中国水电工程生态流量实践主要问题与发展方向
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摘要
梳理了2001—2015年96个水电工程的生态流量数据,基于ArcGIS平台分析了工程时空分布特征,回顾分析了生态流量的落实情况,分析了生态流量计算方法、泄放方式、保障措施和监测措施的差异及其对保护坝下河段珍稀、濒危保护鱼类的生态效益;重点分析水电工程下泄生态流量的保障情况、目前存在的不足与改进措施。总结了中国水电工程下泄生态流量实践的主要问题,并从生态流量计算原则与流量过程线要求、梯级水库联合调度的考虑、加强河流生态修复中生态流量研究与实践等方面提出了未来的发展方向。
The ecological flow database of hydropower projects in China is built by analyzing the environmental impact assessment reports of 96 hydropower projects from 2001 to 2015 in aspects of project status, hydrological characteristics, fish status and ecological base flow using statistical method in association with ArcGIS platform. The differences in calculation method, spatial-temporal distribution, release type, guarantee measures and monitoring measures of ecological flow before and after the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline 2006 were examined, and the ecological benefits of such differences for endangered fish protection in the downstream of dam were analyzed. Moreover, the effectiveness of guaranteeing the ecological flow after the implementation of Guideline 2006 is presented, and meanwhile, shortcomings and countermeasures are expounded as well. In conclusion, the major limits of ecological flow practice of hydropower project in China are summarized, and future development trend is put forward respecting the calculation principle, flow process demand, joint dispatching of cascade reservoirs, and research on ecological restoration.
The ecological flow database of hydropower projects in China is built by analyzing the environmental impact assessment reports of 96 hydropower projects from 2001 to 2015 in aspects of project status, hydrological characteristics, fish status and ecological base flow using statistical method in association with ArcGIS platform. The differences in calculation method, spatial-temporal distribution, release type, guarantee measures and monitoring measures of ecological flow before and after the implementation of Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline 2006 were examined, and the ecological benefits of such differences for endangered fish protection in the downstream of dam were analyzed. Moreover, the effectiveness of guaranteeing the ecological flow after the implementation of Guideline 2006 is presented, and meanwhile, shortcomings and countermeasures are expounded as well. In conclusion, the major limits of ecological flow practice of hydropower project in China are summarized, and future development trend is put forward respecting the calculation principle, flow process demand, joint dispatching of cascade reservoirs, and research on ecological restoration.
引文
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[23] CHEN A,WU M.Managing for Sustainability:The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China[J].Water,2019,11(3):433.
[24] WU M,CHEN A.Practice on Ecological Flow and Adaptive Management of Hydropower Engineering Projects in China from 2001 to 2015[J].Water Policy,2017,20(2):336-354.
[25] 陈昂,沈忱,吴淼,等.中国河道内生态需水管理政策建议[J].科技导报,2016,34(22):11.
[26] 陈昂,隋欣,王东胜.国外水库大坝工程环境影响后评价及对我国的启示[J].中国水能及电气化,2010(12):26-31.
[27] 陈昂,王鹏远,吴淼,等.国外生态流量政策法规及启示[J].华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(5):49-53.
[28] 陈进,黄薇.长江的生态流量问题[J].长江科学院院报,2007,24(6):1-5.
[29] CHEN A,WU M,CHEN K Q,et al.Main Issues in Environmental Protection Research and Practice of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects in China[J].Water Science and Engineering,2017,4(9):312-323.
[2] CHEN A,SUI X,WANG D S,et al.Landscape and Avifauna Changes as an Indicator of Yellow River Delta Wetland Restoration[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,86:162-173.
[3] SUI X,CHEN L,CHEN A,et al.Assessment of Temporal and Spatial Landscape and Avifauna Changes in the Yellow River Wetland Natural Reserves in 1990-2013,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2015,84:520-531.
[4] 陈昂,隋欣,廖文根,等.我国河流生态基流理论研究回顾[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2016,14(6):401-411.
