典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性评价
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摘要
为考察并掌握典型平原地区生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni和Zn的污染现状,以上海市某生活垃圾焚烧厂为例,研究其周边土壤中重金属赋存形态分布特征及生物有效性,采用Tessier连续提取法结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱检测分析表层土壤中目标重金属总量及形态分布,并利用风险评估编码法(RAC)评价其生态风险水平.结果表明:研究区域土壤中Pb和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态和残渣态为主(>80%); Cr、Cu和Ni则以残渣态为主(>60%); Cd虽以残渣态为主(>50%),但与其他重金属相比,其碳酸盐结合态占比相对较高.生物有效性分析结果显示,Cr、Cu和Ni以惰性态为主,生物有效性低,而潜在可利用态Cd、Pb和Zn占比较高,存在较高的释放风险.土壤中各重金属潜在生态风险水平由高到低依次为Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr,其中,Cu、Pb和Zn处于低风险水平,Cr和Ni处于无风险水平,而Cd处于中等风险水平.研究显示,该垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤中重金属已存在不同程度的污染累积,其中,潜在可利用态Cd的占比较高,已达中等风险水平,应引起重视.
In order to investigate the pollution status,chemical species and bioavailability of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn in the surface soils surrounding municipal solid waste incineration( MSWI) plants in the typical plain area,a MSWI located in Shanghai was taken as an example and the Tessier sequential extraction method with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy were used to analyze the total amount and species distribution of the heavy metals. The ecological risks of the heavy metals were assessed with the risk assessment code( RAC) method. The results showed that Pb and Zn were mostly bound to the Fe-Mn oxides and residual fractions( >80%),while Cr,Cu and Ni primarily existed in the residual fractions( >60%). By contrast,Cd was mainly in residual fractions( >50%),but a relatively high portion was bound to the carbonates compared with other heavy metals. The bioavailability analysis indicated that Cr,Cu and Ni remained in inert state with low bioavailability,whereas Cd,Pb and Zn had a high level of potential bioavailability with a high release risk. The potential ecological risks of these heavy metals were ranked in the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr,in which Cr and Ni presented no any risk,while Cu,Pb and Zn had a low risk. However,Cd was found to have a moderate-level of risk. This study revealed that different degrees of heavy metal accumulation occurred in the vicinity of this MSWI plant. Cd had a relatively high level of potential bioavailability and reached a medium risk,which should be paid attention to.
In order to investigate the pollution status,chemical species and bioavailability of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni and Zn in the surface soils surrounding municipal solid waste incineration( MSWI) plants in the typical plain area,a MSWI located in Shanghai was taken as an example and the Tessier sequential extraction method with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy were used to analyze the total amount and species distribution of the heavy metals. The ecological risks of the heavy metals were assessed with the risk assessment code( RAC) method. The results showed that Pb and Zn were mostly bound to the Fe-Mn oxides and residual fractions( >80%),while Cr,Cu and Ni primarily existed in the residual fractions( >60%). By contrast,Cd was mainly in residual fractions( >50%),but a relatively high portion was bound to the carbonates compared with other heavy metals. The bioavailability analysis indicated that Cr,Cu and Ni remained in inert state with low bioavailability,whereas Cd,Pb and Zn had a high level of potential bioavailability with a high release risk. The potential ecological risks of these heavy metals were ranked in the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr,in which Cr and Ni presented no any risk,while Cu,Pb and Zn had a low risk. However,Cd was found to have a moderate-level of risk. This study revealed that different degrees of heavy metal accumulation occurred in the vicinity of this MSWI plant. Cd had a relatively high level of potential bioavailability and reached a medium risk,which should be paid attention to.
引文
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[10] HU X,ZHANG Y,DING Z,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mn)in TSP and PM2. 5in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,57(12):146-152.
[11] LUO X,DING J,XU B,et al. Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,424:88-96.
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[14] C'UJIC'M,DRAGOVIC'S,-DOR-DEVIC'M,et al. Environmental assessment of heavy metals around the largest coal fired power plant in Serbia[J].Catena,2016,139:44-52.
[15] BARKOUCH Y,EL F,KHADIRI M,et al. Fractionation of some heavy metals in agricultural soils around Draa Lasfar mine area in Marrakech(Morocco)[J]. International Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,1(6):128-137.
[16] LI Y,WANG Y,GOU X,et al.Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites,Baiyin,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18(6):1124-1134.
[17] WANG Y P,SHI J Y,WANG H,et al.The influence of soil heavy metals pollution on soil microbial biomass,enzyme activity,and community composition near a copper smelter[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,67(1):75-81.
[18]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.GUO Yanhai,SUN Xuchao,ZHANG Shibing,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[19] SANDER S,HUNTER K,HARMS H,et al.Numerical approach to speciation and estimation of parameters used in modeling trace metal bioavailability[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(15):6388-6395.
