基于KINEROS2对坡面径流侵蚀及总氮流失的模拟分析
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摘要
坡面土壤侵蚀及养分流失是造成土地生产力下降、地表水体富营养化等环境问题的主要原因.采用物理模型对次降雨条件下坡面径流量、侵蚀量及养分流失量进行准确估算具有重要意义.本文通过不同降雨强度(20、50、75mm/h)、不同坡长(1、5、10、15、20m)下径流小区内人工模拟降雨试验,分析了坡面径流侵蚀特征及总氮(TN)流失特征,构建了估算坡面总氮流失量的经验模型,并将其嵌入基于次降雨的KINEROS2(A Kinematic Runoff and Erosion Model)模型中进行模拟验证.结果表明:降雨强度是影响坡面径流率、侵蚀率及总氮流失率的主要因素;降雨强度、坡长及其交互作用与径流量、侵蚀量之间呈多项式关系(决定系数R~2>0.95);坡面总氮主要以结合态的形式流失,且坡面TN流失量与径流量、侵蚀量之间呈一元线性关系(R~2>0.92);KINEROS2对次降雨条件下坡面径流量、侵蚀量的模拟精度较高(相对误差RE,0.03%～11.31%);嵌入坡面TN流失模型的KINEROS2对径流中TN流失量、泥沙中TN流失量及坡面TN流失量模拟效果较好(R~2>0.91,纳什系数NSE>0.76).
Soil erosion and nutrient loss are major causes of decline in land productivity,water eutrophication and other environmental problems.It is important to estimate the amount of runoff,erosion and nutrient loss on slope under rainfall events by a physical model.In this study,characteristics of runoff,erosion and total nitrogen(TN) loss were analyzed by artificial simulation test in runoff plots with different slope lengths under different rainfall intensities,an empirical model was established,and by embedding this model into the kinematic runoff and erosion model(KINEROS2),total nitrogen loss on slope was simulated.The results indicated that rainfall intensity is the main factor affecting the runoff rate,erosion rate,and total nitrogen loss rate.There is a polynomial relationship between rainfall intensity,slope length and their interaction with amount of runoff and erosion(Coefficient of determination R~2>0.95).The TN on slope is mainly lost in a combined state,and there is a linear relationship between the loss of TN and the amount of runoff and erosion(R~2>0.92).KINEROS2 can simulate the amount of runoff and erosion under individual rainfall events more accurately(Relative Error(RE),0.03%～11.31%).By embedding the empirical model into KINEROS2,TN loss in runoff,in erosion and on slope under individual rainfall events was better simulated(R~2>0.91;Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(NSE)>0.76).
Soil erosion and nutrient loss are major causes of decline in land productivity,water eutrophication and other environmental problems.It is important to estimate the amount of runoff,erosion and nutrient loss on slope under rainfall events by a physical model.In this study,characteristics of runoff,erosion and total nitrogen(TN) loss were analyzed by artificial simulation test in runoff plots with different slope lengths under different rainfall intensities,an empirical model was established,and by embedding this model into the kinematic runoff and erosion model(KINEROS2),total nitrogen loss on slope was simulated.The results indicated that rainfall intensity is the main factor affecting the runoff rate,erosion rate,and total nitrogen loss rate.There is a polynomial relationship between rainfall intensity,slope length and their interaction with amount of runoff and erosion(Coefficient of determination R~2>0.95).The TN on slope is mainly lost in a combined state,and there is a linear relationship between the loss of TN and the amount of runoff and erosion(R~2>0.92).KINEROS2 can simulate the amount of runoff and erosion under individual rainfall events more accurately(Relative Error(RE),0.03%～11.31%).By embedding the empirical model into KINEROS2,TN loss in runoff,in erosion and on slope under individual rainfall events was better simulated(R~2>0.91;Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(NSE)>0.76).
