基于整合分析法的地下水反硝化强度研究
|
摘要
反硝化作用是地下水硝酸盐污染去除最重要的过程。为研究含水层中反硝化作用强度及其影响因素,采用整合分析法对不同含水介质类型中的反硝化强度范围进行了总结,揭示了反硝化强度在含水层中垂向分布规律,研究了不同取样深度和不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下的反硝化强度影响因素,分析了反硝化强度统计结果的不确定性。结果表明,大多含水介质中反硝化强度处于10~(-1)～10~2μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),砂和砂砾石含水介质中可以达到10~3μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)量级。含水介质粒间孔隙大小与反硝化强度未呈明显相关关系。反硝化强度沿含水层垂向上先逐渐增大后显著减小,在某深度处存在峰值,峰值对应的深度存在明显的区域差异。浅层含水层反硝化强度主要受有机碳浓度影响;深层含水层反硝化强度主要受Eh值影响。当DO浓度为0.2～2 mg·L~(-1)时,反硝化强度与取样深度、地下水位埋深、NO_3~--N浓度和Eh均呈不显著负相关关系;DO浓度介于2～6 mg·L~(-1)时,与取样深度呈显著负相关,与温度为显著正相关;DO浓度大于6 mg·L~(-1)时,与Eh呈显著负相关关系。反硝化强度测定、计算方法的不同和统计过程导致统计结果具有一定的不确定性。
An understanding of the denitrification process of nitrate in groundwater is vital because it can dissipate groundwater nitrate pollution.In this study,in order to the determine the intensity and factors affecting denitrification in aquifers,an integrated analysis method was adopted to summarize the ranges in denitrification intensities in different aquifer mediums.Then,the vertical distribution of denitrification intensities was revealed along the sampling depth.Finally,the factors affecting denitrification intensity were determined in the different grades of sampling depths and DO concentrations.Additionally,the uncertainty of the statistical results of denitrification intensities was analyzed.The results showed that the denitrification intensities of nitrate in the groundwater generally ranged between 10~(-1)～10~2μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),and could reach 10~3μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)in the sand and gravel mediums.No significant correlation between the pore size and denitrification intensity was found.The denitrification intensities increased gradually and then decreased significantly along the sampling depth from the ground surface.The distinction of the depths that corresponded to the peak value of denitrification intensity was significant at different sites.The denitrification intensities in the shallow and deep aquifers were affected by organic carbon and Eh,respectively.When the DO concentrations ranged between 0.2～2.0 mg·L~(-1),the denitrification intensity had a non-significant negative relationship with the sampling depth,groundwater depth,NO_3~--N concentration,and Eh.When the DO concentration ranged between 2～6 mg·L~(-1),it was negatively correlated with sampling depth and positively correlated with temperature.When the DO concentration was greater than 6 mg·L~(-1),it was negatively correlated with Eh.The uncertainty of the statistical results of denitrification intensity mainly resulted from the experimental methods,calculation methods,and statistical processes.Our results could supply a theoretical basis for the fate of nitrate in aquifers and for the prevention,control,and restoration of groundwater nitrate pollution.
An understanding of the denitrification process of nitrate in groundwater is vital because it can dissipate groundwater nitrate pollution.In this study,in order to the determine the intensity and factors affecting denitrification in aquifers,an integrated analysis method was adopted to summarize the ranges in denitrification intensities in different aquifer mediums.Then,the vertical distribution of denitrification intensities was revealed along the sampling depth.Finally,the factors affecting denitrification intensity were determined in the different grades of sampling depths and DO concentrations.Additionally,the uncertainty of the statistical results of denitrification intensities was analyzed.The results showed that the denitrification intensities of nitrate in the groundwater generally ranged between 10~(-1)～10~2μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),and could reach 10~3μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)in the sand and gravel mediums.No significant correlation between the pore size and denitrification intensity was found.The denitrification intensities increased gradually and then decreased significantly along the sampling depth from the ground surface.The distinction of the depths that corresponded to the peak value of denitrification intensity was significant at different sites.The denitrification intensities in the shallow and deep aquifers were affected by organic carbon and Eh,respectively.When the DO concentrations ranged between 0.2～2.0 mg·L~(-1),the denitrification intensity had a non-significant negative relationship with the sampling depth,groundwater depth,NO_3~--N concentration,and Eh.When the DO concentration ranged between 2～6 mg·L~(-1),it was negatively correlated with sampling depth and positively correlated with temperature.When the DO concentration was greater than 6 mg·L~(-1),it was negatively correlated with Eh.The uncertainty of the statistical results of denitrification intensity mainly resulted from the experimental methods,calculation methods,and statistical processes.Our results could supply a theoretical basis for the fate of nitrate in aquifers and for the prevention,control,and restoration of groundwater nitrate pollution.
