岩石润湿性的核磁共振表征方法与初步实验结果
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摘要
随着石油勘探开发领域的不断扩大,某些复杂油气藏尤其是致密油气的岩石物理响应,受岩石润湿性变化的影响越来越明显,影响油气藏的评价以及后续勘探开发,识别和评价岩石润湿性成为重要的研究课题.核磁共振弛豫可以有效表征多孔介质孔隙及其流体分布,特别是通过T_1-T_2弛豫图谱能够获得流体分子与孔隙表面相互作用的信息,进而为孔隙表面润湿性质的判断提供了可能性.本文首先讨论了T_1-T_2弛豫谱表征孔隙介质润湿强度的理论基础,然后,采用一阶近似方法对孔隙表面流体分子的核磁共振弛豫分布进行正演模拟,建立T_1/T_2比值法判别孔隙介质润湿性的基本方法.最后,选取玻璃珠和天然砂岩样品进行初步实验,验证方法的合理性.结果表明,当岩石饱和双相流体时,润湿相流体T_1/T_2值高于非润湿相流体,通过观察不同饱和度状态T_1-T_2二维图谱的变化,能够判断岩石的润湿性.本文的理论分析与初步实验结果为岩石润湿性研究提供了新的手段,对核磁共振测井探测储层润湿性也具有一定的应用价值.
With expansion of oil exploration and development fields,the influence of wettability on petrophysical parameters in complicated reservoirs is getting increasingly evident,which affects reservoir evaluation and subsequent exploration and development.Thus,rock wettability identification and evaluation has become an important research topic.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)relaxation can effectively characterize pores and fluid distribution in porous media.In particular,the interaction strength between pore surface and fluid molecules could be obtained through T_1-T_2 correlation spectra,which provides a possibility to judge the wettability of pore surface.In this paper,the theoretical basis that T_1-T_2 correlation was used to characterize the wetting features of porous media is discussed.Then,the relaxation correlation of fluid molecules on pore surface is simulated by the first order approximation method.And the basic method for distinguishing the wettability is established using T_1/T_2 ratio.Finally,glass beads and reservoir sandstone samples are selected for preliminary NMR experiments to verify the validity of the method.The results show that the T_1/T_2 ratio of the wetting-phase fluid is higher than that of the non-wetting phase fluid when rocks are saturated with two-phase fluids.Rock wettability is determined by observing the changes of T_1-T_2 correlation spectra in different saturation states.The theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results in this paper provide a novel method for the study of rock wettability,and have certain application value in the detection of reservoir wettability via NMR logging.
With expansion of oil exploration and development fields,the influence of wettability on petrophysical parameters in complicated reservoirs is getting increasingly evident,which affects reservoir evaluation and subsequent exploration and development.Thus,rock wettability identification and evaluation has become an important research topic.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)relaxation can effectively characterize pores and fluid distribution in porous media.In particular,the interaction strength between pore surface and fluid molecules could be obtained through T_1-T_2 correlation spectra,which provides a possibility to judge the wettability of pore surface.In this paper,the theoretical basis that T_1-T_2 correlation was used to characterize the wetting features of porous media is discussed.Then,the relaxation correlation of fluid molecules on pore surface is simulated by the first order approximation method.And the basic method for distinguishing the wettability is established using T_1/T_2 ratio.Finally,glass beads and reservoir sandstone samples are selected for preliminary NMR experiments to verify the validity of the method.The results show that the T_1/T_2 ratio of the wetting-phase fluid is higher than that of the non-wetting phase fluid when rocks are saturated with two-phase fluids.Rock wettability is determined by observing the changes of T_1-T_2 correlation spectra in different saturation states.The theoretical analysis and preliminary experimental results in this paper provide a novel method for the study of rock wettability,and have certain application value in the detection of reservoir wettability via NMR logging.
