东北薄层黑土区作物轮作防治坡面侵蚀的效果与C值研究
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摘要
作物轮作通过影响通用土壤流失方程(USLE)中作物覆盖和管理因子C值的变化和改良土壤性质而减少坡面土壤侵蚀。基于东北薄层黑土区连续6年大豆—红小豆轮作和裸露休闲坡面小区的径流泥沙和降雨资料,分析了2011—2016年研究区侵蚀性降雨特征,探讨了作物轮作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效果,研究了作物轮作C值的年内和年际动态变化。结果表明:研究区所有侵蚀性降雨皆发生在5—10月,其降雨量占全年降水量的32.5%～68.1%,且年内和年际分布不均。对于5°坡度的裸露小区,土壤侵蚀主要发生在6—8月,坡面径流量和土壤流失量分别为48.4mm和1 388.2t/(km~2·a);对于5°坡度的作物轮作小区,土壤侵蚀主要发生在5—7月,坡面径流量和土壤流失量分别为19.5mm和166.7t/(km~2·a)。与裸露休闲小区相比,作物轮作小区可使黑土坡面年径流量和土壤流失量减少59.7%和88.0%。大豆—红小豆轮作措施的多年平均C值为0.12,其中大豆作物的C值为0.04,变化范围0.007～0.080;红小豆作物的C值为0.38,变化范围0.28～0.46。大豆和红小豆作物的C值月变化分别为0.01～0.24和0.01～0.80,呈先减少后增加的变化趋势。大豆—红小豆轮作对东北薄层黑土区坡面土壤侵蚀防治有明显效果,研究结果可为薄层黑土区土壤侵蚀定量评价和预报模型的建立提供基础数据。
Crop rotation affects dynamic changes of Cfactor in USLE and reduces hillslope soil erosion by improving soil properties.Based on six years observation data of runoff,soil loss and rainfall from the soybeanred adzuki bean rotation and bare-fallow runoff plots in the thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China,this paper analyzed erosive rainfall characteristics,discussed effects of crop rotation on preventing hillslope soil erosion,and explored yearly and monthly changes(May-October)of Cfactor(crop cover and management)during 2011-2016.The results showed that all erosive rainfall in the study area occurred from May to October,which occupied 32.5% to 68.1% of annual precipitation,and its distribution of inter-annual was uneven.For the bare-fallow runoff plot with 5°slope gradient,soil erosion mainly occurred in June to August and annual runoff and soil loss was 48.4mm and 1 388.2t/(km~2·a)respectively;while for the crop rotation plot with 5°slope gradient,soil erosion mainly occurred in May to July and annual runoff and soil loss was 19.5mm and 166.7t/(km~2·a)respectively.Compared with the bare-fallow plots,average annual runoff and soil loss from crop rotation plot under 5°slope gradient were decreased by 59.7% and 88.0%,respectively.Average yearly Cvalue for crop rotation plots was 0.12.For soybean crop,Cvalue was 0.04,ranging from 0.007 to 0.080;and for red adzuki bean,Cvalue was 0.38,ranging from 0.28 to 0.46.Monthly Cvalues of soybean and red adzuki bean varied between 0.01～0.24 and 0.01～0.80,respectively.The soybean-red adzuki bean rotation had a significant effect on preventing hillslope soil erosion in the thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China.The results provided scientific basis for quantitative evaluation of soil erosion and prediction model establishment in thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China.
Crop rotation affects dynamic changes of Cfactor in USLE and reduces hillslope soil erosion by improving soil properties.Based on six years observation data of runoff,soil loss and rainfall from the soybeanred adzuki bean rotation and bare-fallow runoff plots in the thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China,this paper analyzed erosive rainfall characteristics,discussed effects of crop rotation on preventing hillslope soil erosion,and explored yearly and monthly changes(May-October)of Cfactor(crop cover and management)during 2011-2016.The results showed that all erosive rainfall in the study area occurred from May to October,which occupied 32.5% to 68.1% of annual precipitation,and its distribution of inter-annual was uneven.For the bare-fallow runoff plot with 5°slope gradient,soil erosion mainly occurred in June to August and annual runoff and soil loss was 48.4mm and 1 388.2t/(km~2·a)respectively;while for the crop rotation plot with 5°slope gradient,soil erosion mainly occurred in May to July and annual runoff and soil loss was 19.5mm and 166.7t/(km~2·a)respectively.Compared with the bare-fallow plots,average annual runoff and soil loss from crop rotation plot under 5°slope gradient were decreased by 59.7% and 88.0%,respectively.Average yearly Cvalue for crop rotation plots was 0.12.For soybean crop,Cvalue was 0.04,ranging from 0.007 to 0.080;and for red adzuki bean,Cvalue was 0.38,ranging from 0.28 to 0.46.Monthly Cvalues of soybean and red adzuki bean varied between 0.01～0.24 and 0.01～0.80,respectively.The soybean-red adzuki bean rotation had a significant effect on preventing hillslope soil erosion in the thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China.The results provided scientific basis for quantitative evaluation of soil erosion and prediction model establishment in thin layer Mollisol region of the Northeast China.