引文
[1]Bailey R T,Ahmadi M,Gates T K,et al.Spatially distributed influence of agro-environmental factors governing nitrate fate and transport in an irrigated stream-aquifer system[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2015,19(12):4859-4876.
[2]Gilmore T E,Genereux D P,Solomon D K,et al.Quantifying the fate of agricultural nitrogen in an unconfined aquifer:Stream-based observations at three measurement scales[J].Water Resources Research,2016,52(3):1961-1983.20197
[3]Nakagawa K,Amano H,Asakura H,et al.Spatial trends of nitrate pollution and groundwater chemistry in Shimabara,Nagasaki,Japan[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(3):1-17.
[4]Su X,Wang H,Zhang Y.Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater:A case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China[J].Water Resources Management,2013,27(8):3025-3034.
[5]Iribar A,Hallin S,Pérez J M S,et al.Potential denitrification rates are spatially linked to colonization patterns of nosZ genotypes in an alluvial wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,80:191-197.
[6]陈建耀,王亚,张洪波,等.地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):34-44.CHEN Jian-yao,WANG Ya,ZHANG Hong-bo,et al.Overview on the studies of nitrate pollution in groundwater[J].Process in Geography,2006,25(1):34-44.
[7]Clague J C,Stenger R,Clough T J.Denitrification in the shallow groundwater system of a lowland catchment:A laboratory study[J].Catena,2015,131:109-118.
[8]Eschenbach W,Well R.Predicting the denitrification capacity of sandy aquifers from shorter-term incubation experiments and sediment properties[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(2):1013-1035.
[9]Weymann D,Geistlinger H,Well r,et al.Kinetics of N2O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments[J].Biogeosciences,2010,7(6):1953-1972.
[10]何晓锋.地下水饱和带硝酸盐迁移转化的试验研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007:21-45.HE Xiao-feng.Experimental study of nitrate transportation and reduction in saturated zone[D].Hefei:Hefei Industrial University,2007:21-45.
[11]Eschenbach W,Well R,Walther W.Predicting the denitrification capacity of sandy aquifers from in situ measurements using pushpull15N tracer tests[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12(8):2327-2346.
[12]程东会.北京城近郊区地下水硝酸盐氮和总硬度水文地球化学过程及数值模拟[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2007:12.CHENG Dong-hui.Study on the hydrogeochemical process and numerical model of nitrate and total hardness in Beijing urban[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2007:12.
[13]Cho Y,Han K,Kim N,et al.Estimating in situ biodegradation rates of petroleum hydrocarbons and microbial population dynamics by performing single-well push-pull tests in a fractured bedrock aquifer[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2013,224(2):1364.
[14]Warneke S,Schipper L A,Bruesewitz D A,et al.A comparison of different approaches for measuring denitrification rates in a nitrate removing bioreactor[J].Water Research,2011,45(14):4141-4151.
[15]Addy K,Kellogg D Q,Gold A J,et al.In situ push-pull method to determine ground water denitrification in riparian zones[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(3):1017-1024.
[16]Harrison M D,Groffman P M,Mayer P M,et al.Denitrification in alluvial wetlands in an urban landscape[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2011,40(2):634-646.
[17]Istok J D,Humphrey M D,Schroth M H,et al.Single-well,"pushpull"test for in situ determination of microbial activities[J].Ground Water,1997,35(4):619-631.
