景观服务新模式:疏浚设计
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摘要
景观设计正处于复兴时期——一个重要的标志是景观设计师第一次被授予麦克阿瑟奖。透过大型景观项目,景观设计师需要对城市公园、滨水区,以及城市中心开发区得以提出新的构思。这些项目因巨大的规模和尺度,会对其所在的城市带来重要的社会、生态和经济影响。这种客户主导的服务模式影响着景观项目的进行,也影响了景观设计师的收入及声望,但这只是景观实践的其中一种模式。本文介绍的"疏浚设计"计划旨在扩展服务范畴并建立新型专业实践模式,它整合了研究、设计、实验、实践,和由社区及不同合作对象执行的适应性管理。这种模式并非意在推翻或否定现有的景观设计模式,而是力求拓展景观设计的可能性,并鼓励更多的设计师关注景观设计中的不同媒介,同时探索各种尺度下非自然的淤积过程及处理。这一横跨多专业的协作机制有助于在从业者、社区成员、学者、监管者和专业人士之间建立一套整合的概念框架、规划优先等级和应用景观策略,以推进巴尔的摩-切萨皮克湾地区的疏浚物韧性设计管理,并为其他港口城市和沿海社区在新型实践模式和新兴景观基础设施方面的探索提供借鉴。
Landscape architecture is in the midst of a renaissance. For the first time, a landscape architect was awarded the McArthur Foundation Fellowship. Large professional service contracts are being tendered to practitioners to reimagine urban parks, waterfronts, and downtown development districts. The scope and scale of these projects are significant, as are the impacts these commissions are having on the social, ecological, and economic fabric of the cities in which they are taking place. However, inasmuch as the client-driven professional service model through which these landscapes take shape is essential to the financial health and prestige of landscape architects, it represents only one model of landscape practice. The Design with Dredge program seeks to expand beyond services and into a model of professional practice that proactively collocates research, design, experimentation, activism, and adaptive management with community and strategic partnerships. The model does not attempt to supplant or undermine the business of landscape architecture. What it does do is to widen the aperture of possibilities and extend the field of action for landscape architects who wish to engage more directly with the medium of landscape and specifically with anthropogenic sediment processes including large-and small-scale dredging operations. This broadened professional nexus creates opportunities for practitioners, community members, academics, regulators, and industry experts to advance shared conceptual frameworks, planning priorities, and applied landscape strategies for resilient dredged material management in the Baltimore-Chesapeake Bay region, providing a precedent for others who may wish to explore new modes of practice and emerging landscape infrastructure issues facing port cities and coastal communities.
Landscape architecture is in the midst of a renaissance. For the first time, a landscape architect was awarded the McArthur Foundation Fellowship. Large professional service contracts are being tendered to practitioners to reimagine urban parks, waterfronts, and downtown development districts. The scope and scale of these projects are significant, as are the impacts these commissions are having on the social, ecological, and economic fabric of the cities in which they are taking place. However, inasmuch as the client-driven professional service model through which these landscapes take shape is essential to the financial health and prestige of landscape architects, it represents only one model of landscape practice. The Design with Dredge program seeks to expand beyond services and into a model of professional practice that proactively collocates research, design, experimentation, activism, and adaptive management with community and strategic partnerships. The model does not attempt to supplant or undermine the business of landscape architecture. What it does do is to widen the aperture of possibilities and extend the field of action for landscape architects who wish to engage more directly with the medium of landscape and specifically with anthropogenic sediment processes including large-and small-scale dredging operations. This broadened professional nexus creates opportunities for practitioners, community members, academics, regulators, and industry experts to advance shared conceptual frameworks, planning priorities, and applied landscape strategies for resilient dredged material management in the Baltimore-Chesapeake Bay region, providing a precedent for others who may wish to explore new modes of practice and emerging landscape infrastructure issues facing port cities and coastal communities.
引文
[1]Bennett, J.(2010). Vibrant matter:A political ecology of things. Durham:Duke University Press.
[2]Waldheim, C.(2016). Landscape as urbanism:A general theory. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[3]Davis, B.(2013). Landscapes and instruments. Landscape Journal, 32(2). 293-308.