引文
Al-Mahrooqi S H,Grattoni C A,Muggeridge A H,et al.2006.Pore-scale modelling of NMR relaxation for the characterization of wettability.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,52(1):172-186．
Anderson W G.1986a.Wettability literature survey-Part 1:rock/oil/brine interactions and the effects of core handling on wettability.Journal of Petroleum Technology,38(10):1125-1144．
Anderson W G.1986b.Wettability literature survey-Part 3:the effects of wettability on the electrical properties of porous media.Journal of Petroleum Technology,38(12):1371-1378．
Anderson W G.1987a.Wettability literature survey-Part 4:effects of wettability on capillary pressure.Journal of Petroleum Technology,39(10):1283-1300．
Anderson W G.1987b.Wettability literature survey-Part 5:effects of wettability on relative permeability.Journal of Petroleum Technology,39(11):1453-1468．
Bloch F.1946.Nuclear induction.Physical Review,70(7-8):460-474．
Borgia G C,Fantazzini P,Mesini E.1991.Wettability effects on oil-water-configurations in porous media:A nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation study.Journal of Applied Physics,70(12):7623-7625．
Borgia G C,Fantazzini P,Fanti G,et al.1992.Magnetic resonance relaxation study of preferential wettability effects on displacement efficiency in chalk samples.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,8(2):153-159．
Brown R J S,Fatt I.1956.Measurements of fractional wettability of oil fields′rocks by the nuclear magnetic relaxation method．∥26th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Chen J,Hirasaki G J,Flaum M.2006.NMR wettability indices:effect of OBM on wettability and NMR responses.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,52(1-4):161-171．
Einstein A.1905.Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement.Annalen Der Physik．
Feng C,Shi Y J,Hao J F,et al.2017.Nuclear magnetic resonance features of low-permeability reservoirs with complex wettability.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),44(2):252-257．
Fleury M,Deflandre F.2003.Quantitative evaluation of porous media wettability using NMR relaxometry.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):385-387．
Godefroy S,Korb J P,Fleury M,et al.2001.Surface nuclear magnetic relaxation and dynamics of water and oil in macroporous media.Physical Review E,64(2):021605-021618．
Guan H,Brougham D,Sorbie K S,et al.2002.Wettability effects in a sandstone reservoir and outcrop cores from NMR relaxation time distributions.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,34(1-4):35-54．
Hürlimann M D,Flaum M,Venkataramanan L,et al.2003.Diffusion-relaxation distribution functions of sedimentary rocks in different saturation states.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):305-310．
Hirasaki G J,Huang C C,Zhang G Q.2000.Interpretation of wettability in sandstones With NMR analysis.Petrophysics,41(3):223-233．
Howard J J.1998.Quantitative estimates of porous media wettability from proton NMR measurements.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,16(5-6):529-533．
Hsu W F,Li X,Flumerfelt R W.1992.Wettability of porous media by NMR relaxation methods．∥62nd Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Jia Z J,Xiao L Z,Wang Z Z,et al.2016.Molecular dynamics and composition of crude oil by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry,54(8):650-655．
Johannesen E,SteinsbM,Howard J J.2006.Wettability characterization by NMR T2 measurements in chalk．∥SCAInternational Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts,Trondheim,Norway．
Kleinberg R L,Horsfield M A.1990.Transverse relaxation processes in porous sedimentary rock.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,88(1):9-19．
Korb J P,Hodges M W,Gobron T,et al.1999.Anomalous surface diffusion of water compared to aprotic liquids in nanopores.Physical Review E,60(3):3097-3106．
Korb J P,Godefroy S,Fleury M.2003.Surface nuclear magnetic relaxation and dynamics of water and oil in granular packings and rocks.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):193-199．
Korb J P,Freiman G,Nicot B,et al.2009.Dynamical surface affinity of diphasic liquids as a probe of wettability of multimodal porous media.Physical Review E,80(6):061601,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.80.061601．
Korb J P.2011.Nuclear magnetic relaxation of liquids in porous media.New Journal of Physics,13(3):035016,doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/3/035016．
Liang C,Xiao L Z,Zhou C C,et al.2019.Wettability characterization of low-permeability reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance:An experimental study.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,178:121-132．
Liang C,Xiao L Z,Zhou C C,et al.2019.Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method for wettability determination of tight sand.Magnetic resonance imaging,56:144-150．
