Revisiting the methods for gas permeability measurement in tight porous medium
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摘要
Permeability is a key parameter to describe fluid transport properties of porous medium; however, the permeability measurement is extremely difficult for tight porous medium, e.g. fine-grained rock or dense soil. In this paper, three methods for gas permeability measurement, i.e. steady state method, pulse decay method(PDM) and pressure oscillation method(POM), are first reviewed and then their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Both analytical and numerical solutions of gas permeability are presented for the tight porous medium. The results show that the analytical method is relatively simple but only valid under certain conditions, whilst the numerical method is more robust and generic, which can take into account several factors such as porosity, saturation, gas leakage, and unconventional boundary conditions. The influence of the effective porosity on the permeability determination is further analyzed using the proposed numerical method. In this study, new pressure data interpretation procedures for PDM and POM are proposed, and the obtained results can serve as a guidance to define a proper method for permeability measurement of the tight porous medium.
Permeability is a key parameter to describe fluid transport properties of porous medium; however, the permeability measurement is extremely difficult for tight porous medium, e.g. fine-grained rock or dense soil. In this paper, three methods for gas permeability measurement, i.e. steady state method, pulse decay method(PDM) and pressure oscillation method(POM), are first reviewed and then their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Both analytical and numerical solutions of gas permeability are presented for the tight porous medium. The results show that the analytical method is relatively simple but only valid under certain conditions, whilst the numerical method is more robust and generic, which can take into account several factors such as porosity, saturation, gas leakage, and unconventional boundary conditions. The influence of the effective porosity on the permeability determination is further analyzed using the proposed numerical method. In this study, new pressure data interpretation procedures for PDM and POM are proposed, and the obtained results can serve as a guidance to define a proper method for permeability measurement of the tight porous medium.
Permeability is a key parameter to describe fluid transport properties of porous medium; however, the permeability measurement is extremely difficult for tight porous medium, e.g. fine-grained rock or dense soil. In this paper, three methods for gas permeability measurement, i.e. steady state method, pulse decay method(PDM) and pressure oscillation method(POM), are first reviewed and then their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Both analytical and numerical solutions of gas permeability are presented for the tight porous medium. The results show that the analytical method is relatively simple but only valid under certain conditions, whilst the numerical method is more robust and generic, which can take into account several factors such as porosity, saturation, gas leakage, and unconventional boundary conditions. The influence of the effective porosity on the permeability determination is further analyzed using the proposed numerical method. In this study, new pressure data interpretation procedures for PDM and POM are proposed, and the obtained results can serve as a guidance to define a proper method for permeability measurement of the tight porous medium.
引文
Boulin PF,Bretonnier P,Gland N,Lombard JM.Contribution of the steady state method to water permeability measurement in very low permeability porous media.Oil&Gas Science and Technology 2012;67(3):387e401.
Brace WF,Walsh JB,Frangos WT.Permeability of granite under high pressure.Journal of Geophysical Research 1968;73(6):2225e36.
Carman PC.Flow of gases through porous media.New York:Academic Press;1956.
Chen WZ,Tan XJ,Wu GJ,Yang JP.Research on gas seepage law in laminated salt rock gas storage.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2009;28(7):1297e304(in Chinese).
Chen YF,Hu SH,Zhou CB,Jing LR.Micromechanical modeling of anisotropic damage-induced permeability variation in crystalline rocks.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2014;47(5):1775e91.
Cui XA,Bustin RM,Brezovski R,Nassichuk B,Glover K,Pathi V.A new method to simultaneously measure in-situ permeability and porosity under reservoir conditions:implications for characterization of unconventional gas reservoirs.In:Canadian unconventional resources and international petroleum conference.Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE);2010.https://doi.org/10.2118/138148-MS.
Dana E,Skoczylas F.Gas relative permeability and pore structure of sandstones.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1999;36(5):613e25.
