围填海演进过程与岸线、湿地变化关系研究[D].天津:天津大学,2014.[Mu Xuenan.Research on the relationship between the evolution process of reclamation,shoreline and wetland changes of Tianjin Binhai new area.Tianjin:Tianjin University,2014.]
[28]叶梦姚,李加林,史小丽,等.1990~2015年浙江省大陆岸线变迁与开发利用空间格局变化[J].地理研究,2017,36(6):1159-1170.[Ye Mengyao,Li Jialin,Shi Xiaoli et al.Spatial pattern change of the coastline development and utilization in Zhejiang from 1990 to 2015.Geographical Research,2017,36(6):1159-1170.]
[29]李京梅,孙晨,谢恩年.围填海造地经济驱动因素的实证分析[J].中国渔业经济,2012,30(6):61-68.[Li Jingmei,Sun Chen,Xie Ennian.An empirical analysis of economic driving forces on land reclamation.Chinese Fisheries Economics,2012,30(6):61-68.]
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