[18]Schroth M H,Istok J D,Conner G T,et al.Spatial variability in in situ aerobic respiration and denitrification rates in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer[J].Ground Water,1998,36(6):924-937.
[19]Clough T J,Addy K,Kellogg D Q,et al.Dynamics of nitrous oxide in groundwater at the aquatic-terrestrial interface[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(7):1528-1537.
[20]郇环.松花江吉林段地下水脆弱性评价研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2012:36.HUAN Huan.Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Jilin section of the Songhua River[D].Beijing:Beijing Normal University,2012:36.
[21]Kellogg D Q,Gold A J,Groffman P M,et al.In situ ground water denitrification in stratified,permeable soils underlying riparian wetlands[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2005,34(2):524-533.
[22]Sgouridis F,Stott a,Ullah S.Application of the15N gas-flux method for measuring in situ N2 and N2O fluxes due to denitrification in natural and semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems and comparison with the acetylene inhibition technique[J].Biogeosciences,2016,13(6):1821-1835.
[23]Jahangir M M R,Johnston P,Addy K,et al.Quantification of in situ denitrification rates in groundwater below an arable and a grassland system[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2013,224(9):1693.
[24]Burbery L F,Flintoft M J,Close M E.Application of the re-circulating tracer well test method to determine nitrate reaction rates in shallow unconfined aquifers[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,145:1-9.
[25]Buss S R,Rivett M O,Morgan P,et al.Attenuation of nitrate in the subsurface environment[R].England:Environment Agency Science Group Report,SC030155/2,2005.
[26]Korom S F.Natural denitrification in the saturated zone:A review[J].Water Resources Research,1992,28(6):1657-1668.
[27]Niu B,Loáiciga H A,Wang Z,et al.Twenty years of global groundwater research:A science citation index expanded-based bibliometric survey(1993-2012)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:966-975.
[28]宋长青,谭文峰.基于文献计量分析的近30年国内外土壤科学发展过程解析[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):957-969.SONG Chang-qing,TAN Wen-feng.The historical venation of soil cience in the past 30 years-based on the bibliometric analysis[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(5):957-969.
[29]Sánchez-pérez J M,Bouey C,Sauvage S,et al.A standardised method for measuring in situ denitrification in shallow aquifers:Numerical validation and measurements in riparian wetlands[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2003,7(1):87-96.
[30]West J M,Chilton P J.Aquifers as environments for microbiological activity[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,1997,30(2):147-154.
[31]Seiler Seiler K,Vomberg I.Denitrification in a karst aquifer with matrix porosity[J].Nitrates in Groundwater:IAH Selected Papers on Hydrogeology,2004(5):87.
[32]Lind A M.Nitrate reduction in the subsoil[M]//Denitrification in the nitrogen cycle.Boston,MA:Springer,1985:145-156.
[33]Slater J M,Capone D G.Denitrification in aquifer soil and nearshore marine sediments influenced by groundwater nitrate[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1987,53(6):1292-1297.
[34]Morris J T,Whiting G J,Chapelle F H.Potential denitrification rates in deep sediments from the southeastern coastal plain[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1988,22(7):832-836.
[35]Smith R L,Duff J H.Denitrification in a sand and gravel aquifer[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1988,54(5):1071-1078.
[36]Francis A J,Slater J M,Dodge C J.Denitrification in deep subsurface sediments[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,1989,7(1/2):103-116.
[37]Smith R L,Howes B L,Duff J H.Denitrification in nitrate-contaminated groundwater:Occurrence in steep vertical geochemical gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1991,55(7):1815-1825.
[38]Trudell M R,Gillham R W,Cherry J A.An in-situ study of the occurrence and rate of denitrification in a shallow unconfined sand aquifer[J].Journal of Hydrology,1986,83(3/4):251-268.
[39]Beek C,Puffelen V J.Changes in the chemical composition of drinking water after well infiltration in an unconsolidated sandy aquifer[J].Water Resources Research,1987,23(1):69-76.
[40]StarR R C,Gillham R W.Controls on denitrification in shallow unconfined aquifers[J].Contaminant Transport in Groundwater.Kobus&Kinzelbach,Rotterdam,1989:51-56.