Dicker AI,Smits RM.A practical approach for determining permeability from laboratory pressure-pulse decay measurements.In:International meeting on petroleum engineering.SPE;1988.https://doi.org/10.2118/17578-MS.
Faulkner DR,Rutter EH.Comparisons of water and argon permeability in natural clay-bearing fault gouge under high pressure at 20C.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth 2000;105(B7):16415e26.
Feng R,Harpalani S,Pandey R.Evaluation of various pulse-decay laboratory permeability measurement techniques for highly stressed coals.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2017;50(2):297e308.
Fischer GJ,Paterson MS.Measurement of permeability and storage capacity in rocks during deformation at high temperature and pressure.In:Evans B,Wong TF,editors.Fault mechanics and transport properties of rocks:a Festschrift in Honor of W.F.Brace.Elsevier;1992.p.213e52.
Fischer GJ.The determination of permeability and storage capacity:pore pressure oscillation method.In:Evans B,Wong TF,editors.Fault mechanics and transport properties of rocks:a Festschrift in Honor of W.F.Brace.Elsevier;1992.p.187e211.
Guyonnet D,Gaucher E,Gaboriau H,Pons CH,Clinard C,Norotte V,Didier G.Geosynthetic clay liner interaction with leachate:correlation between permeability,microstructure,and surface chemistry.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2005;131(6):740e9.
Heller R,Vermylen J,Zoback M.Experimental investigation of matrix permeability of gas shales.AAPG Bulletin 2014;98(5):975e95.
Holt T,Jensen JI,Lindeberg E.Underground storage of CO2in aquifers and oil reservoirs.Energy Conversion and Management 1995;36(6e9):535e8.
Homand F,Giraud A,Escoffier S,Koriche A,Hoxha D.Permeability determination of a deep argillite in saturated and partially saturated conditions.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2004;47(14e16):3517e31.
Hsieh PA,Tracy JV,Neuzil CE,Bredehoeft JD,Silliman SE.A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of‘tight’rocks e I.Theory.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1981;18(3):245e52.
Kranz RL,Saltzman JS,Blacic JD.Hydraulic diffusivity measurements on laboratory rock samples using an oscillating pore pressure method.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1990;27(5):345e52.
Lemmon EW,McLinden MO,Friend DG,Linstrom P,Mallard W.NIST chemistry webbook:NIST standard reference database number 69.Gaithersburg,USA:National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST);2011.
Liu JF,Skoczylas F,Talandier J.Gas permeability of a compacted bentonite-sand mixture:coupled effects of water content,dry density,and confining pressure.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2015;52(8):1159e67.
Liu JF,Wu Y,Cai CZ,Ni HY,Cao XL,Pu H,Song SB,Pu SY,Skoczylas F.Investigation into water retention and gas permeability of Opalinus clay.Environmental Earth Sciences 2018;77:213.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7397-3.
Liu MM,Chen YF,Wei K,Zhou CB.Interpretation of gas transient pulse tests on lowporosity rocks.Geophysical Journal International 2017;210(3):1845e57.
Lu N,Likos WJ.Unsaturated soil mechanics.Wiley;2004.
Marschall P,Horseman S,Gimmi T.Characterisation of gas transport properties of the Opalinus clay,a potential host rock formation for radioactive waste disposal.Oil&Gas Science and Technology 2005;60(1):121e39.
Singh PN,Wallender WW.Effects of adsorbed water layer in predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity for clays with Kozenye Carman equation.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2008;134(6):829e36.
Urumovic K,Urumovic K.The referential grain size and effective porosity in the Kozenye Carman model.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2016;20(5):1669e80.
Valdes-Parada FJ,Ochoa-Tapia JA,Alvarez-Ramirez J.Validity of the permeability Carmane Kozeny equation:a volume averaging approach.Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2009;388(6):789e98.
Wang Z,Li W,Bi L,Qiao L,Liu R,Liu J.Estimation of the REV size and equivalent permeability coefficient of fractured rock masses with an emphasis on comparing the radial and unidirectional flow configurations.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2018;51(5):1457e71.