引文
[1]水利部,中国科学院,中国工程院.中国水土流失与生态安全:东北黑土卷[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:57-80.
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[12]吴限,魏永霞,王敏,等.不同农田植被条件下黑土坡耕地产流和产沙特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(3):101-104,111.
[13] Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains[J].Agricultural Handbook,1965,282.
[14] Preiti G,Romeo M,Bacchi M,Monti M.Soil loss measure from Mediterranean arable cropping systems:Effects of rotation and tillage system on C-factor[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2017,170:85-93.
[15]胡良军,邵明安.论水土流失研究中的植被覆盖度量指标[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(1):40-43.
[16]于东升,史学正,吕喜玺.低丘红壤区不同土地利用方式的C值及可持续性评价[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):72-77.
[17]刘燕玲,刘滨辉,王力刚,等.黑龙江省降雨侵蚀力的变化规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):24-29.
[18] Nielsen D R,Bouma J.Soil spatial variability:Proceedings of a workshop of the ISSS,Las Vegas(USA)[J].Geoderma,1986,39(2):158-159.
[19]张宪奎.黑龙江省土壤流失方程应用简介[J].国土与自然资源研究,1995(1):30-32.
[20] Gabriels D,Ghekiere G,Schiettecatte W,et al.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2003,74(1):47-53.
[2]郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.我国土壤侵蚀科学研究回顾和展望[J].自然杂志,2008,30(1):12-16,63.
[3]韩长赋.加强东北黑土地保护,推进农业绿色发展[N].人民日报,2018-02-05(7).
[4]中华人民共和国农业部.东北黑土地保护规划纲要(2017—2030年).[EB/OL].(2017-06-15)[2018-06-10].http:/http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/tzgg/tz/201706/t20170623_5725947.html.
[5]肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西地区坡耕地垄膜沟种对土壤侵蚀和作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):3904-3917.
[6]龚伟,颜晓元,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对华北小麦-玉米轮作土壤物理性质和抗蚀性影响研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(3):520-525.
[7]宋丽萍,罗珠珠,李玲玲,等.陇中黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿-作物轮作对土壤物理性质的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(7):12-20.
[8]杨宁,赵护兵,王朝辉,等.豆科作物-小麦轮作方式下旱地小麦花后干物质及养分累积、转移与产量的关系[J].生态学报,2012,32(15):4827-4835.
[9]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1176-1185.
[10]卢宗凡,张兴昌,苏敏,等.陕北坡耕地轮作方式对水保效应的影响[J].西北农业学报,1993,2(2):81-84.
[11]张雪花,侯文志,王宁.东北黑土区土壤侵蚀模型中植被因子C值的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3):797-801.
[12]吴限,魏永霞,王敏,等.不同农田植被条件下黑土坡耕地产流和产沙特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(3):101-104,111.
[13] Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains[J].Agricultural Handbook,1965,282.
[14] Preiti G,Romeo M,Bacchi M,Monti M.Soil loss measure from Mediterranean arable cropping systems:Effects of rotation and tillage system on C-factor[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2017,170:85-93.
[15]胡良军,邵明安.论水土流失研究中的植被覆盖度量指标[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(1):40-43.
[16]于东升,史学正,吕喜玺.低丘红壤区不同土地利用方式的C值及可持续性评价[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(1):72-77.
[17]刘燕玲,刘滨辉,王力刚,等.黑龙江省降雨侵蚀力的变化规律[J].中国水土保持科学,2010,8(2):24-29.
[18] Nielsen D R,Bouma J.Soil spatial variability:Proceedings of a workshop of the ISSS,Las Vegas(USA)[J].Geoderma,1986,39(2):158-159.
[19]张宪奎.黑龙江省土壤流失方程应用简介[J].国土与自然资源研究,1995(1):30-32.
[20] Gabriels D,Ghekiere G,Schiettecatte W,et al.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2003,74(1):47-53.
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