Looyestijn W J,Hofman J.2006.Wettability-index determination by nuclear magnetic resonance.SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,9(2):146-153．
Looyestijn W J.2008.Wettability index determination from NMRlogs.Petrophysics,49(2):130-145．
McDonald P J,Korb J P,Mitchell J,et al.2005.Surface relaxation and chemical exchange in hydrating cement pastes:a twodimensional NMR relaxation study.Physical Review E,72(1):011409,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.011409．
Meng X H,Jiang Z M,Shi J S.2012.Two-Dimensional NMRspectroscopy for observing rock wettability.Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance(in Chinese),29(2):190-200．
Meng Z,Yang S L,Cui Y,et al.2018.Enhancement of the imbibition recovery by surfactants in tight oil reservoirs.Petroleum Science,15(4):783-793．
Minh C C,Crary S,Singer P M,et al.2015.Determination of wettability from magnetic resonance relaxation and diffusion
measurements on fresh-state cores．∥85th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Mitchell J,Broche L M,Chandrasekera T C,et al.2013.Exploring surface interactions in catalysts using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,117(34):17699-17706．
Song Y Q,Venkataramanan L,Hürlimann M D,et al.2002.T1-T2correlation spectra obtained using a fast two-dimensional Laplace inversion.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,154(2):261-268．
Song Y Q.2013.Magnetic resonance of porous media(MRPM):a perspective.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,229:12-24．
Torrey H C.1956.Bloch equations with diffusion terms.Physical Review,104(3):563-565．
Wang J,Xiao L Z,Liao G Z,et al.2018.Theoretical investigation of heterogeneous wettability in porous media using NMR.Scientific Reports,8(1):13450,doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31803-w．
Wang J,Xiao L Z,Liao G Z,et al.2019.NMR characterizing mixed wettability under intermediate-wet condition.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,56:156-160．
Zaeri M R,Hashemi R,Shahverdi H,et al.2018.Enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition of low salinity water.Petroleum Science,15(3):564-576．
Zhao P Q,Sun Z C,Luo X P,et al.2016.Study on the response mechanisms of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)log in tight oil reservoirs.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(5):1927-1937,doi:10.6038/cjg20160535．
冯程，石玉江，郝建飞等．2017．低渗透复杂润湿性储集层核磁共振特征．石油勘探与开发，44(2):252-257．
孟小海，姜志敏，史京生等．2012．二维核磁共振观测岩石润湿性．波谱学杂志，29(2):190-200．
赵培强，孙中春，罗兴平等．2016．致密油储层核磁共振测井响应机理研究．地球物理学报，59(5):1927-1937,doi:10.6038/cjg20160535.
Anderson W G.1986a.Wettability literature survey-Part 1:rock/oil/brine interactions and the effects of core handling on wettability.Journal of Petroleum Technology,38(10):1125-1144．
Anderson W G.1986b.Wettability literature survey-Part 3:the effects of wettability on the electrical properties of porous media.Journal of Petroleum Technology,38(12):1371-1378．
Anderson W G.1987a.Wettability literature survey-Part 4:effects of wettability on capillary pressure.Journal of Petroleum Technology,39(10):1283-1300．
Anderson W G.1987b.Wettability literature survey-Part 5:effects of wettability on relative permeability.Journal of Petroleum Technology,39(11):1453-1468．
Bloch F.1946.Nuclear induction.Physical Review,70(7-8):460-474．
Borgia G C,Fantazzini P,Mesini E.1991.Wettability effects on oil-water-configurations in porous media:A nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation study.Journal of Applied Physics,70(12):7623-7625．
Borgia G C,Fantazzini P,Fanti G,et al.1992.Magnetic resonance relaxation study of preferential wettability effects on displacement efficiency in chalk samples.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,8(2):153-159．
Brown R J S,Fatt I.1956.Measurements of fractional wettability of oil fields′rocks by the nuclear magnetic relaxation method．∥26th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Chen J,Hirasaki G J,Flaum M.2006.NMR wettability indices:effect of OBM on wettability and NMR responses.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,52(1-4):161-171．
Einstein A.1905.Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement.Annalen Der Physik．
Feng C,Shi Y J,Hao J F,et al.2017.Nuclear magnetic resonance features of low-permeability reservoirs with complex wettability.Petroleum Exploration and Development(in Chinese),44(2):252-257．
Fleury M,Deflandre F.2003.Quantitative evaluation of porous media wettability using NMR relaxometry.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):385-387．
Godefroy S,Korb J P,Fleury M,et al.2001.Surface nuclear magnetic relaxation and dynamics of water and oil in macroporous media.Physical Review E,64(2):021605-021618．
Guan H,Brougham D,Sorbie K S,et al.2002.Wettability effects in a sandstone reservoir and outcrop cores from NMR relaxation time distributions.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,34(1-4):35-54．