[4]United States Government Accountability Office.(2015). Action needed to ensure the quality of maintenance dredging contract cost data. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673064.pdf
[5]Maryland Department of Transportation,&Maryland Port Administration.(2018). Annual report to the Dredged Material Management Program(DMMP)executive committee. Retrieved from https://mpa.maryland.gov/greenport/Documents/dmmpannualreview2018.pdf
[6]Fleming, M.,&McCall, C.(2016). The role of natural and nature-based features and sediment management in climate resilience in Maryland. Retrieved from https://www.coast.noaa.gov/fellowship/pdfs/2017_MD.pdf
[7]Maryland Department of the Environment.(2017). Innovative reuse and beneficial use of dredged material guidance document. Retrieved from https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Marylander/Documents/Dredging/FINAL_IBR_GUIDANCE_8.30.2017_MDE.pdf
[8]Mecray, E. L., Dupigny-Giroux, L. L., Lemcke-Stampone, M. D., Hodgkins, G. A., Lentz, E. E., Mills,K. E.,…Caldwell, C.(2018). Northeast. Fourth national climate assessment. Retrieved from https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/18/
[9]Baltimore County Government.(2019). County parks and facilities directory. Retrieved from https://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/countyparks/cntyparkslist.html
[10]Pitts, J. M.(2019). In its day, Baltimore County’s Turner Station was a beloved African American enclave. Now some seek a revival. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-county/bs-md-turner-station-20190124-story.html
[11]Wheeler, T. B.(2018). Project to revive shoreline using dredged material wins support. Bay Journal.Retrieved from https://www.bayjournal.com/article/project_to_revive_shoreline_park_using_dredged_material_wins_support
[12]Davis, B.,&Oles, T.(2014). From architecture to landscape. Places Journal. https://doi.org/10.22269/141013
[13]Raxworthy, J.(2018). Overgrown:Practices between Landscape Architecture and Gardening.Cambridge:MIT Press.
[14]Maryland Department of Natural Resources.(2016). Maryland coastal resiliency assessment. Retrieved from https://dnr.maryland.gov/ccs/Documents/MARCH-2016_MDCoastalResiliencyAssessment.pdf
[2]Waldheim, C.(2016). Landscape as urbanism:A general theory. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
[3]Davis, B.(2013). Landscapes and instruments. Landscape Journal, 32(2). 293-308.
[4]United States Government Accountability Office.(2015). Action needed to ensure the quality of maintenance dredging contract cost data. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673064.pdf
[5]Maryland Department of Transportation,&Maryland Port Administration.(2018). Annual report to the Dredged Material Management Program(DMMP)executive committee. Retrieved from https://mpa.maryland.gov/greenport/Documents/dmmpannualreview2018.pdf
[6]Fleming, M.,&McCall, C.(2016). The role of natural and nature-based features and sediment management in climate resilience in Maryland. Retrieved from https://www.coast.noaa.gov/fellowship/pdfs/2017_MD.pdf
[7]Maryland Department of the Environment.(2017). Innovative reuse and beneficial use of dredged material guidance document. Retrieved from https://mde.maryland.gov/programs/Marylander/Documents/Dredging/FINAL_IBR_GUIDANCE_8.30.2017_MDE.pdf
[8]Mecray, E. L., Dupigny-Giroux, L. L., Lemcke-Stampone, M. D., Hodgkins, G. A., Lentz, E. E., Mills,K. E.,…Caldwell, C.(2018). Northeast. Fourth national climate assessment. Retrieved from https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/18/
[9]Baltimore County Government.(2019). County parks and facilities directory. Retrieved from https://www.baltimorecountymd.gov/Agencies/recreation/countyparks/cntyparkslist.html
[10]Pitts, J. M.(2019). In its day, Baltimore County’s Turner Station was a beloved African American enclave. Now some seek a revival. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved from https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-county/bs-md-turner-station-20190124-story.html
[11]Wheeler, T. B.(2018). Project to revive shoreline using dredged material wins support. Bay Journal.Retrieved from https://www.bayjournal.com/article/project_to_revive_shoreline_park_using_dredged_material_wins_support
[12]Davis, B.,&Oles, T.(2014). From architecture to landscape. Places Journal. https://doi.org/10.22269/141013
[13]Raxworthy, J.(2018). Overgrown:Practices between Landscape Architecture and Gardening.Cambridge:MIT Press.
[14]Maryland Department of Natural Resources.(2016). Maryland coastal resiliency assessment. Retrieved from https://dnr.maryland.gov/ccs/Documents/MARCH-2016_MDCoastalResiliencyAssessment.pdf
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