[41]Korom S F.Denitrification in the unconsolidated deposits of the Heber Valley aquifer[D].Logan:Utah State University,Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering,1991:65.
[42]Rivett M O,Buss S R,Morgan P,et al.Nitrate attenuation in groundwater:A review of biogeochemical controlling processes[J].Water Research,2008,42(16):4215-4232.
[43]Skerman V B D,Macrae I C.The influence of oxygen availability on the degree of nitrate reduction by seudomonas denitrificans[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1957,3(3):505-530.
[44]Gillham R W,Cherry J A.Field evidence of denitrification in shallow groundwater flow systems[J].Water Quality Research Journal,1978,38713(1):53-72.
[45]Desimone L A,Howes B L.Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge:A mass balance approach[J].Water Resources Research,1998,34(2):271-285.
[46]Blackmer A M,Bremner J M.Inhibitory effect of nitrate on reduction of N2O to N2 by soil microorganisms[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1978,10(3):187-191.
[47]Jurado A,Borges A V,BROUYèRE S.Dynamics and emissions of N2O in groundwater:A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(584/585):207-218.
[48]Green C T,B?hlke J K,Bekins B A,et al.Mixing effects on apparent reaction rates and isotope fractionation during denitrification in a heterogeneous aquifer[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(8).10.1029/2009WR008903.
[49]Hunter W J.Accumulation of nitrite in denitrifying barriers when phosphate is limiting[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2003,66(1/2):79-91.
[50]Zhang D,Li G,Yang Y S,et al.Bio-geological processes of nitrogen transport and transformation in the aeration zone and aquifer[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2009,54(2):316-326.
[51]李发东,张妍,李静.地下水硝酸盐去除中反硝化微生物的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):110-118.LI Fa-dong,ZHANG Yan,LI Jing.Research review of denitrifying microorganisms of groundwater to nitrate denitrification[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):110-118.
[52]谷保静.人类-自然耦合系统氮循环研究-中国案例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011:1-2.GU Bao-jing.Nitrogen Cycle of coupled human and natural systemA case study of China[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011:1-2.
[53]遆超普.不同空间尺度区域氮素收支[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010:111-112.TI Chao-pu.Regional nitrogen budget at different spatial scales[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2010:111-112.
[2]Gilmore T E,Genereux D P,Solomon D K,et al.Quantifying the fate of agricultural nitrogen in an unconfined aquifer:Stream-based observations at three measurement scales[J].Water Resources Research,2016,52(3):1961-1983.20197
[3]Nakagawa K,Amano H,Asakura H,et al.Spatial trends of nitrate pollution and groundwater chemistry in Shimabara,Nagasaki,Japan[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(3):1-17.
[4]Su X,Wang H,Zhang Y.Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater:A case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China[J].Water Resources Management,2013,27(8):3025-3034.
[5]Iribar A,Hallin S,Pérez J M S,et al.Potential denitrification rates are spatially linked to colonization patterns of nosZ genotypes in an alluvial wetland[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,80:191-197.
[6]陈建耀,王亚,张洪波,等.地下水硝酸盐污染研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(1):34-44.CHEN Jian-yao,WANG Ya,ZHANG Hong-bo,et al.Overview on the studies of nitrate pollution in groundwater[J].Process in Geography,2006,25(1):34-44.
[7]Clague J C,Stenger R,Clough T J.Denitrification in the shallow groundwater system of a lowland catchment:A laboratory study[J].Catena,2015,131:109-118.
[8]Eschenbach W,Well R.Predicting the denitrification capacity of sandy aquifers from shorter-term incubation experiments and sediment properties[J].Biogeosciences,2013,10(2):1013-1035.
[9]Weymann D,Geistlinger H,Well r,et al.Kinetics of N2O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments[J].Biogeosciences,2010,7(6):1953-1972.
[10]何晓锋.地下水饱和带硝酸盐迁移转化的试验研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007:21-45.HE Xiao-feng.Experimental study of nitrate transportation and reduction in saturated zone[D].Hefei:Hefei Industrial University,2007:21-45.
