生物质炭与土质互作对土壤硝态氮含量的动态影响
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摘要
为探讨生物质炭改良植烟土壤的技术途径,在玻璃温室内,用蒸渗仪种植烟草,研究不同炭化温度(360℃、500℃)的生物质炭与土质(壤土和砂土)互作对植烟土壤0～30 cm土层硝态氮含量动态变化及土壤-烟株体系氮素表观损失量的影响。结果表明:①施用生物质炭能增加土壤硝态氮含量,施用低温炭(360℃)和高温炭(500℃)土壤硝态氮含量较对照分别增加20.58%和8.97%,低温炭比高温炭对硝态氮的持留效果更好;②低温炭对土壤硝态氮的持留作用主要发生在0～10 cm土层,而高温炭主要发生在10～20 cm土层,分别比对照高38.39%和7.37%,均达到显著水平;③施加低温炭后壤土和砂土硝态氮含量分别比对照高16.09%和29.18%,可见施加低温炭对砂土保肥效果的提升高于壤土;而施加高温炭后壤土和砂土硝态氮含量分别比对照高11.03%和4.97%,可见施加高温炭对壤土保肥效果的提升高于砂土;④施用生物质炭能减少土壤-烟株体系的氮素表观损失量,低温炭比高温炭效果更好。各处理(壤土施化肥+低温炭、壤土施化肥+高温炭、砂土施化肥+低温炭、砂土施化肥+高温炭)分别较各自常规施肥对照的氮素表观损失量减少40.27%、34.10%、68.72%和54.05%,均与对照差异显著。因此,施用生物质炭能增强土壤对硝态氮持留效果,减少土壤-烟株体系的氮素表观损失量,低温炭比高温炭效果更显著,为生物质炭在植烟土壤中的合理施用提供理论指导。
In order to explore the technological way of improving tobacco soil by biomass carbon,this paper studied the effect of interaction between biochar of different pyrolysed temperatures( 360℃ and 500℃) and soil textures( loam soil and sandy soil) on dynamic change of nitrate nitrogen content and apparent N loss of soil-tobaco plant system in 0 ～ 30 cm soil layer. The results showed that: ① Applying biochar could increase NO_3~--N contents in soil.The soil NO_3~--N contents in application of biochar treated by low-temperature( 360℃) and high-temperature( 500℃) increased by 20.58% and 8.97% than that of the control group. Soil NO_3~--N retention capacity applied with low-temperature pyrolysed biochar is better than that with high-temperature pyrolysed biochar. ② The effect of lowtemperature carbon on soil NO_3~--N was mainly occurred in 0 ～ 10 cm soil layer. While,that of high-temperature carbon was in 10 ～ 20 cm soil layer. Their effects were 38.39% and 7.37% higher than that of the control,respectively,and all reached the significant level. ③ The NO_3~--N contents in loam soil and sandy soil were 16.09% and 29.18% higher than that of the control,respectively,indicating the fertilizer retention effect of applying low-temperature biochar in sandy soil was better than that in loam soil. The NO_3~--N contents in loam soil and sandy soil with application of hightemperature biochar were 11. 03% or 4. 97% higher,respectively than that of the control. It indicated the fertilizer retention effect of applying high-temperature biochar in loam soil was better than that in sandy soil. ④ Application of biochar could reduce the apparent N loss of soil-tobacco plant system. The effect of low-temperature biochar was better than that of high-temperature biochar. The apparent N loss of each treatment( chemical fertilizer + lowtemperature biochar in loam soil,chemical fertilizer + high-temperature biochar in loam soil,chemical fertilizer +low-temperature biochar in sandy soil,chemical fertilizer + high-temperature biochar in sandy soil) was decreased by40.27%,34.10%,68. 72% and 54. 05%,respectively than that of the control. Therefore,applying biochar could strengthen soil NO_3~--N retention capacity and reduce apparent N loss in soil-tobacco plant system. The effect of lowtemperature biochar was more significant than that of high-temperature biochar. This study provided theoretical guidance for rational application of biochar in tobacco-planting soil.
