火后喀纳斯泰加林乔木更新数量与质量变化
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摘要
以喀纳斯泰加林主要建群种为研究对象,区分火干扰烈度的情况下,对火后乔木树种的更新数量和质量进行研究,并分析火后乔木的演变趋势。结果表明,(1)喀纳斯泰加林4种建群种在不同烈度火干扰后的更新量不同,西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica):中烈度(79.29 plant?hm~(-2))>强烈度(69.14 plant?hm~(-2))>弱烈度(28.33 plant?hm~(-2)),西伯利亚红松(Pinus sibirica):中烈度(581.06 plant?hm~(-2))>强烈度(439.68 plant?hm~(-2))>弱烈度(414.17 plant?hm~(-2)),西伯利亚云杉(Picea obovata):弱烈度(832.78 plant?hm~(-2))>强烈度(705.11 plant?hm~(-2))>中烈度(689.77 plant?hm~(-2)),疣枝桦(Betula pendula):弱烈度(148.19 plant?hm~(-2))>强烈度(110.67 plant?hm~(-2))>中烈度(97.09 plant?hm~(-2))。(2)建群种更新变化趋势:西伯利亚落叶松和西伯利亚红松的更新木数量在火干扰后均呈增长趋势;西伯利亚落叶松在中、后期更新木数量增长变快;西伯利亚红松在中、后期更新木数量增长速度稍有下降。西伯利亚云杉则在弱烈度火干扰后更新木数量呈下降趋势;在中烈度火干扰后更新木数量前期呈下降趋势,中、后期呈增长趋势;在强烈度火干扰后前期呈平稳趋势,中、后期呈增长趋势。疣枝桦的更新木数量在弱烈度火干扰后前期呈上升趋势,中、后期呈下降趋势;在中、强烈度火干扰后均呈下降趋势。造成几种树种更新木数量变化的原因是落叶松和红松在泰加林中属于后更新树种,云杉和疣枝桦属于优先更新树种,树种间存在竞争关系。(3)建群种在不同烈度火干扰后更新木数量增加速度均为:强烈度>中烈度>弱烈度。(4)不同烈度不同森林恢复时期乔木更新质量不同,弱烈度下前、中和后期森林更新质量得分:更新最差时(22-20-26);更新最好时(34-34-32);平均(30-28-30)。中烈度下森林更新质量评价得分:更新最差时(22-26-24);更新最好时(34-34-32);平均(30-28-28)。强烈度下森林更新质量评价得分:更新最差时(22-22-22);更新最好时(34-34-32);平均(30-28-26)。通过了解不同火烈度下各树种更新数量、质量和更新速度的变化情况,可为喀纳斯泰加林科学经营和森林加速恢复提供依据。
In this paper, the main edificators(constructive species) in Kanas Taiga were taken as the research object. In order to understand the influence of fire disturbance on edificators regeneration, we analysed the quantity and quality of regeneration, and analysed the evolution trend of edificators after fire disturbance. The results were as follows:(1) When the fire severity was different, the quantity of renewal of edificators in Kanas Taiga were different. Larix sibirica: moderate severity(79.29 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(69.14 plant?hm~(-2))>mild severity(28.33 plant?hm~(-2)), Pinus sibirica: moderate severity(581.06 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(439.68 plant?hm~(-2))>mild severity(414.17 plant?hm~(-2)), Picea obovata: mild severity(832.78 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(705.11 plant?hm~(-2))>moderate severity(689.77 plant?hm~(-2)), and Betula pendula: mild severity(148.19 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(110.67 plant?hm~(-2))>moderate severity(91.09 plant?hm~(-2)).(2) Evolution trend of edificators' regeneration quantity, Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica: the quantities of renewal wood showed an increasing trend after fire disturbance. In the middle and late stage, the quantity of Larix sibirica increased faster, but the quantity of Pinus sibirica increased a little slowed down. Picea obovata: the quantity of renewal wood decreased after the mild severity fire disturbance. And it decreased in the early stage after moderate severity fire disturbance, but it increased in the middle and late stage. In addition, it maintained a steady state in the early stage of severe severity fire disturbance, and it increased in the middle and late stage. Betula pendula: the quantity of renewal wood increased in the early stage of mild severity fire disturbance, and it decreased in other cases. Picea obovata and Betula pendula were among the priority regeneration in Taiga, then Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica belonged to the later regeneration in Taiga. There was a competitive relationship among them.(3) Regeneration rate of edificators after fire disturbance with different intensity: severe severity>moderate severity>mild severity. And(4) the score of regeneration quality of edificators after different severity fire disturbance and different restoration period, mild severity: MIN 22-20-26, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-30; moderate severity: MIN 22-26-24, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-28; severe severity: MIN 22-22-22, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-26. It can provide the basis for scientific management and accelerate forest restoration in Kanas Taiga by understanding the change of regeneration quantity, quality and regeneration speed of edificators under different fire severity.