[20] TESSIER A,CAMPBELL P B C,BISSON M.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[21] SINGH K P,MOHAN D,SINGH V K,et al.Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments:a tributary of Ganges,India[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,312(1/2/3/4):14-27.
[22] SUNDARAY S K,NAYAK B B,LIN S,et al. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments:a case study:Mahanadi Basin,India[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(2/3):1837-1846.
[23]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[24]国家环境保护局.GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[25]李洋,陈卫锋,魏然,等.闽江福州段沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其毒性和生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(5):1792-1799.LI Yang, CHEN Weifeng, WEI Ran, et al. Distribution characteristics,toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Minjiang River in Fuzhou City[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(5):1792-1799.
[26]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.WANG Junjian, ZHAO Hongwei, ZHONG Xiuping, et al.Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[27] LLOBET J M,SCHUMACHER M,DOMINGO J L. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of metals in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator after a modernization of the flue gas cleaning systems of the facility[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2002,284(1/2/3):205-214.
[28] RIMMER D L,VIZARD C G,PLESS-MULLOLI T,et al. Metal contamination of urban soils in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator:one source among many[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,356(1/2/3):207-216.
[29]冯经昆,钟山,孙立文,等.重庆某垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染分布特征及来源分析[J].环境化学,2014,33(6):969-975.FENG Jingkun,ZHONG Shan,SUN Liwen,et al.Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metal contamination in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Chongqing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(6):969-975.
[30]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1018-1027.LI Chunfang,WANG Fei,CAO Wentao,et al. Source analysis,spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sewage irrigation area farmland soils of Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1018-1027.
[31] WILDING L P. Spatial variability:its documentation,accommodation and implication to soil surveys[M]//NIELSON D R,BOUMA J.Soil spatial variability. Wageningen,the Netherlands:Pudoc,1985:166-193.
[32]张萌,毋燕妮,解静芳,等.太原市污灌区土壤镉存在形态与生物可利用性研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3276-3283.ZHANG Meng,WU Yanni,XIE Jingfang,et al.Chemical speciation and bioavailability of cadmium in sewage-irrigated farm soils in Taiyuan[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(10):3276-3283.
[33]陈俊,范文宏,孙如梦,等.新河污灌区土壤中重金属的形态分布与生物有效性研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(5):831-837.CHEN Jun,FAN Wenhong,SUN Rumeng,et al. Bioavailability and species distribution of heavy metals in sewage-irrigated soil from Xinhe[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(5):831-837.
[34]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.LIN Chengqi,HU Gongren,YU Ruilian,et al. Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009.
[35]钟山,高慧,张漓衫,等.平原典型垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(1):164-169.ZHONG Shan,GAO Hui,ZHANG Lishan,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution evaluation of heavy metal in soils surrounding a typical municipal solid waste incineration plant[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(1):164-169.
[2] ZHOU H,MENG A,LONG Y,et al. A review of dioxin-related substances during municipal solid waste incineration[J]. Waste Management,2015,36:106-118.
[3]孙许超,郭彦海,张士兵,等.生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤硝化和反硝化功能基因分布特征及影响因子[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(2):373-380.SUN Xuchao,GUO Yanhai,ZHANG Shibing,et al. Investigation of distribution characteristics of nitrification and denitrification functional genes in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant and the relevant influence factors[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2018,27(2):373-380.
[4]孟博,刘丽艳,马万里,等.垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤多溴联苯醚污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2015,2(5):775-781.MENG Bo,LIU Liyan,MA Wanli,et al.Characteristics and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils in vicinity of municipal solid waste incineration power plant[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(5):775-781.
[5] ROVIRA J,VILAVERT L,NADAL M,et al.Temporal trends in the levels of metals,PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator:preliminary assessment of human health risks[J].Waste Management,2015,43:168-175.
[6] HAN Y,XIE H T,LIU W B,et al. Assessment of pollution of potentially harmful elements in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incinerator,China[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2016,10(6):129-139.
[7] LIU G N,TAO L,LIU X H,et al. Heavy metal speciation and pollution of agricultural soils along Jishui River in non-ferrous metal mine area in Jiangxi Province,China[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,132:156-163.
[8]王蕊,陈明,陈楠,等.基于总量及形态的土壤重金属生态风险评价对比:以龙岩市适中镇为例[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4348-4359.WANG Rui,CHEN Ming,CHEN Nan,et al. Comparison of ecological risk assessment based on the total amount and speciation distribution of heavy metals in soil:a case study for Longyan City,Fujian Province[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4348-4359.
[9] RANJAN R K,SINGH G,ROUTH J,et al.Trace metal fractionation in the Pichavaram mangrove-estuarine sediments in southeast India after the tsunami of 2004[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(10):8197-8213.
[10] HU X,ZHANG Y,DING Z,et al.Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals(Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn and Mn)in TSP and PM2. 5in Nanjing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,57(12):146-152.