引文
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[2] 付兴涛,张丽萍.坡长对红壤侵蚀影响人工降雨模拟研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2015,23(3):474-483 Fu Xingtao,Zhang Liping.Impact of slope length on red soil erosion under simulated rainfall[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2015,23(3):474-483
[3] 李裕元,邵明安,郑纪勇,等.降雨强度对黄绵土坡地磷流失特征影响试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(4):39-46 Li Yuyuan,Shao Ming’an,Zheng Jiyong,et al.The study of rain intensity on the characteristic of phosphorus runoff from loessal soil[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(4):39-46
[4] 邬伦,李佩武.降雨—产流过程与氮、磷流失特征研究[J].环境科学学报,1996,16(1):111-116 Wu Lun,Li Peiwu.Studies on rainfall process,flow making and nitrogen and phosphorus losses[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1996,16(1):111-116
[5] 董文财.黄土高原坡面养分径流流失模拟研究[D].杨凌:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2012 Dong Wencai.Simulation of soil nutrient runoff loss on the Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:Water and Soil Conservation and Ecological Environment Research Center,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2012
[6] 李鹏,李占斌,郑良勇.黄土坡面水蚀动力与侵蚀产沙临界关系试验研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2010,18(3):435-441 Li Peng,Li Zhanbin,Zheng Liangyong.Experimental study on the critical relation between water erosion dynamics and soil erosion on steep loess slope[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2010,18(3):435-441
[7] 倪九派,袁道先,谢德体,等.基于GIS的岩溶槽谷区小流域土壤侵蚀量估算[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2010,18(2):217-225 Ni Jiupai,Yuan Daoxian,Xie Deti,et al.Estimating soil erosion in small watershed of Karst Valley Area using GIS[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2010,18(2):217-225
[8] 许海超,李子君,林锦阔,等.燕山土石山区降雨和下垫面条件对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响[J].山地学报,2016,34(1):46-53 Xu Haichao,Li Zijun,Lin Jinkuo,et al.Influences of rainfall and underlying surface conditions on soil erosion and sediment yield in Yanshan Rocky Mountain Area[J].Mountain Research,2016,34(1):46-53
[9] 张乐涛,李占斌,王杉杉.坡面径流类型对侵蚀产沙及水沙传递关系的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(20):124-131 Zhang Letao,Li Zhanbin,Wang Shanshan.Impact of runoff regimes on sediment yield and sediment flow behavior at slope scale[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(20):124-131
[10] 王全九,王辉.黄土坡面土壤溶质随径流迁移有效混合深度模型特征分析[J].水利学报,2010,41(6):671-676 Wang Quanjiu,Wang Hui.Analysis on the feature of effective mixing depth model for soil solute transporting with surface runoff on loess slope[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2010,41(6):671-676
[11] 赵明松,李德成,张甘霖,等.基于RUSLE模型的安徽省土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估[J].土壤学报,2016,53(1):28-38 Zhao Mingsong,Li Decheng,Zhang Ganlin,et al.Evaluation of soil erosion and soil nutrient Loss in Anhui Province based on RUSLE model[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(1):28-38
[12] 歌丽巴,王玉杰,王云琦,等.WEPP模型在北京山区的适用性评价[J].北京林业大学学报,2015,37(12):69-76 Ge Liba,Wang Yujie,Wang Yunqi,et al.Assessment of WEPP model applicability in Beijing mountainous area[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2015,37(12):69-76
[13] 薛菲,唐家良,赵举,等.基于SWAT模型的紫色土丘陵区农业小流域非点源氮、磷输出模拟研究[J].西南农业学报,2017,30(5):1145-1152 Xue Fei,Tang Jialiang,Zhao Ju,et al.Simulation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus export of agricultural watershed in purple hilly areas by using SWAT[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,30(5):1145-1152
[14] Fernández C,Vega J A.Evaluation of RUSLE and PESERA models for predicting soil erosion losses in the first year after wildfire in NW Spain[J].Geoderma,2016,273:64-72
[15] Woolhiser D A,Smith R E,Goodrich D C.KINEROS,a kinematic runoff and erosion model:documentation and user manual[M].US Department of Agriculture:Agricultural Research Service,1990:77-130
[16] Goodrich D C,Burns I S,Unkrich C L,et al.KINEROS2/AGWA:model use,calibration,and validation[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2012,55(4):1561-1574
[17] Suryavanshi S,Pandey A,Chaube U C.Hydrological simulation of the Betwa River basin(India) using the SWAT model[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal/journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques,2016,62(6):960-978
[18] Mirzaee S,Asadzadeh F,Mohammadi J,et al.Modeling WEPP erodibility parameters in calcareous soils in northwest Iran[J].Ecological Indicators,2017,74:302-310
[19] 安妙颖,韩玉国,吴玉恒,等.基于KINEROS2模型的降雨和坡长因子对土壤侵蚀过程影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):25-31 An Miaoying,Han Yuguo,Wu Yuheng,et al.Effects of rainfall and slope length factors on soil erosion process based on KINEROS2 model[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(4):25-31
[20] 史志华,方怒放,李璐,等.应用KINEROS2模型对土质道路侵蚀过程的模拟[J].地理研究,2010,29(3):408-415 Shi Zhihua,Fang Nufang,Li Lu,et al.Modeling erosion processes on unpaved roads using KINEROS2[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(3):408-415
[21] Al-Qurashi,Aisha,McIntyre,et al.Application of the Kineros2 rainfall-runoff model to an arid catchment in Oman[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,355(1/4):91-105
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