密云水库库滨带不同植被配置下面源污染特征分析
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摘要
密云水库是北京市重要地表水源地,在首都经济发展中发挥着重要作用。随着密云水库水位上涨以及库滨带工程建设,其生态环境发生了一系列变化。通过设立12个不同植被配置的野外标准径流小区,研究天然降雨条件下不同植被配置对于总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、化学需氧量(COD)、生物需氧量(BOD5)5个面源污染指标的影响,以期为库滨带建设提供参考数据。研究结果表明,(1)天然降雨条件下乔灌草混交小区柳树(Salix matsudana)+丁香(Syringa oblata)+蒿(Artemisiaannua)的减流作用最好,平均减流作用为62.9%,减沙作用最好的是毛白杨(Populustomentosa)+紫丁香(Syringa oblata)+葎草(Humulus scandens)小区,减沙作用为78.18%。(2)植被对于面源污染有着显著的控制效果,毛白杨+紫丁香+葎草的乔灌草配置控制效果最好,对TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、COD、BOD5的削减率在77.76%-92.24%之间。(3)3次降雨条件下各植被配置小区随着时间的推移、降雨量的减少、降雨强度的减弱,TN的流失模数显著减少(P<0.05);TP流失变化较大,但总体上呈减小的趋势;同一种植被配置下NH4+-N流失模数显著减少(P<0.05);COD和BOD5下降趋势明显。在各小区随时间及降雨条件变化的面源污染控制削减纵向比较中,3次天然降雨条件下,5个面源污染指标呈递减趋势。对于TP的削减控制,油松(Pinus tabuliformis)+臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)小区最优;而其余4个指标,削减比最高的均为油松+金叶榆(Ulmus pumila)小区。由此可见此种植被配置模式对于面源污染控制的长期效益最好。
Miyun Reservoir is an important surface water source in Beijing. It plays a key role in the economic development of the capital. With the rise of Miyun Reservoir water level and the construction of the reservoir and coastal zone, a series of changes have taken place in the ecology and environment. In this study, 12 sets of field standard runoff plots with different vegetation arrangements were set up to analyze the characteristics of runoff and sediment production under artificial and natural rainfall conditions, and five non-point source pollution indicators for total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), chemical oxygen demand(COD) and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5) were carried out, with a view to provide reference data for the construction of the field runoff plots. The results of the study showed that,(1) the flow reduction effect of Salix matsudana+Syringa oblata+Artemisia annua was best in the mixed area of tree, shrub and grass, and the average flow reduction effect was 62.9%. The best sand reduction effect was Populus tomentosa+Syringa oblata+Humulus scandens and the sand reduction effect was 78.18%.(2) Vegetation had a significant control effect on non-point source pollution, and the diversity of vegetation configuration was positively related to the reduction effect. Among the different vegetation allocations and horizontal control of wasteland, Populus tomentosa+ Syringa oblata+Humulus scandens had the best control effect, with the reduction rates ranging from77.76% to 92.24% for TN, TP, NH_4~+-N, COD and BOD5. And(3) with the passage of time under three rainfall conditions, and the decrease of rainfall and the rainfall intensity, the loss modulus of TN decreased significantly(P<0.05). The TP loss changed greatly,which was generally reduced. And the loss modulus of NH_4~+-N was significantly reduced in the same planting configuration(P<0.05), and COD and BOD5 decline significantly. Under three natural rainfall conditions, the five non-point source pollution indicators showed a declining trend in the longitudinal comparison of the control of the reduction of surface source pollution over time and rainfall conditions. For the TP reduction control, the Pinus tabulaeformis+Ailanthus altissima combination was the best,while for the remaining four indicators, the reduction ratio was the highest with the Pinus tabulaeformis+Ulmus pumila. Thus, this vegetation configuration model would be the fest for the long term effect of non-point source pollution control.
Miyun Reservoir is an important surface water source in Beijing. It plays a key role in the economic development of the capital. With the rise of Miyun Reservoir water level and the construction of the reservoir and coastal zone, a series of changes have taken place in the ecology and environment. In this study, 12 sets of field standard runoff plots with different vegetation arrangements were set up to analyze the characteristics of runoff and sediment production under artificial and natural rainfall conditions, and five non-point source pollution indicators for total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), chemical oxygen demand(COD) and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5) were carried out, with a view to provide reference data for the construction of the field runoff plots. The results of the study showed that,(1) the flow reduction effect of Salix matsudana+Syringa oblata+Artemisia annua was best in the mixed area of tree, shrub and grass, and the average flow reduction effect was 62.9%. The best sand reduction effect was Populus tomentosa+Syringa oblata+Humulus scandens and the sand reduction effect was 78.18%.(2) Vegetation had a significant control effect on non-point source pollution, and the diversity of vegetation configuration was positively related to the reduction effect. Among the different vegetation allocations and horizontal control of wasteland, Populus tomentosa+ Syringa oblata+Humulus scandens had the best control effect, with the reduction rates ranging from77.76% to 92.24% for TN, TP, NH_4~+-N, COD and BOD5. And(3) with the passage of time under three rainfall conditions, and the decrease of rainfall and the rainfall intensity, the loss modulus of TN decreased significantly(P<0.05). The TP loss changed greatly,which was generally reduced. And the loss modulus of NH_4~+-N was significantly reduced in the same planting configuration(P<0.05), and COD and BOD5 decline significantly. Under three natural rainfall conditions, the five non-point source pollution indicators showed a declining trend in the longitudinal comparison of the control of the reduction of surface source pollution over time and rainfall conditions. For the TP reduction control, the Pinus tabulaeformis+Ailanthus altissima combination was the best,while for the remaining four indicators, the reduction ratio was the highest with the Pinus tabulaeformis+Ulmus pumila. Thus, this vegetation configuration model would be the fest for the long term effect of non-point source pollution control.