[11] LUO X,DING J,XU B,et al. Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,424:88-96.
[12] OKEDEYI O O,DUBE S,AWOFOLU O R,et al. Assessing the enrichment of heavy metals in surface soil and plant(Digitaria eriantha)around coal-fired power plants in South Africa[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(6):4686-4696.
[13] GEORGE J,MASTO R E,RAM L C,et al.Human exposure risks for metals in soil near a coal-fired power-generating plant[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,68(3):451-461.
[14] C'UJIC'M,DRAGOVIC'S,-DOR-DEVIC'M,et al. Environmental assessment of heavy metals around the largest coal fired power plant in Serbia[J].Catena,2016,139:44-52.
[15] BARKOUCH Y,EL F,KHADIRI M,et al. Fractionation of some heavy metals in agricultural soils around Draa Lasfar mine area in Marrakech(Morocco)[J]. International Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,1(6):128-137.
[16] LI Y,WANG Y,GOU X,et al.Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites,Baiyin,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18(6):1124-1134.
[17] WANG Y P,SHI J Y,WANG H,et al.The influence of soil heavy metals pollution on soil microbial biomass,enzyme activity,and community composition near a copper smelter[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2007,67(1):75-81.
[18]郭彦海,孙许超,张士兵,等.上海某生活垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染特征、来源分析及潜在生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5262-5271.GUO Yanhai,SUN Xuchao,ZHANG Shibing,et al. Pollution characteristics,source analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5262-5271.
[19] SANDER S,HUNTER K,HARMS H,et al.Numerical approach to speciation and estimation of parameters used in modeling trace metal bioavailability[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(15):6388-6395.
[20] TESSIER A,CAMPBELL P B C,BISSON M.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-851.
[21] SINGH K P,MOHAN D,SINGH V K,et al.Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments:a tributary of Ganges,India[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,312(1/2/3/4):14-27.
[22] SUNDARAY S K,NAYAK B B,LIN S,et al. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments:a case study:Mahanadi Basin,India[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(2/3):1837-1846.
[23]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[24]国家环境保护局.GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[25]李洋,陈卫锋,魏然,等.闽江福州段沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其毒性和生态风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(5):1792-1799.LI Yang, CHEN Weifeng, WEI Ran, et al. Distribution characteristics,toxicity and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Minjiang River in Fuzhou City[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(5):1792-1799.
[26]王俊坚,赵宏伟,钟秀萍,等.垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属浓度水平及空间分布[J].环境科学,2011,32(1):298-304.WANG Junjian, ZHAO Hongwei, ZHONG Xiuping, et al.Concentration levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant(Shenzhen)[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(1):298-304.
[27] LLOBET J M,SCHUMACHER M,DOMINGO J L. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of metals in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator after a modernization of the flue gas cleaning systems of the facility[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2002,284(1/2/3):205-214.
[28] RIMMER D L,VIZARD C G,PLESS-MULLOLI T,et al. Metal contamination of urban soils in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator:one source among many[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2006,356(1/2/3):207-216.
[29]冯经昆,钟山,孙立文,等.重庆某垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属污染分布特征及来源分析[J].环境化学,2014,33(6):969-975.FENG Jingkun,ZHONG Shan,SUN Liwen,et al.Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metal contamination in soil surrounding a municipal solid waste incineration plant in Chongqing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2014,33(6):969-975.
[30]李春芳,王菲,曹文涛,等.龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1018-1027.LI Chunfang,WANG Fei,CAO Wentao,et al. Source analysis,spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in sewage irrigation area farmland soils of Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1018-1027.
[31] WILDING L P. Spatial variability:its documentation,accommodation and implication to soil surveys[M]//NIELSON D R,BOUMA J.Soil spatial variability. Wageningen,the Netherlands:Pudoc,1985:166-193.
[32]张萌,毋燕妮,解静芳,等.太原市污灌区土壤镉存在形态与生物可利用性研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(10):3276-3283.ZHANG Meng,WU Yanni,XIE Jingfang,et al.Chemical speciation and bioavailability of cadmium in sewage-irrigated farm soils in Taiyuan[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(10):3276-3283.
[33]陈俊,范文宏,孙如梦,等.新河污灌区土壤中重金属的形态分布与生物有效性研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(5):831-837.CHEN Jun,FAN Wenhong,SUN Rumeng,et al. Bioavailability and species distribution of heavy metals in sewage-irrigated soil from Xinhe[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2007,27(5):831-837.
[34]林承奇,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.九龙江表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1002-1009.LIN Chengqi,HU Gongren,YU Ruilian,et al. Speciation and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Jiulong River[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1002-1009.
[35]钟山,高慧,张漓衫,等.平原典型垃圾焚烧厂周边土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(1):164-169.ZHONG Shan,GAO Hui,ZHANG Lishan,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution evaluation of heavy metal in soils surrounding a typical municipal solid waste incineration plant[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(1):164-169.
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