中国农业生态系统昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值评估
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摘要
所有开花植物中大约有80%的物种需要动物作为授粉媒介。系统介绍了中国重要栽培作物花的结构和类型,授粉过程、媒介和方式,作物对昆虫授粉的依赖程度,昆虫授粉功能与服务的概念,以及昆虫授粉功能量与服务价值量的评估方法;同时评估了我国各省农业生态系统中昆虫对重要作物的授粉功能量与服务价值量。结果表明:粮食作物、水果作物、蔬菜作物和经济作物不同程度的依赖昆虫授粉。根据2015年主要农作物产量、作物产品价格、昆虫授粉依赖程度等数据,计算得出昆虫对我国22类主要农作物的授粉功能量为1.8亿吨农产品产量和授粉服务价值为8860.5亿元(占当年GDP的1.3%),具有巨大的经济价值。2015年昆虫对主要栽培作物的授粉功能量和服务价值排在前五名的都是山东、河南、河北、陕西和新疆,年授粉服务价值均大于500亿元,反映出这5个省的主要农作物对昆虫授粉依赖程度较高。昆虫对作物的授粉功能量评价有助于了解昆虫对作物生物量或产量的生物学和生态学效应以及作物对昆虫授粉的需求。昆虫对作物的授粉服务价值评估有助于掌握昆虫授粉为人类所带来的经济效应或经济价值,并帮助决策维持或增强授粉昆虫多样性和种群数量的人力、物力和财力投入。
Approximately 80 percent of all flowering plants require animals as pollinators. In this study,we systematically examined the structure and types of flowers,pollination process,media and methods,dependence of crops on insect pollination,concept of insect pollination function and service,and evaluation methods of insect pollination function and service value. The quantity of pollination function and the value of pollination service by insects in the agricultural ecosystem were evaluated. The results showed that food crops,fruits,vegetables,and commercial crops depend on insect pollination to some extent. Based on insect pollination dependence,crop yields,and crop prices in 2015,we found that quantity of pollination function for 22 types of major crops in China was 180 million tons. The value of pollination services was 886.05 billion RMB. The value of insect pollination services to major crops accounted for 1.3% of the GDP in 2015,which is of great economic value. At the provincial level,the quantity of pollination function and the value of pollination service for major cultivated crops in 2015 were ranked among the top five in Shandong,Henan,Hebei,Shaanxi,and Xinjiang,withthe annual pollination service value exceeding 50 billion RMB. These results indicate that the main crops in these five provinces are highly dependent on insect pollination. Evaluating the pollination function is important for understanding the biological and ecological effects of insects on the biomass or yield of crops. Studies of the value of insect pollination service can reveal the economic effect or economic value of insect pollination. And it also help and support the decision maker or manager in determining whether to invest in the corresponding manpower,material resources,and financial resources to maintain or enhance the diversity and population quantity of pollinated insects for cultivated crops.
Approximately 80 percent of all flowering plants require animals as pollinators. In this study,we systematically examined the structure and types of flowers,pollination process,media and methods,dependence of crops on insect pollination,concept of insect pollination function and service,and evaluation methods of insect pollination function and service value. The quantity of pollination function and the value of pollination service by insects in the agricultural ecosystem were evaluated. The results showed that food crops,fruits,vegetables,and commercial crops depend on insect pollination to some extent. Based on insect pollination dependence,crop yields,and crop prices in 2015,we found that quantity of pollination function for 22 types of major crops in China was 180 million tons. The value of pollination services was 886.05 billion RMB. The value of insect pollination services to major crops accounted for 1.3% of the GDP in 2015,which is of great economic value. At the provincial level,the quantity of pollination function and the value of pollination service for major cultivated crops in 2015 were ranked among the top five in Shandong,Henan,Hebei,Shaanxi,and Xinjiang,withthe annual pollination service value exceeding 50 billion RMB. These results indicate that the main crops in these five provinces are highly dependent on insect pollination. Evaluating the pollination function is important for understanding the biological and ecological effects of insects on the biomass or yield of crops. Studies of the value of insect pollination service can reveal the economic effect or economic value of insect pollination. And it also help and support the decision maker or manager in determining whether to invest in the corresponding manpower,material resources,and financial resources to maintain or enhance the diversity and population quantity of pollinated insects for cultivated crops.
引文
[1]欧阳芳,赵紫华,戈峰.昆虫的生态服务功能.应用昆虫学报,2013,50(2):305-310.
[2]欧阳芳,吕飞,门兴元,赵紫华,曾菊平,肖云丽,戈峰.中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算.生态学报,2015,35(12):4000-4006.
[3] Kremen C. The value of pollinator species diversity. Science,2018,359(6377):741-742.
[4] Winfree R,Reilly J R,Bartomeus I,Cariveau D P,Williams N M,Gibbs J. Species turnover promotes the importance of bee diversity for crop pollination at regional scales. Science,2018,359(6377):791-793.
[5] Garibaldi L A,Steffan—Dewenter I,Winfree R,Aizen M A,Bommarco R,Cunningham S A,Kremen C,Carvalheiro I G,Harder L D,Afik O,Bartomeus I,Benjamin F,Boreux V,Cariveau D,Chacoff N P,Dudenh9ffer J H,Freitas B M,Ghazoul J,Greenleaf S,Hipólito J,Holzschuh A,Howlett B,Isaacs R,Javorek S K,Kennedy C M,Krewenka K M,Krishnan S,Mandelik Y,Mayfield M M,Motzke I,Munyuli T,Nault B A,Otieno M,Petersen J,Pisanty G,Potts S G,Rader R,Ricketts T H,Rundl9f M,Seymour C L,Schüepp C,Szentgy9rgyi H,Taki H,Tscharntke T,Vergara C H,Viana B F,Wanger T C,Westphal C,Williams N,Klein A M. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science,2013,339(6127):1608-1611.
[6] Morse R A,Calderone N W. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000. Bee Culture,2000,(128):1-15.
[7] Klein A M,Vaissière B E,Cane J H,Steffan—Dewenter I,Cunningham S A,Kremen C,Tscharntke T. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B—Biological Sciences,2007,274(1608):303-313.
[8] Losey J E,Vaughan M. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience,2006,56(4):311-323.
[9]孙翠清,赵芝俊.中国农业对蜜蜂授粉的依赖形势分析——基于依赖蜜蜂授粉作物的种植情况.中国农学通报,2016,32(8):13-21.
[10]安建东,陈文锋.中国水果和蔬菜昆虫授粉的经济价值评估.昆虫学报,2011,54(4):443-450.
[2]欧阳芳,吕飞,门兴元,赵紫华,曾菊平,肖云丽,戈峰.中国农业昆虫生态调节服务价值估算.生态学报,2015,35(12):4000-4006.
[3] Kremen C. The value of pollinator species diversity. Science,2018,359(6377):741-742.
[4] Winfree R,Reilly J R,Bartomeus I,Cariveau D P,Williams N M,Gibbs J. Species turnover promotes the importance of bee diversity for crop pollination at regional scales. Science,2018,359(6377):791-793.
[5] Garibaldi L A,Steffan—Dewenter I,Winfree R,Aizen M A,Bommarco R,Cunningham S A,Kremen C,Carvalheiro I G,Harder L D,Afik O,Bartomeus I,Benjamin F,Boreux V,Cariveau D,Chacoff N P,Dudenh9ffer J H,Freitas B M,Ghazoul J,Greenleaf S,Hipólito J,Holzschuh A,Howlett B,Isaacs R,Javorek S K,Kennedy C M,Krewenka K M,Krishnan S,Mandelik Y,Mayfield M M,Motzke I,Munyuli T,Nault B A,Otieno M,Petersen J,Pisanty G,Potts S G,Rader R,Ricketts T H,Rundl9f M,Seymour C L,Schüepp C,Szentgy9rgyi H,Taki H,Tscharntke T,Vergara C H,Viana B F,Wanger T C,Westphal C,Williams N,Klein A M. Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science,2013,339(6127):1608-1611.
[6] Morse R A,Calderone N W. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000. Bee Culture,2000,(128):1-15.
[7] Klein A M,Vaissière B E,Cane J H,Steffan—Dewenter I,Cunningham S A,Kremen C,Tscharntke T. Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B—Biological Sciences,2007,274(1608):303-313.
[8] Losey J E,Vaughan M. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience,2006,56(4):311-323.
[9]孙翠清,赵芝俊.中国农业对蜜蜂授粉的依赖形势分析——基于依赖蜜蜂授粉作物的种植情况.中国农学通报,2016,32(8):13-21.
[10]安建东,陈文锋.中国水果和蔬菜昆虫授粉的经济价值评估.昆虫学报,2011,54(4):443-450.
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