[5] 陈昂,温静雅,王鹏远,等.构建河流生态流量监测系统的思考[J].中国水利,2018(1):7-10.
[6] 陈昂,吴淼,沈忱,等.河道生态基流计算方法回顾与评估框架研究[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(2):97-105.
[7] 倪晋仁,崔树彬,李天宏,等.论河流生态环境需水[J].水利学报,2002,33(9):14-19,26.
[8] 陈昂,薛耀东,魏娜,等.国外典型河流生态流量管理实践及启示[J].科技导报,2018,36(21):116-126.
[9] 陈昂.环境流量研究的前沿问题与挑战[J].水利水电科技进展,2019,39(2):1-6.
[10] 王俊娜,董哲仁,廖文根,等.基于水文-生态响应关系的环境水流评估方法:以三峡水库及其坝下河段为例[J].中国科学:技术科学,2013,43(6):715-726.
[11] GIPPEL C J,STEWARDSON M J.Use of Wetted Perimeter in Defining Minimum Environmental Flows[J].Regulated Rivers:Research & Management,1998,14(1):53-67.
[12] HATFIELD T,LEWIS A,OHLSON D,et al.Development of Instream Flow Thresholds as Guidelines for Reviewing Proposed Water Uses[M].Canada:British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management,2004.
[13] 钟华平,刘恒,耿雷华,等.河道内生态需水估算方法及其评述[J].水科学进展,2006,17(3):430-434.
[14] 杨志峰,张远.河道生态环境需水研究方法比较[J].水动力学研究与进展(A辑),2003,18(3):294-301.
[15] HUGHES D A.Providing Hydrological Information and Data Analysis Tools for the Determination of Ecological Instream Flow Requirements for South African Rivers[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,241(1/2):140-151.
[16] HUGHES D A,HANNART P.A Desktop Model Used to Provide an Initial Estimate of the Ecological Instream Flow Requirements of Rivers in South Africa[J].Journal of Hydrology,2003,270(3/4):167-181.
[17] TENNANT D L.Instream Flow Regimens for Fish,Wildlife,Recreation and Related Environmental Resources[J].Fisheries Management & Ecology,1976,1(4):6-10.
[18] 李嘉,王玉蓉,李克锋,等.计算河段最小生态需水的生态水力学法[J].水利学报,2006,37(10):1169-1174.
[19] 阳书敏,邵东国,沈新平.南方季节性缺水河流生态环境需水量计算方法[J].水利学报,2005,36(11):72-77.
[20] 宋兰兰,陆桂华,刘凌.水文指数法确定河流生态需水[J].水利学报,2006,37(11):1336-1341.
[21] SONG J X,XU Z X,LIU C M,et al.Ecological and Environmental Instream Flow Requirements for the Wei River—the Largest Tributary of the Yellow River[J].Hydrological Processes,2007,21(8):1066-1073.
[22] YANG Y,CHEN H,YANG Z F.Integration of Water Quantity and Quality in Environmental Flow Assessment in Wetlands[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,13:1535-1552.
[23] CHEN A,WU M.Managing for Sustainability:The Development of Environmental Flows Implementation in China[J].Water,2019,11(3):433.
[24] WU M,CHEN A.Practice on Ecological Flow and Adaptive Management of Hydropower Engineering Projects in China from 2001 to 2015[J].Water Policy,2017,20(2):336-354.
[25] 陈昂,沈忱,吴淼,等.中国河道内生态需水管理政策建议[J].科技导报,2016,34(22):11.
[26] 陈昂,隋欣,王东胜.国外水库大坝工程环境影响后评价及对我国的启示[J].中国水能及电气化,2010(12):26-31.
[27] 陈昂,王鹏远,吴淼,等.国外生态流量政策法规及启示[J].华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版),2017,38(5):49-53.
[28] 陈进,黄薇.长江的生态流量问题[J].长江科学院院报,2007,24(6):1-5.
[29] CHEN A,WU M,CHEN K Q,et al.Main Issues in Environmental Protection Research and Practice of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects in China[J].Water Science and Engineering,2017,4(9):312-323.
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