引文
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李宪文,史学正,RITSEMA C,等,2002.四川紫色土区土壤养分径流和泥沙流失特征研究[J].资源科学,24(6):22-28.LI X W,SHI X Z,RITSEMA C,et al.,2002.Features of soil nutrient loss accompanied with runoff and sediment for the purple soil distributed area in Sichuan province,resources science[J].26(6):22-28.
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沈国舫,2001.森林培育学[M].第二版.北京:中国林业出版社.SHEN G F,2001.Silviculture[M].The second edition.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
汪庆兵,2014.基于面源污染控制的植物:土水氮迁移特征及其机制研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院.WANG Q B,2014.Study on the migration characteristics and mechanism of nitrogen in plant-soil and water interface based on non-point source pollution control[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry.
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王士永,2011.北京怀柔东台沟小流域坡面径流与产沙特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.WANG S Y,2011.Study on the characteristics of slope runoff and sediment yield in dongtaigou watershed of Huairou[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.
王晓燕,王一峋,蔡新广,等,2002.北京密云水库流域非点源污染现状研究[J].环境科学与技术,25(4):1-3.WANG X Y,WANG Y X,CAI X G,et al.,2002.Investigation of non-point pollution in watershed of Miyun reservoir[J].Environmental Science and Technology,25(4):1-3.
吴东,黄志霖,肖文发,等,2015.三峡库区典型退耕还林模式土壤养分流失控制[J].环境科学,36(10):3825-3831.WU D,HUANG Z L,XIAO W F,et al.,2015.Control of soil nutrient loss of typical reforestation patterns along the Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Environmental Science,36(10):3825-3831.
吴健,王敏,吴建强,等,2008.滨岸缓冲带植物群落优化配置试验研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,24(4):42-45.WU J,WANG M,WU J Q,et al.,2008.Experimental study on the optimum allocation of plant communities in coastal buffer zone[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,24(4):42-45.
杨汉,彭晓燕,1992.水样BOD5测定中稀释倍数的正确选取[J].环境污染与防治,14(6):28-29.YANG H,PENG X Y,1992.Correct selection of dilution multiple in determination of BOD5 in water[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,14(6):28-29.
郑科,赵亚云,孙靖,等,2018.地表水中总磷的2种测定方法的比对试验研究[J].绿色科技(22):52-53.ZHENG K,ZHAO Y Y,SUN J,et al.,2018.Comparative experimental study two methods for determination of total phosphorus in surface Water[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology(22):52-53.
UDAWATTA R P,GANTZER C J,REINBOTT T M,et al.,2016.Yield differences influenced by distance from riparian buffers and conservation reserve program[J].Agronomy Journal,108(2):647-655.
储双双,刘颂颂,韩博,等,2013.华南不同林地地表径流量及氮、磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,27(5):99-104.CHU S S,LIU S S,HAN B,et al.,2013,Surface runoff yield and losses of nitrogen and phosphorus on different forest lands in south China[J],Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,27(5):99-104.
董锦慧,2019.纳氏试剂分光光度法测定水中氨氮的影响因素[J].新材料与新技术,45(4):81.DONG J H,2019.Factors affecting the determination of ammonia nitrogen in water by nessler's reagent spectrophotometry[J].New Material and New Technology,45(4):81.
董雯怡,2011.毛白杨苗期水肥耦合效应研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.DONG W Y,2011.Study on coupling effects of water and fertilizer on Populus tomentosa seedlings[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.
EGHBALL B,GILLEY J E,KRAMER L A,等,2001.窄草篱对径流中氮、磷的影响[J].水土保持应用技术,2(4):7-8.EGHBALL B,GILLEY J E,KRAMER L A,et al.,2001.Effects of narrow hedgerow on nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2(4):7-8.
耿润哲,王晓燕,焦帅,等,2013.密云水库流域非点源污染负荷估算及特征分析[J].环境科学学报,33(5):1484-1492.GENG R Z,WANG X Y,JIAO S,et al.,2013.Application of improved export coefficient model in estimating non-point source nutrient load from Miyun reservoir watersheds[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,33(5):1484-1492.