Yang DS,Billiotte J,Su K.Characterization of the hydromechanical behavior of argillaceous rocks with effective gas permeability under deviatoric stress.Engineering Geology 2010;114(3e4):116e22.
Yang DS,Qi XY,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Dai F.Numerical investigation on the coupled gas-solid behavior of coal using an improved anisotropic permeability model.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 2016;34:226e35.
Yang DS,Qi XY,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Yang JP.The anisotropic permeability of coal subjected to cyclic loading and unloading.International Journal of Geomechanics 2018;18(8):04018093.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001229.
Yang DS,Wang W,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Wang XQ.Experimental investigation on the coupled effect of effective stress and gas slippage on the permeability of shale.Scientific Reports 2017;7:44696.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44696.
Yang YL,Aplin AC.A permeability-porosity relationship for mudstones.Marine and Petroleum Geology 2010;27(8):1692e7.
Zhang L,Soong Y,Dilmore R.Numerical investigation on lower tuscaloosa sandstone and Selma chalk caprock under geological CO2sequestration conditions:mineral precipitation and permeability evolution.Greenhouse Gases:Science&Technology 2017;7(6):988e1007.
Zhang SQ,Paterson MS,Cox SF.Porosity and permeability evolution during hot isostatic pressing of calcite aggregates.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth 1994;99(B8):15741e60.
Brace WF,Walsh JB,Frangos WT.Permeability of granite under high pressure.Journal of Geophysical Research 1968;73(6):2225e36.
Carman PC.Flow of gases through porous media.New York:Academic Press;1956.
Chen WZ,Tan XJ,Wu GJ,Yang JP.Research on gas seepage law in laminated salt rock gas storage.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 2009;28(7):1297e304(in Chinese).
Chen YF,Hu SH,Zhou CB,Jing LR.Micromechanical modeling of anisotropic damage-induced permeability variation in crystalline rocks.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2014;47(5):1775e91.
Cui XA,Bustin RM,Brezovski R,Nassichuk B,Glover K,Pathi V.A new method to simultaneously measure in-situ permeability and porosity under reservoir conditions:implications for characterization of unconventional gas reservoirs.In:Canadian unconventional resources and international petroleum conference.Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE);2010.https://doi.org/10.2118/138148-MS.
Dana E,Skoczylas F.Gas relative permeability and pore structure of sandstones.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 1999;36(5):613e25.
Dicker AI,Smits RM.A practical approach for determining permeability from laboratory pressure-pulse decay measurements.In:International meeting on petroleum engineering.SPE;1988.https://doi.org/10.2118/17578-MS.
Faulkner DR,Rutter EH.Comparisons of water and argon permeability in natural clay-bearing fault gouge under high pressure at 20C.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth 2000;105(B7):16415e26.
Feng R,Harpalani S,Pandey R.Evaluation of various pulse-decay laboratory permeability measurement techniques for highly stressed coals.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2017;50(2):297e308.
Fischer GJ,Paterson MS.Measurement of permeability and storage capacity in rocks during deformation at high temperature and pressure.In:Evans B,Wong TF,editors.Fault mechanics and transport properties of rocks:a Festschrift in Honor of W.F.Brace.Elsevier;1992.p.213e52.
Fischer GJ.The determination of permeability and storage capacity:pore pressure oscillation method.In:Evans B,Wong TF,editors.Fault mechanics and transport properties of rocks:a Festschrift in Honor of W.F.Brace.Elsevier;1992.p.187e211.
Guyonnet D,Gaucher E,Gaboriau H,Pons CH,Clinard C,Norotte V,Didier G.Geosynthetic clay liner interaction with leachate:correlation between permeability,microstructure,and surface chemistry.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2005;131(6):740e9.
Heller R,Vermylen J,Zoback M.Experimental investigation of matrix permeability of gas shales.AAPG Bulletin 2014;98(5):975e95.