In order to explore the technological way of improving tobacco soil by biomass carbon,this paper studied the effect of interaction between biochar of different pyrolysed temperatures( 360℃ and 500℃) and soil textures( loam soil and sandy soil) on dynamic change of nitrate nitrogen content and apparent N loss of soil-tobaco plant system in 0 ～ 30 cm soil layer. The results showed that: ① Applying biochar could increase NO_3~--N contents in soil.The soil NO_3~--N contents in application of biochar treated by low-temperature( 360℃) and high-temperature( 500℃) increased by 20.58% and 8.97% than that of the control group. Soil NO_3~--N retention capacity applied with low-temperature pyrolysed biochar is better than that with high-temperature pyrolysed biochar. ② The effect of lowtemperature carbon on soil NO_3~--N was mainly occurred in 0 ～ 10 cm soil layer. While,that of high-temperature carbon was in 10 ～ 20 cm soil layer. Their effects were 38.39% and 7.37% higher than that of the control,respectively,and all reached the significant level. ③ The NO_3~--N contents in loam soil and sandy soil were 16.09% and 29.18% higher than that of the control,respectively,indicating the fertilizer retention effect of applying low-temperature biochar in sandy soil was better than that in loam soil. The NO_3~--N contents in loam soil and sandy soil with application of hightemperature biochar were 11. 03% or 4. 97% higher,respectively than that of the control. It indicated the fertilizer retention effect of applying high-temperature biochar in loam soil was better than that in sandy soil. ④ Application of biochar could reduce the apparent N loss of soil-tobacco plant system. The effect of low-temperature biochar was better than that of high-temperature biochar. The apparent N loss of each treatment( chemical fertilizer + lowtemperature biochar in loam soil,chemical fertilizer + high-temperature biochar in loam soil,chemical fertilizer +low-temperature biochar in sandy soil,chemical fertilizer + high-temperature biochar in sandy soil) was decreased by40.27%,34.10%,68. 72% and 54. 05%,respectively than that of the control. Therefore,applying biochar could strengthen soil NO_3~--N retention capacity and reduce apparent N loss in soil-tobacco plant system. The effect of lowtemperature biochar was more significant than that of high-temperature biochar. This study provided theoretical guidance for rational application of biochar in tobacco-planting soil.
引文
[1]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.Zhang F S,Wang J Q,Zhang W F,et al..Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J].Acta Pedol.Sin.,2008,45(5):915-924.
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[5]王明新,吴文良,刘文娜.基于GIS和BP神经网络的农区地下水铵态氮含量分布特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(12):39-43.Wang M X,Wu W L,Liu W N.Spatial analysis of groundwater NH+4-N concentration in agriculture-dominated regions based on GIS-based BPNN[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2006,22(12):39-43.
[6]张惠,杨正礼,罗良国,等.黄河上游灌溉区稻田N2O排放特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6606-6615.Zhang H,Yang Z L,Luo L G,et al..The feature of N2Oemission from a paddy field in irrigation area of Yellow River[J].Acta Ecol.Sin.,2011,31(21):6606-6615.
[7]陈学蓉,黄彪,江茂生.杉木间伐材炭化过程的FTIR光谱比较分析[J].化工进展,2008,27(3):429-434,439.Chen X R,Huang B,Jiang M S.Study on the charring process of Chinese fir thinning wood under different conditions by comparisons of FTIR[J].Chem.Ind.Eng.Prog.,2008,27(3):429-434,439.
[8]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物质炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2930-2934.Chen H X,Du Z L,Guo W,et al..Effects of biochar amendment on cropland soil bulk density,cation exchange capacity and particulate organic matter content in the North China Plain[J].Chin.J.Appl.Ecol,2011,22(11):2930-2934.
[9]Preston C M,Schmidt M W I.Black(pyrogenic)carbon:Asynthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of Boreal regions[J].Biogeosciences,2006,3(4):397-420.
[10]陈温福,张伟明.农用生物质炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333.Chen W F,Zhang W M.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J].Sci.Agric.Sin.,2013,46(16):3324-3333.
[11]Lehmann J.Biochar(black carbon)stability and stabilization in soil[A].In:Soil Science:Confronting New Realities in the21st Century[C].Bangkok:7th World Congress of Soil Science,2002.
[12]肖茜,张洪培,沈玉芳,等.生物质炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):128-134.Xiao Q,Zhang H P,Shen Y F,et al..Effects of biochar on water infiltration,evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2015,31(16):128-134.
[13]杨放,李心清,邢英,等.生物质炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):972-977.Yang F,Li X Q,Xing Y,et al..Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil[J].J.Agro-Environ.Sci.,2014,33(5):972-977.
[14]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.旱地土壤施用生物质炭减少土壤氮损失及提高氮素利用率[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):54-61.Gao D C,Zhang L,Liu Q,et al..Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2014,30(6):54-61.
[15]李江舟,娄冀来,张立猛,等.不同生物质炭添加量下植烟土壤养分的淋失[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):1075-1080.Li J Z,Lou J L,Zhang L M,et al..Leaching loss of nutrients in tobacco-planting soil under different biochar adding levels[J].J.Plant Nutr.Fert.,2015,21(4):1075-1080.
[16]王明峰,陈晓堃,蒋恩臣,等.基于扫描图像RGB值分析的生物质炭吸附特性研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,6(12):212-217.Wang M F,Chen X K,Jiang E C,et al..Biochar absorption characteristics based on RGB analysis of scanned images[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Mac.,2015,6(12):212-217.
[17]安增莉,候艳伟,蔡超,等.水稻秸秆生物质炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性[J].环境化学,2011,30(11):1851-1857.An Z L,Hou Y W,Cai C,et al..Lead(II)adsorption characteristics on different biochars derived from rice straw[J].Environ.Chem.,2011,30(11):1851-1857.
[18]徐茂,吴昊,王绍华,等.江苏省不同类型土壤基础供氮能力对水稻产量的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2006,29(4):1-5.Xu M,Wu H,Wang S H,et al..Effects of basic nitrogen supply capacity of different texture soils on rice yield in Jiangsu Province[J].J.Nanjing Agric.Univ.,2006,29(4):1-5.
[19]钱华,杨军杰,史宏志,等.豫中不同土壤质地烤烟烟叶中性致香物质含量和感官质量的差异[J].中国烟草学报,2012,18(6):17-22.Qian H,Yang J J,Shi H Z,et al..Comparison of neutral aroma components and sensory quality between flue-cured tobacco leaves from different soi I textures in central Henan Province[J].Acta.Tab.Sin.,2012,18(6):17-22.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[21]宋歌,孙波,教剑英.测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较[J].土壤学报,2007,44(2):288-293.Song G,Sun B,Jiao J Y.Comparison between ultraviolet spectrophotometry and other methods in determination of soil nitrate-N[J].Acta Pedol.Sin.,2007,44(2):288-293.
[22]马莉,侯振安,吕宁,等.生物碳对小麦生长和氮素平衡的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(4):589-594.Ma L,Hou Z A,Lv N,et al..Effects of biochar application oil wheat growth and nitrogen balance[J].Xinjiang Agric.Sci.,2012,49(4):589-594.
[23]Major J,Steiner C,Downie A,et al..Biochar effects on nutrient leaching[A].In Biochar for Environmental Management:Science and Technology[C].London,Earthscan,2009:271-288.
[24]Ameloot N,Graber E R,Verheijen F G A,et al..Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms:Review and research needs[J].Eur.J.Soil Sci.,2013,64(4):379-390.
[25]刘玉学,吕豪豪,石岩,等.生物质炭对土壤养分淋溶的影响及潜在机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):304-310.Liu Y X,Lv H H,Shi Y,et al..Effects of biochar on soil nutrients leaching and potential mechanisms:A review[J].Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.,2015,26(1):304-310.
[26]Lehmann J,Rillig M C,Thies J,et al..Biochar effects on soil biota---A review[J].Soil Biol.Biochem.,2011,43(9):1812-1836.
[27]Tilman D,Lehman C.Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass[J].Science,2006,314(5805):1958-1960.
[2]朱兆良.中国土壤氮素研究[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):778-783.Zhu Z L.Research on soil nitrogen in China[J].Acta Pedol.Sin.,2008,45(5):778-783.
[3]朱兆良.农田中氮肥的损失与对策[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1-6.Zhu Z L.Loss of fertilizer N from plants-soil system and the strategies and techniques for its reduction[J].Soil Environ.Sci.,2000,9(1):1-6.
[4]晏娟,尹军,张绍林,等.太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中氮肥效应的研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2009,32(1):61-66.Yan J,Yin J,Zhang S L,et al..Studies on the nitrogen fertilizer application of rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Lake Region[J].J.Nanjing Agric.Univ.,2009,32(1):61-66.
[5]王明新,吴文良,刘文娜.基于GIS和BP神经网络的农区地下水铵态氮含量分布特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(12):39-43.Wang M X,Wu W L,Liu W N.Spatial analysis of groundwater NH+4-N concentration in agriculture-dominated regions based on GIS-based BPNN[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2006,22(12):39-43.
[6]张惠,杨正礼,罗良国,等.黄河上游灌溉区稻田N2O排放特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6606-6615.Zhang H,Yang Z L,Luo L G,et al..The feature of N2Oemission from a paddy field in irrigation area of Yellow River[J].Acta Ecol.Sin.,2011,31(21):6606-6615.
[7]陈学蓉,黄彪,江茂生.杉木间伐材炭化过程的FTIR光谱比较分析[J].化工进展,2008,27(3):429-434,439.Chen X R,Huang B,Jiang M S.Study on the charring process of Chinese fir thinning wood under different conditions by comparisons of FTIR[J].Chem.Ind.Eng.Prog.,2008,27(3):429-434,439.
[8]陈红霞,杜章留,郭伟,等.施用生物质炭对华北平原农田土壤容重、阳离子交换量和颗粒有机质含量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):2930-2934.Chen H X,Du Z L,Guo W,et al..Effects of biochar amendment on cropland soil bulk density,cation exchange capacity and particulate organic matter content in the North China Plain[J].Chin.J.Appl.Ecol,2011,22(11):2930-2934.
[9]Preston C M,Schmidt M W I.Black(pyrogenic)carbon:Asynthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of Boreal regions[J].Biogeosciences,2006,3(4):397-420.
[10]陈温福,张伟明.农用生物质炭研究进展与前景[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3324-3333.Chen W F,Zhang W M.Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J].Sci.Agric.Sin.,2013,46(16):3324-3333.
[11]Lehmann J.Biochar(black carbon)stability and stabilization in soil[A].In:Soil Science:Confronting New Realities in the21st Century[C].Bangkok:7th World Congress of Soil Science,2002.
[12]肖茜,张洪培,沈玉芳,等.生物质炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):128-134.Xiao Q,Zhang H P,Shen Y F,et al..Effects of biochar on water infiltration,evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2015,31(16):128-134.
[13]杨放,李心清,邢英,等.生物质炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):972-977.Yang F,Li X Q,Xing Y,et al..Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil[J].J.Agro-Environ.Sci.,2014,33(5):972-977.
[14]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.旱地土壤施用生物质炭减少土壤氮损失及提高氮素利用率[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):54-61.Gao D C,Zhang L,Liu Q,et al..Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2014,30(6):54-61.
[15]李江舟,娄冀来,张立猛,等.不同生物质炭添加量下植烟土壤养分的淋失[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(4):1075-1080.Li J Z,Lou J L,Zhang L M,et al..Leaching loss of nutrients in tobacco-planting soil under different biochar adding levels[J].J.Plant Nutr.Fert.,2015,21(4):1075-1080.
[16]王明峰,陈晓堃,蒋恩臣,等.基于扫描图像RGB值分析的生物质炭吸附特性研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,6(12):212-217.Wang M F,Chen X K,Jiang E C,et al..Biochar absorption characteristics based on RGB analysis of scanned images[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Mac.,2015,6(12):212-217.
[17]安增莉,候艳伟,蔡超,等.水稻秸秆生物质炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性[J].环境化学,2011,30(11):1851-1857.An Z L,Hou Y W,Cai C,et al..Lead(II)adsorption characteristics on different biochars derived from rice straw[J].Environ.Chem.,2011,30(11):1851-1857.
[18]徐茂,吴昊,王绍华,等.江苏省不同类型土壤基础供氮能力对水稻产量的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2006,29(4):1-5.Xu M,Wu H,Wang S H,et al..Effects of basic nitrogen supply capacity of different texture soils on rice yield in Jiangsu Province[J].J.Nanjing Agric.Univ.,2006,29(4):1-5.
[19]钱华,杨军杰,史宏志,等.豫中不同土壤质地烤烟烟叶中性致香物质含量和感官质量的差异[J].中国烟草学报,2012,18(6):17-22.Qian H,Yang J J,Shi H Z,et al..Comparison of neutral aroma components and sensory quality between flue-cured tobacco leaves from different soi I textures in central Henan Province[J].Acta.Tab.Sin.,2012,18(6):17-22.
[20]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.
[21]宋歌,孙波,教剑英.测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较[J].土壤学报,2007,44(2):288-293.Song G,Sun B,Jiao J Y.Comparison between ultraviolet spectrophotometry and other methods in determination of soil nitrate-N[J].Acta Pedol.Sin.,2007,44(2):288-293.
[22]马莉,侯振安,吕宁,等.生物碳对小麦生长和氮素平衡的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(4):589-594.Ma L,Hou Z A,Lv N,et al..Effects of biochar application oil wheat growth and nitrogen balance[J].Xinjiang Agric.Sci.,2012,49(4):589-594.
[23]Major J,Steiner C,Downie A,et al..Biochar effects on nutrient leaching[A].In Biochar for Environmental Management:Science and Technology[C].London,Earthscan,2009:271-288.
[24]Ameloot N,Graber E R,Verheijen F G A,et al..Interactions between biochar stability and soil organisms:Review and research needs[J].Eur.J.Soil Sci.,2013,64(4):379-390.
[25]刘玉学,吕豪豪,石岩,等.生物质炭对土壤养分淋溶的影响及潜在机理研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):304-310.Liu Y X,Lv H H,Shi Y,et al..Effects of biochar on soil nutrients leaching and potential mechanisms:A review[J].Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.,2015,26(1):304-310.
[26]Lehmann J,Rillig M C,Thies J,et al..Biochar effects on soil biota---A review[J].Soil Biol.Biochem.,2011,43(9):1812-1836.
[27]Tilman D,Lehman C.Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass[J].Science,2006,314(5805):1958-1960.
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