In this paper, the main edificators(constructive species) in Kanas Taiga were taken as the research object. In order to understand the influence of fire disturbance on edificators regeneration, we analysed the quantity and quality of regeneration, and analysed the evolution trend of edificators after fire disturbance. The results were as follows:(1) When the fire severity was different, the quantity of renewal of edificators in Kanas Taiga were different. Larix sibirica: moderate severity(79.29 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(69.14 plant?hm~(-2))>mild severity(28.33 plant?hm~(-2)), Pinus sibirica: moderate severity(581.06 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(439.68 plant?hm~(-2))>mild severity(414.17 plant?hm~(-2)), Picea obovata: mild severity(832.78 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(705.11 plant?hm~(-2))>moderate severity(689.77 plant?hm~(-2)), and Betula pendula: mild severity(148.19 plant?hm~(-2))>severe severity(110.67 plant?hm~(-2))>moderate severity(91.09 plant?hm~(-2)).(2) Evolution trend of edificators' regeneration quantity, Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica: the quantities of renewal wood showed an increasing trend after fire disturbance. In the middle and late stage, the quantity of Larix sibirica increased faster, but the quantity of Pinus sibirica increased a little slowed down. Picea obovata: the quantity of renewal wood decreased after the mild severity fire disturbance. And it decreased in the early stage after moderate severity fire disturbance, but it increased in the middle and late stage. In addition, it maintained a steady state in the early stage of severe severity fire disturbance, and it increased in the middle and late stage. Betula pendula: the quantity of renewal wood increased in the early stage of mild severity fire disturbance, and it decreased in other cases. Picea obovata and Betula pendula were among the priority regeneration in Taiga, then Larix sibirica and Pinus sibirica belonged to the later regeneration in Taiga. There was a competitive relationship among them.(3) Regeneration rate of edificators after fire disturbance with different intensity: severe severity>moderate severity>mild severity. And(4) the score of regeneration quality of edificators after different severity fire disturbance and different restoration period, mild severity: MIN 22-20-26, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-30; moderate severity: MIN 22-26-24, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-28; severe severity: MIN 22-22-22, MAX 34-34-32, AVG 30-28-26. It can provide the basis for scientific management and accelerate forest restoration in Kanas Taiga by understanding the change of regeneration quantity, quality and regeneration speed of edificators under different fire severity.
引文
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WALDROP T A,BROSE P H,1999.A comparison of fire intensity levels for stand replacement of table mountain pine(Pinus pungens Lamb.)[J].Forest Ecology&Management,113(2-3):155-166.
程平,潘存德,朱跃峰,等,2011.新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林群落格局分析及其环境解释[J].新疆农业大学学报,34(5):367-373.CHEN P,PAN C D,ZHU Y F,et al.,2011.Pattern Analysis and Environment Interpretation on Froest Community in Kanas Tourist Areas,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,34(5):367-373.
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龚固堂,刘淑琼,2007.林火干扰与森林群落动态研究综述[J].四川林业科技,28(4):21-25.GONG G T,LIU S Q,2007.Review of researches on fire disturbance and the dynamics of forest community[J].Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,28(4):21-25.
梁瑞云,黄茹,李旭光,等,2013.火干扰对北碚茅庵林场天然更新幼苗发生及存活的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),35(8):6-12.LIANG R Y,HUANG X,LI X G,et al.,2013.The effect of fire disturbanceon natural regeneration of plant seedlings in Maoan forestry farm of Beibei[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),35(8):6-12.
刘翠玲,潘存德,巴扎尔别克·阿斯勒汗,等,2009a.自然火干扰对新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观树种结构的影响[J].植物生态学报,33(3):555-562.LIU C L,PAN C D,2009.Bazhaerbieke·Asiliehan,et al.,2009.Effects of natural fire disturbance on structure of Tree species in Kanas tourism district,Xinjiang,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,33(3):555-562.
刘翠玲,潘存德,吴晓勇,等,2009b.新疆喀纳斯旅游区树种多样性垂直格局与自然火干扰[J].生态学报,29(8):4157-4162.LIU C L,PAN C D,WU X Y,et al.,2009.Altitudinal pattern of species richness of tree and effect of natural fire disturbance in Kanas tourism district,Xinjiang[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(8):4157-4162.
刘景,潘存德,余戈壁,等,2017.火干扰烈度对喀纳斯针叶阔叶林主要植物种生态位的影响[J].新疆农业科学,54(11):1961-1971.LIU J,PAN C D,YU G B,et al.,2017.Effects of fire severity on niche of main species in the coniferous broad-leaved forest in Kanas,Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,54(11):1961-1971.