Holt T,Jensen JI,Lindeberg E.Underground storage of CO2in aquifers and oil reservoirs.Energy Conversion and Management 1995;36(6e9):535e8.
Homand F,Giraud A,Escoffier S,Koriche A,Hoxha D.Permeability determination of a deep argillite in saturated and partially saturated conditions.International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2004;47(14e16):3517e31.
Hsieh PA,Tracy JV,Neuzil CE,Bredehoeft JD,Silliman SE.A transient laboratory method for determining the hydraulic properties of‘tight’rocks e I.Theory.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1981;18(3):245e52.
Kranz RL,Saltzman JS,Blacic JD.Hydraulic diffusivity measurements on laboratory rock samples using an oscillating pore pressure method.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts 1990;27(5):345e52.
Lemmon EW,McLinden MO,Friend DG,Linstrom P,Mallard W.NIST chemistry webbook:NIST standard reference database number 69.Gaithersburg,USA:National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST);2011.
Liu JF,Skoczylas F,Talandier J.Gas permeability of a compacted bentonite-sand mixture:coupled effects of water content,dry density,and confining pressure.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2015;52(8):1159e67.
Liu JF,Wu Y,Cai CZ,Ni HY,Cao XL,Pu H,Song SB,Pu SY,Skoczylas F.Investigation into water retention and gas permeability of Opalinus clay.Environmental Earth Sciences 2018;77:213.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7397-3.
Liu MM,Chen YF,Wei K,Zhou CB.Interpretation of gas transient pulse tests on lowporosity rocks.Geophysical Journal International 2017;210(3):1845e57.
Lu N,Likos WJ.Unsaturated soil mechanics.Wiley;2004.
Marschall P,Horseman S,Gimmi T.Characterisation of gas transport properties of the Opalinus clay,a potential host rock formation for radioactive waste disposal.Oil&Gas Science and Technology 2005;60(1):121e39.
Singh PN,Wallender WW.Effects of adsorbed water layer in predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity for clays with Kozenye Carman equation.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2008;134(6):829e36.
Urumovic K,Urumovic K.The referential grain size and effective porosity in the Kozenye Carman model.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2016;20(5):1669e80.
Valdes-Parada FJ,Ochoa-Tapia JA,Alvarez-Ramirez J.Validity of the permeability Carmane Kozeny equation:a volume averaging approach.Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 2009;388(6):789e98.
Wang Z,Li W,Bi L,Qiao L,Liu R,Liu J.Estimation of the REV size and equivalent permeability coefficient of fractured rock masses with an emphasis on comparing the radial and unidirectional flow configurations.Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 2018;51(5):1457e71.
Yang DS,Billiotte J,Su K.Characterization of the hydromechanical behavior of argillaceous rocks with effective gas permeability under deviatoric stress.Engineering Geology 2010;114(3e4):116e22.
Yang DS,Qi XY,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Dai F.Numerical investigation on the coupled gas-solid behavior of coal using an improved anisotropic permeability model.Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 2016;34:226e35.
Yang DS,Qi XY,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Yang JP.The anisotropic permeability of coal subjected to cyclic loading and unloading.International Journal of Geomechanics 2018;18(8):04018093.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001229.
Yang DS,Wang W,Chen WZ,Wang SG,Wang XQ.Experimental investigation on the coupled effect of effective stress and gas slippage on the permeability of shale.Scientific Reports 2017;7:44696.https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44696.
Yang YL,Aplin AC.A permeability-porosity relationship for mudstones.Marine and Petroleum Geology 2010;27(8):1692e7.
Zhang L,Soong Y,Dilmore R.Numerical investigation on lower tuscaloosa sandstone and Selma chalk caprock under geological CO2sequestration conditions:mineral precipitation and permeability evolution.Greenhouse Gases:Science&Technology 2017;7(6):988e1007.
Zhang SQ,Paterson MS,Cox SF.Porosity and permeability evolution during hot isostatic pressing of calcite aggregates.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth 1994;99(B8):15741e60.
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