Hürlimann M D,Flaum M,Venkataramanan L,et al.2003.Diffusion-relaxation distribution functions of sedimentary rocks in different saturation states.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):305-310．
Hirasaki G J,Huang C C,Zhang G Q.2000.Interpretation of wettability in sandstones With NMR analysis.Petrophysics,41(3):223-233．
Howard J J.1998.Quantitative estimates of porous media wettability from proton NMR measurements.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,16(5-6):529-533．
Hsu W F,Li X,Flumerfelt R W.1992.Wettability of porous media by NMR relaxation methods．∥62nd Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Jia Z J,Xiao L Z,Wang Z Z,et al.2016.Molecular dynamics and composition of crude oil by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry,54(8):650-655．
Johannesen E,SteinsbM,Howard J J.2006.Wettability characterization by NMR T2 measurements in chalk．∥SCAInternational Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts,Trondheim,Norway．
Kleinberg R L,Horsfield M A.1990.Transverse relaxation processes in porous sedimentary rock.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,88(1):9-19．
Korb J P,Hodges M W,Gobron T,et al.1999.Anomalous surface diffusion of water compared to aprotic liquids in nanopores.Physical Review E,60(3):3097-3106．
Korb J P,Godefroy S,Fleury M.2003.Surface nuclear magnetic relaxation and dynamics of water and oil in granular packings and rocks.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,21(3-4):193-199．
Korb J P,Freiman G,Nicot B,et al.2009.Dynamical surface affinity of diphasic liquids as a probe of wettability of multimodal porous media.Physical Review E,80(6):061601,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.80.061601．
Korb J P.2011.Nuclear magnetic relaxation of liquids in porous media.New Journal of Physics,13(3):035016,doi:10.1088/1367-2630/13/3/035016．
Liang C,Xiao L Z,Zhou C C,et al.2019.Wettability characterization of low-permeability reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance:An experimental study.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,178:121-132．
Liang C,Xiao L Z,Zhou C C,et al.2019.Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance method for wettability determination of tight sand.Magnetic resonance imaging,56:144-150．
Looyestijn W J,Hofman J.2006.Wettability-index determination by nuclear magnetic resonance.SPE Reservoir Evaluation&Engineering,9(2):146-153．
Looyestijn W J.2008.Wettability index determination from NMRlogs.Petrophysics,49(2):130-145．
McDonald P J,Korb J P,Mitchell J,et al.2005.Surface relaxation and chemical exchange in hydrating cement pastes:a twodimensional NMR relaxation study.Physical Review E,72(1):011409,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.72.011409．
Meng X H,Jiang Z M,Shi J S.2012.Two-Dimensional NMRspectroscopy for observing rock wettability.Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance(in Chinese),29(2):190-200．
Meng Z,Yang S L,Cui Y,et al.2018.Enhancement of the imbibition recovery by surfactants in tight oil reservoirs.Petroleum Science,15(4):783-793．
Minh C C,Crary S,Singer P M,et al.2015.Determination of wettability from magnetic resonance relaxation and diffusion
measurements on fresh-state cores．∥85th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expi.Geophys..Expanded Abstracts．
Mitchell J,Broche L M,Chandrasekera T C,et al.2013.Exploring surface interactions in catalysts using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,117(34):17699-17706．
Song Y Q,Venkataramanan L,Hürlimann M D,et al.2002.T1-T2correlation spectra obtained using a fast two-dimensional Laplace inversion.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,154(2):261-268．
Song Y Q.2013.Magnetic resonance of porous media(MRPM):a perspective.Journal of Magnetic Resonance,229:12-24．
Torrey H C.1956.Bloch equations with diffusion terms.Physical Review,104(3):563-565．
Wang J,Xiao L Z,Liao G Z,et al.2018.Theoretical investigation of heterogeneous wettability in porous media using NMR.Scientific Reports,8(1):13450,doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31803-w．
Wang J,Xiao L Z,Liao G Z,et al.2019.NMR characterizing mixed wettability under intermediate-wet condition.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,56:156-160．
Zaeri M R,Hashemi R,Shahverdi H,et al.2018.Enhanced oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs by spontaneous imbibition of low salinity water.Petroleum Science,15(3):564-576．
Zhao P Q,Sun Z C,Luo X P,et al.2016.Study on the response mechanisms of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)log in tight oil reservoirs.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),59(5):1927-1937,doi:10.6038/cjg20160535．
冯程，石玉江，郝建飞等．2017．低渗透复杂润湿性储集层核磁共振特征．石油勘探与开发，44(2):252-257．
孟小海，姜志敏，史京生等．2012．二维核磁共振观测岩石润湿性．波谱学杂志，29(2):190-200．
赵培强，孙中春，罗兴平等．2016．致密油储层核磁共振测井响应机理研究．地球物理学报，59(5):1927-1937,doi:10.6038/cjg20160535.
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