潘晓玲,张宏达,1994.哈纳斯自然保护区植被特点及植物区系形成的探讨[J].干旱区研究(4):1-7.PAN X L,ZHANG H D,1994.Character of vegetation and research on forming of flora in Kanas[J].Arid Zone Research(4):1-7.
邱扬,李湛东,徐化成,1997.兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,17(4):89-94.QIU Y,LI Z D,XU H C,1997.Study on the relation between the stability of Larix gmelini population and the fire disturbance[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,17(4):89-94.
邱扬,李湛东,于汝元,1998.白桦种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,18(3):65-71.QIU Y,LI Z D,YU R Y,1998.Study on the relation between the stability of Betula platyphylla population and the fire disturbance[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,18(3):65-71.
邱扬,李湛东,张玉钧,等,2006.火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,26(9):2863-2869.QIU Y,LI Z D,ZHANG Y J,et al.,2006.The effects of fire disturbance on the biodiversity of understory plant in virginal forest,northern region of Daxinganling mountains,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,26(9):2863-2869.
沙依兰别克,木汗,2004.疣枝桦天然次生林萌芽更新技术研究[J].林业实用技术(9):11-12.SHA Y L B K,HAN M,2004.Study on germination and Regeneration Technology of Natural Secondary Forest of Betula verrucosa[J].Forest Science and Technology(9):11-12.
石春娜,王立群,2007.我国森林资源质量评价体系研究进展[J].世界林业研究,20(2):68-72.SHI C N,WANG L Q,2007.A Review of Researches on Evaluation System of Forest Resources Quality in China[J].World Forestry Research,20(2):68-72.
王鼎,周梅,赵鹏武,等,2017.不同更新方式对兴安落叶松林火烧迹地物种组成及多样性的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(4):570-575.WANG D,ZHOU M,ZHAO P W,et al.,2017.Study on Species Composition and Diversity of Burned Phytocoenosium after Different Regenerate Modes[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(4):570-575.
王俊,白瑜,2006.土壤种子库研究的几个热点问题[J].生态环境学报,15(6):1372-1379.WANG J,BAI Y,2006.The Hot topics and perspectives of soil seed bank research[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,15(6):1372-1379.
邢玮,2006.大兴安岭北部林区林火干扰强度对森林群落影响研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.XING W,2006.The effect of fire severity on the forest community in North Great Xing’an Mountains[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.
徐化成,班勇,1996.大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松种子在土壤中的分布及其种子库的持续性[J].植物生态学报,20(1):28-34.XU H C,BAN Y,1996.The Distribution of Seeds in the Soil and the Sustianability of the Seed Bank of Larix gmelini in Northern Daxin’anling Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,20(1):28-34.
徐化成,李湛东,邱扬,1997.大兴安岭北部地区原始林火干扰历史的研究[J].生态学报,17(4):3-9.XU H C,LI Z D,QIU Y,1997.Fire disturbance history in Virgin forest innorthern region of Daxinganling Mountains[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,17(4):3-9.
张荟荟,2008.新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林群落物种多样性特征研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学.ZHANG H H,2008.Study on species diversity characteristics of forest community in Kanas region of Xinjiang[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University.
张翼飞,张荟荟,潘存德,2011.自然火干扰作用下喀纳斯旅游区森林群落物种多样性动态特征[J].新疆农业科学,48(4):589-598.ZHANG Y F,ZHANG H H,PAN C D,2011.Dynamic Characteristics of Forest Community Species Diversity under Natural Fire Disturbance in Kanas Tourism District[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,48(4):589-598.
赵惠勋,周晓峰,王义弘,等,2000.森林质量评价标准和评价指标[J].东北林业大学学报,28(5):58-61.ZHAO H X,ZHOU X F,WANG Y H,et al.,2000.Quality of Froest Ecaluation Standard and Evalution Target[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,28(5):58-61.
邹春静,王庆礼,韩士杰,2001.长白山暗针叶林建群种竞争关系的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,7(2):101-105.ZOU C J,WANG Q L,HAN S J,2001.Study on competition relationship between dificators in dark conifer forest in the changbai mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,7(2):101-105.
HOFFMANN R S,1958.The Meaning of the Word"Taiga"[J].Ecology,39(3):540-541.
KURKOWSKI T A K A,MANN D H M H,RUPP S R S,et al.,2008.Relative importance of different secondary successional pathways in an Alaskan boreal forest[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,38(7):1911-1923.
WALDROP T A,BROSE P H,1999.A comparison of fire intensity levels for stand replacement of table mountain pine(Pinus pungens Lamb.)[J].Forest Ecology&Management,113(2-3):155-166.
