哈尔滨市融雪径流中重金属污染空间分布及源解析
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摘要
根据2018年哈尔滨市融雪径流中重金属(Fe、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg和Zn)监测数据,结合气象数据,运用暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)构建了城市融雪过程水文及水质模型.对各排水口及汇水区融雪径流产出量、单位面积重金属负荷量进行了计算,并在此基础上分析了融雪径流中重金属污染的空间分布特征及主要来源.结果表明:在采集的融雪径流样品中,Fe浓度最大,平均值为4.95 mg·L~(-1);Hg浓度最小,平均值为0.542μg·L~(-1);Pb浓度变化范围最大,在32.14～254.36μg·L~(-1)之间;Hg浓度变化范围最小,为0.038～0.841μg·L~(-1).在空间分布上, Fe、Pb、Cr、Cd和Zn 5种重金属浓度的高值区均分布在人口密集的居民区、商业区及主要交通道路周围.排水口重金属污染产出量与径流量成正比,总产出量Fe>Pb>Cr>Cd>Hg>Zn. Zn产出量由高到低的排放口依次为马家沟、阿什河、松北区排放口、何家沟、道里区排放口和道外区排放口,其它5种重金属产污量总体呈现阿什河>马家沟>何家沟>松北区排放口>道里区排放口>道外区排放口的趋势.Fe的单位面积负荷总量最大,为2405.94μg·m~(-2);Pb和Cr次之,为36.36μg·m~(-2)和14μg·m~(-2).主成分分析结果表明哈尔滨市春季融雪径流中重金属的主要来源依次为工业源、生活与机动车源和燃煤源,贡献率分别为43.237%、23.598%和12.012%.
According to the monitoring data of heavy metals(Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and Zn) in the snowmelt runoff of Harbin in 2018, the hydrological and water quality model of urban snow melting process were built by using Storm Water Management Model(SWMM). The snowmelt runoff yield and the unit-area-load of heavy metals from each discharge outlet and catchment area were calculated. Based on this, the spatial distribution characteristics and the main sources of the heavy metals in snowmelt runoff were analyzed. The results show that among the six heavy metals, the average concentration of iron is the highest(4.95 mg·L~(-1)) and mercury is the lowest(0.542 μg·L~(-1)). The concentrations of lead vary the most, between 32.14 μg·L~(-1) and 254.36 μg·L~(-1), and the least for mercury at 0.038～0.841 μg·L~(-1) in the snowmelt runoff samples. In the spatial distribution, higher concentrations of Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn are distributed around densely populated areas, commercial areas and traffic roads. The output of heavy metal pollutants in discharge outlet is proportional to the runoff, and the total output decreases from iron to zinc(Fe > Pb > Cr > Cd > Hg > Zn). The zinc production of each discharge outlet from the highest to the lowest is Majiagou, Ash River, Songbei District discharge outlet, Hejiagou, Daoli District discharge outlet and Daowai District discharge outlet, respectively. The trend of other five heavy metals in the discharge outlet is from Ash River to Daowai District discharge outlet(Ash River > Majiagou > Hejiagou > Songbei District discharge outlet > Daoli District discharge outlet > Daowai District discharge outlet). The total load of iron is 2405.94 μg·m~(-2) which is the highest, followed by lead and chromium with 36.36 μg·m~(-2) and 14 μg·m~(-2), respectively. The result of the principal component analysis shows that the main sources of heavy metals in spring snowmelt runoff in Harbin City are the industrial sources, living and motor vehicle sources, and coal-fired sources, with contribution rates of 43.237%, 23.598% and 12.012% respectively.
According to the monitoring data of heavy metals(Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and Zn) in the snowmelt runoff of Harbin in 2018, the hydrological and water quality model of urban snow melting process were built by using Storm Water Management Model(SWMM). The snowmelt runoff yield and the unit-area-load of heavy metals from each discharge outlet and catchment area were calculated. Based on this, the spatial distribution characteristics and the main sources of the heavy metals in snowmelt runoff were analyzed. The results show that among the six heavy metals, the average concentration of iron is the highest(4.95 mg·L~(-1)) and mercury is the lowest(0.542 μg·L~(-1)). The concentrations of lead vary the most, between 32.14 μg·L~(-1) and 254.36 μg·L~(-1), and the least for mercury at 0.038～0.841 μg·L~(-1) in the snowmelt runoff samples. In the spatial distribution, higher concentrations of Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn are distributed around densely populated areas, commercial areas and traffic roads. The output of heavy metal pollutants in discharge outlet is proportional to the runoff, and the total output decreases from iron to zinc(Fe > Pb > Cr > Cd > Hg > Zn). The zinc production of each discharge outlet from the highest to the lowest is Majiagou, Ash River, Songbei District discharge outlet, Hejiagou, Daoli District discharge outlet and Daowai District discharge outlet, respectively. The trend of other five heavy metals in the discharge outlet is from Ash River to Daowai District discharge outlet(Ash River > Majiagou > Hejiagou > Songbei District discharge outlet > Daoli District discharge outlet > Daowai District discharge outlet). The total load of iron is 2405.94 μg·m~(-2) which is the highest, followed by lead and chromium with 36.36 μg·m~(-2) and 14 μg·m~(-2), respectively. The result of the principal component analysis shows that the main sources of heavy metals in spring snowmelt runoff in Harbin City are the industrial sources, living and motor vehicle sources, and coal-fired sources, with contribution rates of 43.237%, 23.598% and 12.012% respectively.
引文
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Zhu Z,Chen Z,Chen X,et al.2016.Approach for evaluating inundation risks in urban drainage systems[J].Science of the Total Environment,553:1-12
周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等.2017.2011—2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,38(10):4054-4060
Bo Z,An L,Wu G,et al.2017.Characterization of heavy metal desorption from road-deposited sediment under acid rain scenarios[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,51(1):284
Bressi M,Sciare J,Ghersi V,et al.2014.Sources and geographical origins of fine aerosols in Paris (France)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,14(16):8813-8839
Cipolla S S,Maglionico M,Stojkov I.2016.A long-term hydrological modelling of an extensive green roof by means of SWMM[J].Ecological Engineering,95:876-887
Devi U,Bhattacharyya K G.2018.Mobility and bioavailability of Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Mn and Zn in surface runoff sediments in the urban catchment area of Guwahati,India[J].Applied Water Science,8(1):18
Du X,Zhu Y,Han Q,et al.2018.The influence of traffic density on heavy metals distribution in urban road runoff in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,26(1):886-895
段圣辉,赵钰,单保庆,等.2015.杭州市余杭区典型农村暴雨径流污染特征[J].环境科学,36(10):3697-3705
Galfi H,?sterlund H,Marsalek J,et al.2016.Indicator bacteria and associated water quality constituents in stormwater and snowmelt from four urban catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology,539:125-140
Grotti M,Soggia F,Ardini F,et al.2015.Year-round record of dissolved and particulate metals in surface snow at Dome Concordia (East Antarctica)[J].Chemosphere,138:916-923
Gu Y G,Li Q S,Fang J H,et al.2014.Identification of heavy metal sources in the reclaimed farmland soils of the pearl river estuary in China using a multivariate geostatistical approach[J].Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety,105(1):7-12
Han D,Cheng J,Hu X,et al.2017.Spatial distribution,risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,115(1/2):141-148
Huang J J,Lin X,Wang J,et al.2015.The precipitation driven correlation based mapping method (PCM) for identifying the critical source areas of non-point source pollution[J].Journal of Hydrology,524:100-110
Hu Z,Shi Y,Niu H,et al.2012.Synthetic musk fragrances and heavy metals in snow samples of Beijing urban area,China[J].Atmospheric Research,104-105(1):302-305
Jang S,Cho M,Yoon J,et al.2007.Using SWMM as a tool for hydrologic impact assessment[J].Desalination,212(1):344-356
Jiang Y,Chao S,Liu J,et al.2016.Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province,China[J].Chemosphere,168:1658-1668
Ke X,Gui S,Huang H,et al.2017.Ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediment from the Liaohe River protected area,China[J].Chemosphere,175:473
刘子龙,周玉文,王强,等.2015.SWMM产汇流模型参数的设计条件等价优化[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,47(8):92-95
Planchon F A,Boutron C E,Barbante C,et al.2002.Short-term variations in the occurrence of heavy metals in Antarctic snow from Coats Land since the 1920s[J].Science of the Total Environment,300(1):129-142
Pragst F,Stieglitz K,Runge H,et al.2017.High concentrations of lead and barium in hair of the rural population caused by water pollution in the Thar Jath oilfields in South Sudan[J].Forensic Science International,274:99-106
邵惠芳,陈红丽,杨永峰,等.2008.应用主成分分析和聚类分析评价烤烟叶位间质量差异[J].西南农业学报,21(6):1559-1563
Siudek P,Falkowska L,Frankowski M,et al.2014.An investigation of atmospheric mercury accumulated in the snow cover from the urbanized coastal zone of the Baltic Sea,Poland[J].Atmospheric Environment,95(1):10-19
.Metal contamination of short-term snow cover near urban crossroads:Correlation analysis of metal content and fine particles distribution[J].Chemosphere,86(6):585-592
Wang X,Pu W,Zhang X,et al.2015.Water-soluble ions and trace elements in surface snow and their potential source regions across northeastern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,114(4):57-65
王洪涛,张俊华,丁少峰,等.2016.开封城市河流表层沉积物重金属分布、污染来源及风险评估[J].环境科学学报,36(12):4520-4530
Wei B,Yang L.2010.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,94(2):99-107
叶然,江再昌,郭清荣.2015.洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价[J].海洋通报,34(1):76-82
Zhu Z,Chen Z,Chen X,et al.2016.Approach for evaluating inundation risks in urban drainage systems[J].Science of the Total Environment,553:1-12
周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等.2017.2011—2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学,38(10):4054-4060
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