[11]Eschenbach W,Well R,Walther W.Predicting the denitrification capacity of sandy aquifers from in situ measurements using pushpull15N tracer tests[J].Biogeosciences,2015,12(8):2327-2346.
[12]程东会.北京城近郊区地下水硝酸盐氮和总硬度水文地球化学过程及数值模拟[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2007:12.CHENG Dong-hui.Study on the hydrogeochemical process and numerical model of nitrate and total hardness in Beijing urban[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences(Beijing),2007:12.
[13]Cho Y,Han K,Kim N,et al.Estimating in situ biodegradation rates of petroleum hydrocarbons and microbial population dynamics by performing single-well push-pull tests in a fractured bedrock aquifer[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2013,224(2):1364.
[14]Warneke S,Schipper L A,Bruesewitz D A,et al.A comparison of different approaches for measuring denitrification rates in a nitrate removing bioreactor[J].Water Research,2011,45(14):4141-4151.
[15]Addy K,Kellogg D Q,Gold A J,et al.In situ push-pull method to determine ground water denitrification in riparian zones[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(3):1017-1024.
[16]Harrison M D,Groffman P M,Mayer P M,et al.Denitrification in alluvial wetlands in an urban landscape[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2011,40(2):634-646.
[17]Istok J D,Humphrey M D,Schroth M H,et al.Single-well,"pushpull"test for in situ determination of microbial activities[J].Ground Water,1997,35(4):619-631.
[18]Schroth M H,Istok J D,Conner G T,et al.Spatial variability in in situ aerobic respiration and denitrification rates in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer[J].Ground Water,1998,36(6):924-937.
[19]Clough T J,Addy K,Kellogg D Q,et al.Dynamics of nitrous oxide in groundwater at the aquatic-terrestrial interface[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(7):1528-1537.
[20]郇环.松花江吉林段地下水脆弱性评价研究[D].北京:北京师范大学,2012:36.HUAN Huan.Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Jilin section of the Songhua River[D].Beijing:Beijing Normal University,2012:36.
[21]Kellogg D Q,Gold A J,Groffman P M,et al.In situ ground water denitrification in stratified,permeable soils underlying riparian wetlands[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2005,34(2):524-533.
[22]Sgouridis F,Stott a,Ullah S.Application of the15N gas-flux method for measuring in situ N2 and N2O fluxes due to denitrification in natural and semi-natural terrestrial ecosystems and comparison with the acetylene inhibition technique[J].Biogeosciences,2016,13(6):1821-1835.
[23]Jahangir M M R,Johnston P,Addy K,et al.Quantification of in situ denitrification rates in groundwater below an arable and a grassland system[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2013,224(9):1693.
[24]Burbery L F,Flintoft M J,Close M E.Application of the re-circulating tracer well test method to determine nitrate reaction rates in shallow unconfined aquifers[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,145:1-9.
[25]Buss S R,Rivett M O,Morgan P,et al.Attenuation of nitrate in the subsurface environment[R].England:Environment Agency Science Group Report,SC030155/2,2005.
[26]Korom S F.Natural denitrification in the saturated zone:A review[J].Water Resources Research,1992,28(6):1657-1668.
[27]Niu B,Loáiciga H A,Wang Z,et al.Twenty years of global groundwater research:A science citation index expanded-based bibliometric survey(1993-2012)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:966-975.
[28]宋长青,谭文峰.基于文献计量分析的近30年国内外土壤科学发展过程解析[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):957-969.SONG Chang-qing,TAN Wen-feng.The historical venation of soil cience in the past 30 years-based on the bibliometric analysis[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(5):957-969.
[29]Sánchez-pérez J M,Bouey C,Sauvage S,et al.A standardised method for measuring in situ denitrification in shallow aquifers:Numerical validation and measurements in riparian wetlands[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2003,7(1):87-96.
[30]West J M,Chilton P J.Aquifers as environments for microbiological activity[J].Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,1997,30(2):147-154.