耿润哲,张鹏飞,庞树江,等,2015.不同气候模式对密云水库流域非点源污染负荷的影响[J].农业工程学报,31(22):240-249.GENG R Z,ZHANG P F,PANG S J,et al.,2015.Impact of different climate change scenarios on non-point source pollution losses in Miyun reservoir watershed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,31(22):240-249.
韩黎阳,黄志霖,肖文发,等,2014.三峡库区兰陵溪小流域土地利用及景观格局对氮磷输出的影响[J].环境科学,35(3):1091-1097.HAN L Y,HUANG Z L,XIAO W F,et al.,2014.Effects of land use and landscape pattern on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in Lanlingxi watershed of the Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Environmental science,35(3):1091-1097.
黄生斌,刘宝元,刘晓霞,等,2007.密云水库流域农业非点源污染基本特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,26(4):1219-1223.HUAGN S B,LIU B Y,LIU X X,et al.,2007.Characteristics of agricultural non-pointed source pollution in the watershed of Miyun reservoir[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,26(4):1219-1223.
黄勇刚,2019.重铬酸盐法测定化学需氧量新旧方法对比研究[J].资源节约与环保,206(1):55-56.HUANG Y G,2019.Comparative study of new and old methods for determining chemical oxygen demand by dichromate method[J].Resources Economization&Environment Protection,206(1):55-56.
李明涛,2014.密云水库流域土地利用与气候变化对非点源氮、磷污染的影响研究[D].北京:首都师范大学.LI M T,2014.Impacts of land use and climate changes on nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Miyun reservoir watershed[D].Beijing:Capital Normal University.
李宪文,史学正,RITSEMA C,等,2002.四川紫色土区土壤养分径流和泥沙流失特征研究[J].资源科学,24(6):22-28.LI X W,SHI X Z,RITSEMA C,et al.,2002.Features of soil nutrient loss accompanied with runoff and sediment for the purple soil distributed area in Sichuan province,resources science[J].26(6):22-28.
刘俏,2014.红壤丘陵区经济林坡地侵蚀产沙与养分流失特征研究[D].浙江:浙江大学.LIU Q,2014.Soil erosion and nutrient loss characteristics of economic forest slope land in red soil hilly region[D].Zhejiang:Zhejiang University.
卢宝倩,黄沈发,唐浩,等,2007.滨岸缓冲带农业面源污染控制技术研究进展[J].水资源保护,23(S1):7-10.LU B Q,HUANG S F,TANG H,et al.,2007.Research progress of agricultural non-point source pollution control technology in coastal buffer zone[J].Water Resources Protection,23(S1):7-10.
彭鹏,石慧,2008.碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水样中的总氮[J].污染防治技术,21(2):86-88.PENG P,SHI H,2008.Determination of total nitrogen in waste water by alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-UV spectrophotometric method[J].Pollution Control Technology,21(2):86-88.
沈国舫,2001.森林培育学[M].第二版.北京:中国林业出版社.SHEN G F,2001.Silviculture[M].The second edition.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
汪庆兵,2014.基于面源污染控制的植物:土水氮迁移特征及其机制研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院.WANG Q B,2014.Study on the migration characteristics and mechanism of nitrogen in plant-soil and water interface based on non-point source pollution control[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry.
王百田,2010.林业生态工程学[M].第3版.北京:中国林业出版社.WANG B T,2010.Forestry Ecological Engineering[M].The Third Edition.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.
王士永,2011.北京怀柔东台沟小流域坡面径流与产沙特征研究[D].北京:北京林业大学.WANG S Y,2011.Study on the characteristics of slope runoff and sediment yield in dongtaigou watershed of Huairou[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University.
王晓燕,王一峋,蔡新广,等,2002.北京密云水库流域非点源污染现状研究[J].环境科学与技术,25(4):1-3.WANG X Y,WANG Y X,CAI X G,et al.,2002.Investigation of non-point pollution in watershed of Miyun reservoir[J].Environmental Science and Technology,25(4):1-3.
吴东,黄志霖,肖文发,等,2015.三峡库区典型退耕还林模式土壤养分流失控制[J].环境科学,36(10):3825-3831.WU D,HUANG Z L,XIAO W F,et al.,2015.Control of soil nutrient loss of typical reforestation patterns along the Three Gorges reservoir area[J].Environmental Science,36(10):3825-3831.
吴健,王敏,吴建强,等,2008.滨岸缓冲带植物群落优化配置试验研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,24(4):42-45.WU J,WANG M,WU J Q,et al.,2008.Experimental study on the optimum allocation of plant communities in coastal buffer zone[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,24(4):42-45.
杨汉,彭晓燕,1992.水样BOD5测定中稀释倍数的正确选取[J].环境污染与防治,14(6):28-29.YANG H,PENG X Y,1992.Correct selection of dilution multiple in determination of BOD5 in water[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,14(6):28-29.
郑科,赵亚云,孙靖,等,2018.地表水中总磷的2种测定方法的比对试验研究[J].绿色科技(22):52-53.ZHENG K,ZHAO Y Y,SUN J,et al.,2018.Comparative experimental study two methods for determination of total phosphorus in surface Water[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology(22):52-53.
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