程平,潘存德,朱跃峰,等,2011.新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林群落格局分析及其环境解释[J].新疆农业大学学报,34(5):367-373.CHEN P,PAN C D,ZHU Y F,et al.,2011.Pattern Analysis and Environment Interpretation on Froest Community in Kanas Tourist Areas,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,34(5):367-373.
葛剑平,陈动,李传荣,等,1992.火干扰对天然红松林结构和演替过程的影响[J].东北林业大学学报(5):33-39.GE J P,CHENG D,LI C R,et al.,1992.The effect of fire disturbance on structure and succession in Mixed deciduous/Pinus koralensis forest[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University(5):33-39.
龚固堂,刘淑琼,2007.林火干扰与森林群落动态研究综述[J].四川林业科技,28(4):21-25.GONG G T,LIU S Q,2007.Review of researches on fire disturbance and the dynamics of forest community[J].Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,28(4):21-25.
梁瑞云,黄茹,李旭光,等,2013.火干扰对北碚茅庵林场天然更新幼苗发生及存活的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),35(8):6-12.LIANG R Y,HUANG X,LI X G,et al.,2013.The effect of fire disturbanceon natural regeneration of plant seedlings in Maoan forestry farm of Beibei[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),35(8):6-12.
刘翠玲,潘存德,巴扎尔别克·阿斯勒汗,等,2009a.自然火干扰对新疆喀纳斯旅游区森林景观树种结构的影响[J].植物生态学报,33(3):555-562.LIU C L,PAN C D,2009.Bazhaerbieke·Asiliehan,et al.,2009.Effects of natural fire disturbance on structure of Tree species in Kanas tourism district,Xinjiang,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,33(3):555-562.
刘翠玲,潘存德,吴晓勇,等,2009b.新疆喀纳斯旅游区树种多样性垂直格局与自然火干扰[J].生态学报,29(8):4157-4162.LIU C L,PAN C D,WU X Y,et al.,2009.Altitudinal pattern of species richness of tree and effect of natural fire disturbance in Kanas tourism district,Xinjiang[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(8):4157-4162.
刘景,潘存德,余戈壁,等,2017.火干扰烈度对喀纳斯针叶阔叶林主要植物种生态位的影响[J].新疆农业科学,54(11):1961-1971.LIU J,PAN C D,YU G B,et al.,2017.Effects of fire severity on niche of main species in the coniferous broad-leaved forest in Kanas,Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,54(11):1961-1971.
潘晓玲,张宏达,1994.哈纳斯自然保护区植被特点及植物区系形成的探讨[J].干旱区研究(4):1-7.PAN X L,ZHANG H D,1994.Character of vegetation and research on forming of flora in Kanas[J].Arid Zone Research(4):1-7.
邱扬,李湛东,徐化成,1997.兴安落叶松种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,17(4):89-94.QIU Y,LI Z D,XU H C,1997.Study on the relation between the stability of Larix gmelini population and the fire disturbance[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,17(4):89-94.
邱扬,李湛东,于汝元,1998.白桦种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究[J].植物研究,18(3):65-71.QIU Y,LI Z D,YU R Y,1998.Study on the relation between the stability of Betula platyphylla population and the fire disturbance[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,18(3):65-71.
邱扬,李湛东,张玉钧,等,2006.火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响[J].生态学报,26(9):2863-2869.QIU Y,LI Z D,ZHANG Y J,et al.,2006.The effects of fire disturbance on the biodiversity of understory plant in virginal forest,northern region of Daxinganling mountains,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,26(9):2863-2869.
沙依兰别克,木汗,2004.疣枝桦天然次生林萌芽更新技术研究[J].林业实用技术(9):11-12.SHA Y L B K,HAN M,2004.Study on germination and Regeneration Technology of Natural Secondary Forest of Betula verrucosa[J].Forest Science and Technology(9):11-12.
石春娜,王立群,2007.我国森林资源质量评价体系研究进展[J].世界林业研究,20(2):68-72.SHI C N,WANG L Q,2007.A Review of Researches on Evaluation System of Forest Resources Quality in China[J].World Forestry Research,20(2):68-72.
王鼎,周梅,赵鹏武,等,2017.不同更新方式对兴安落叶松林火烧迹地物种组成及多样性的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(4):570-575.WANG D,ZHOU M,ZHAO P W,et al.,2017.Study on Species Composition and Diversity of Burned Phytocoenosium after Different Regenerate Modes[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(4):570-575.
王俊,白瑜,2006.土壤种子库研究的几个热点问题[J].生态环境学报,15(6):1372-1379.WANG J,BAI Y,2006.The Hot topics and perspectives of soil seed bank research[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,15(6):1372-1379.
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