[31]Seiler Seiler K,Vomberg I.Denitrification in a karst aquifer with matrix porosity[J].Nitrates in Groundwater:IAH Selected Papers on Hydrogeology,2004(5):87.
[32]Lind A M.Nitrate reduction in the subsoil[M]//Denitrification in the nitrogen cycle.Boston,MA:Springer,1985:145-156.
[33]Slater J M,Capone D G.Denitrification in aquifer soil and nearshore marine sediments influenced by groundwater nitrate[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1987,53(6):1292-1297.
[34]Morris J T,Whiting G J,Chapelle F H.Potential denitrification rates in deep sediments from the southeastern coastal plain[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1988,22(7):832-836.
[35]Smith R L,Duff J H.Denitrification in a sand and gravel aquifer[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1988,54(5):1071-1078.
[36]Francis A J,Slater J M,Dodge C J.Denitrification in deep subsurface sediments[J].Geomicrobiology Journal,1989,7(1/2):103-116.
[37]Smith R L,Howes B L,Duff J H.Denitrification in nitrate-contaminated groundwater:Occurrence in steep vertical geochemical gradients[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1991,55(7):1815-1825.
[38]Trudell M R,Gillham R W,Cherry J A.An in-situ study of the occurrence and rate of denitrification in a shallow unconfined sand aquifer[J].Journal of Hydrology,1986,83(3/4):251-268.
[39]Beek C,Puffelen V J.Changes in the chemical composition of drinking water after well infiltration in an unconsolidated sandy aquifer[J].Water Resources Research,1987,23(1):69-76.
[40]StarR R C,Gillham R W.Controls on denitrification in shallow unconfined aquifers[J].Contaminant Transport in Groundwater.Kobus&Kinzelbach,Rotterdam,1989:51-56.
[41]Korom S F.Denitrification in the unconsolidated deposits of the Heber Valley aquifer[D].Logan:Utah State University,Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering,1991:65.
[42]Rivett M O,Buss S R,Morgan P,et al.Nitrate attenuation in groundwater:A review of biogeochemical controlling processes[J].Water Research,2008,42(16):4215-4232.
[43]Skerman V B D,Macrae I C.The influence of oxygen availability on the degree of nitrate reduction by seudomonas denitrificans[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1957,3(3):505-530.
[44]Gillham R W,Cherry J A.Field evidence of denitrification in shallow groundwater flow systems[J].Water Quality Research Journal,1978,38713(1):53-72.
[45]Desimone L A,Howes B L.Nitrogen transport and transformations in a shallow aquifer receiving wastewater discharge:A mass balance approach[J].Water Resources Research,1998,34(2):271-285.
[46]Blackmer A M,Bremner J M.Inhibitory effect of nitrate on reduction of N2O to N2 by soil microorganisms[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1978,10(3):187-191.
[47]Jurado A,Borges A V,BROUYèRE S.Dynamics and emissions of N2O in groundwater:A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017(584/585):207-218.
[48]Green C T,B?hlke J K,Bekins B A,et al.Mixing effects on apparent reaction rates and isotope fractionation during denitrification in a heterogeneous aquifer[J].Water Resources Research,2010,46(8).10.1029/2009WR008903.
[49]Hunter W J.Accumulation of nitrite in denitrifying barriers when phosphate is limiting[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2003,66(1/2):79-91.
[50]Zhang D,Li G,Yang Y S,et al.Bio-geological processes of nitrogen transport and transformation in the aeration zone and aquifer[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2009,54(2):316-326.
[51]李发东,张妍,李静.地下水硝酸盐去除中反硝化微生物的研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):110-118.LI Fa-dong,ZHANG Yan,LI Jing.Research review of denitrifying microorganisms of groundwater to nitrate denitrification[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):110-118.
[52]谷保静.人类-自然耦合系统氮循环研究-中国案例[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011:1-2.GU Bao-jing.Nitrogen Cycle of coupled human and natural systemA case study of China[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011:1-2.
[53]遆超普.不同空间尺度区域氮素收支[D].南京:南京农业大学,2010:111-112.TI Chao-pu.Regional nitrogen budget at different spatial scales[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2010:111-112.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |