喀斯特裸坡地径流对降雨强度与坡度的响应
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摘要
为探究喀斯特裸坡坡面在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下径流过程及其径流总量特征。将表层岩溶带中孔(裂)隙视为可透水的"筛孔",设定地下"二元"结构中孔(裂)隙度(5%)一致的情况下,探索裸坡地在不同降雨强度与坡度组合下地表/地下径流过程与总径流量的特征,并以此为基础揭示降雨强度、坡度对喀斯特坡面水文特征的影响。结果表明:(1)在较小降雨强度条件下(≤30 mm/h),裸坡地表并未出现产流迹象,以地下所产生的径流为主。在中大雨强(≥50 mm/h)条件下,裸坡地地表产流,且在设计降雨30 min时长内其径流过程并未出现规律性变化,而地下径流过程则在不同坡度与雨强下均呈现出先增加后趋于平缓的趋势,且其转折点多居于9～12 min时段内。(2)30 min内裸坡地地下总径流量在15 mm/h降雨强度且坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°这4个坡度条件下变化并不显著(P>0.05),而其余降雨强度下地下/地表径流量均随着坡度增加差异显著(P<0.05);同时除地下径流量与坡度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)外,其余地表/地下径流均与降雨强度与坡度均呈现出极显著正相关(P<0.01);(3)降雨强度为大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下首次出现了地下径流系数<0.5的情况,证明大雨强(90 mm/h)条件下存在着临界坡度使得地表与地下径流量相接近。研究成果能够为喀斯特坡地水土流失防治提供参考和合理意见。
The aim of this research was to study the runoff process and total runoff characteristics of karst bare slope under different rainfall intensity and slope combinations. In this study, the caves and fissures in surface karst zone was regarded as a permeable "sieve hole". By setting the porosity(fissure) of the underground "dualistic structrue" structure to be the same(5%), the characteristics of surface/subsurface runoff process and total runoff on bare slopes under different rainfall intensity and gradient combinations were studied. Then, the effects of various factors on the hydrological characteristics of karst slopes were discussed.(1) Under the small rainfall intensities(15 and 30 mm/h), the runoff on bare slope was primarily dominated by the subsurface runoff without surface runoff. But, under the heavy rainfall intensity(≥ 50 mm/h), the surface runoff occurred, which process did not change regularly within 30 minutes of the designed rainfall; however, the subsurface runoff process increased first and then leveled off under all different slope and rainfall intensities, and the turning points were mostly in 9 ～ 12 minutes.(2) The differences of total subsurface runoff were not significant(P > 0.05) in 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° slopes under the rainfall intensity of 15 mm/h in 30 minutes, while the surface/subsurface runoff had significant differences with the increase of slope gradients(P < 0.05). All the surface/subsurface runoff was positively correlated with the rainfall intensities and slope gradients(P < 0.01), except that the total subsurface runoff was negatively correlated with the slope gradients(P < 0.01).(3) The subsurface runoff coefficient was less than 0.5 for the first time under the heavy rainfall intensity(90 mm/h), which proved that there was a critical gradient which made the surface and subsurface runoff equal to each other. These research results can provide reference and reasonable suggestions for the prevention and control of soil erosion in Karst slopes.
The aim of this research was to study the runoff process and total runoff characteristics of karst bare slope under different rainfall intensity and slope combinations. In this study, the caves and fissures in surface karst zone was regarded as a permeable "sieve hole". By setting the porosity(fissure) of the underground "dualistic structrue" structure to be the same(5%), the characteristics of surface/subsurface runoff process and total runoff on bare slopes under different rainfall intensity and gradient combinations were studied. Then, the effects of various factors on the hydrological characteristics of karst slopes were discussed.(1) Under the small rainfall intensities(15 and 30 mm/h), the runoff on bare slope was primarily dominated by the subsurface runoff without surface runoff. But, under the heavy rainfall intensity(≥ 50 mm/h), the surface runoff occurred, which process did not change regularly within 30 minutes of the designed rainfall; however, the subsurface runoff process increased first and then leveled off under all different slope and rainfall intensities, and the turning points were mostly in 9 ～ 12 minutes.(2) The differences of total subsurface runoff were not significant(P > 0.05) in 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° slopes under the rainfall intensity of 15 mm/h in 30 minutes, while the surface/subsurface runoff had significant differences with the increase of slope gradients(P < 0.05). All the surface/subsurface runoff was positively correlated with the rainfall intensities and slope gradients(P < 0.01), except that the total subsurface runoff was negatively correlated with the slope gradients(P < 0.01).(3) The subsurface runoff coefficient was less than 0.5 for the first time under the heavy rainfall intensity(90 mm/h), which proved that there was a critical gradient which made the surface and subsurface runoff equal to each other. These research results can provide reference and reasonable suggestions for the prevention and control of soil erosion in Karst slopes.
引文
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[2] 袁道先.中国岩溶学[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.
[3] 王世杰,李阳兵.喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(6):573-582.
[4] 袁道先.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题[J].世界科技研究与发展,1997(5):41-43.
[5] 蔡运龙.中国西南岩溶石山贫困地区的生态重建[J].地学进展,1996,11(6):84-88.
[6] Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Some suggestions of carrying forward the comprehensive harnessing desertification in Southwest karst region [J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2003,18(4):489-492.
[7] 王世杰.喀斯特石漠化——中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120-126.
[8] Yuan D X.Rock desertification in the subtropical karst of south China [J].Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Neue Folge,1997,108:81-90.
[9] 张信宝,白晓永,李豪,等.西南喀斯特流域泥沙来源、输移、平衡的思考——基于坡地土壤与洼地、塘库沉积物137Cs含量的对比[J].地球与环境,2017,46(3):247-258.
[10] 姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[11] 石亚芳,赵允格,李晨辉,等.踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(10):3227-3234.
[12] 孙丽丽,査轩,黄少燕,等.不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(5):18-23.
[13] 史倩华,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2673-2680.
[14] Hosseini M,Geissen V,González-Pelayo O,et al.Effects of fire occurrence and recurrence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by overland flow in maritime pine plantations in north-central Portugal [J].Geoderma,2017,289:97-106.
[15] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,等.喀斯特坡地裸露心土层产流产沙模拟研究[J].土壤学报,2017,54(3):545-557.
[16] 张文源,王百田,杨光檄,等.喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1776-1782.
[17] 陈洪松,杨静,傅伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):121-126.
[18] 柴宗新.试论广西岩溶区的土壤侵蚀[J].山地研究,1989,7(4):255-260.
[19] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,等.下垫面变化对喀斯特坡地地下产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):67-73,79.
[20] Bates B C,Aryal S K.A similarity index for storm runoff due to saturation excess overland flow [J].Journal of Hy-drology,2014,513:241-255.
[21] 王丽园,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同雨强条件下坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):40-44.
[22] 郭星星,吕春娟,陈丹,等.雨强和坡度对铁尾矿砂坡面复垦前后产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2019,26(1):8-13.
[23] 彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰.模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):624-634.
[24] 鲁克新,李占斌,张霞,等.室内模拟降雨条件下径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(2):6-9.
[25] 张川,陈洪松,张伟,等.喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、容重和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1585-1591.
[2] 袁道先.中国岩溶学[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.
[3] 王世杰,李阳兵.喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(6):573-582.
[4] 袁道先.我国西南岩溶石山的环境地质问题[J].世界科技研究与发展,1997(5):41-43.
[5] 蔡运龙.中国西南岩溶石山贫困地区的生态重建[J].地学进展,1996,11(6):84-88.
[6] Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Some suggestions of carrying forward the comprehensive harnessing desertification in Southwest karst region [J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2003,18(4):489-492.
[7] 王世杰.喀斯特石漠化——中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2003,22(2):120-126.
[8] Yuan D X.Rock desertification in the subtropical karst of south China [J].Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Neue Folge,1997,108:81-90.
[9] 张信宝,白晓永,李豪,等.西南喀斯特流域泥沙来源、输移、平衡的思考——基于坡地土壤与洼地、塘库沉积物137Cs含量的对比[J].地球与环境,2017,46(3):247-258.
[10] 姜义亮,郑粉莉,温磊磊,等.降雨和汇流对黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀的影响试验研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8207-8215.
[11] 石亚芳,赵允格,李晨辉,等.踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(10):3227-3234.
[12] 孙丽丽,査轩,黄少燕,等.不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(5):18-23.
[13] 史倩华,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下含砾石红壤工程堆积体产流产沙过程[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2673-2680.
[14] Hosseini M,Geissen V,González-Pelayo O,et al.Effects of fire occurrence and recurrence on nitrogen and phosphorus losses by overland flow in maritime pine plantations in north-central Portugal [J].Geoderma,2017,289:97-106.
[15] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,等.喀斯特坡地裸露心土层产流产沙模拟研究[J].土壤学报,2017,54(3):545-557.
[16] 张文源,王百田,杨光檄,等.喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1776-1782.
[17] 陈洪松,杨静,傅伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):121-126.
[18] 柴宗新.试论广西岩溶区的土壤侵蚀[J].山地研究,1989,7(4):255-260.
[19] 严友进,戴全厚,伏文兵,等.下垫面变化对喀斯特坡地地下产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):67-73,79.
[20] Bates B C,Aryal S K.A similarity index for storm runoff due to saturation excess overland flow [J].Journal of Hy-drology,2014,513:241-255.
[21] 王丽园,查轩,黄少燕,等.不同雨强条件下坡度对红壤坡面侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):40-44.
[22] 郭星星,吕春娟,陈丹,等.雨强和坡度对铁尾矿砂坡面复垦前后产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2019,26(1):8-13.
[23] 彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰.模拟降雨下喀斯特坡耕地土壤养分输出机制[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):624-634.
[24] 鲁克新,李占斌,张霞,等.室内模拟降雨条件下径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(2):6-9.
[25] 张川,陈洪松,张伟,等.喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、容重和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1585-1591.
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