Recurrent hardgrounds and their significance for intra-basinal correlations:a case study of upper Bathonian rocks from the western margin of the Indian craton
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摘要
A set of two to three prominent hardgrounds can be traced for more than 40 km from east to west within the Jurassic succession of the Jaisalmer Basin at the western margin of the Indian Craton. The hardgrounds started to form under subtidal conditions in a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic setting during the last phase of a transgressive systems tract, i.e. the maximum flooding zone. The age difference between the hardgrounds is very small, but they differ lithologically. Typically, the stratigraphically oldest hardground occurs at the top of a 1-m-thick calcareous sandstone. It is characterized by a spectacular megaripple surface encrusted with oysters and subsequently occasionally bored by bivalves. The hardground is overlain by 10–25 cm of biowackestone to biopackstone, at the top of which another hardground is developed. This second hardground is characterized by abundant bivalve(Gastrochaenolites isp.) and "worm" borings(Trypanites and Meandropolydora isp.) and occasional oyster encrustations. The third hardground can be found within the overlying 60-cm-thick, bioturbated, fossiliferous silty marly packstone. It shows common to abundant oyster encrustations and occasional borings together with reworked concretions. The individual hardground can be well recognized throughout the basin based on lithology and biotic components. The second hardground(biowackestone to biopackstone) with abundant bivalve and worm borings is most prominent and widespread. Lithostratigraphically, these three hardground surfaces belong to the uppermost part of the Bada Bag Member of the Jaisalmer Formation. Based on ammonites, such as Perisphinctes congener(Waagen), brachiopods, and corals, this interval of the Bada Bag Member has been assigned a late Bathonian age. The entire succession above the first hardground is bioturbated up to the overlying marly silt of the Kuldhar Member of the Jaisalmer Formation, which is already Callovian in age. The characteristic hardground lithologies, together with the ammonite record, allow long-distance correlations within the basin emphasizing their importance as valuable marker horizons. The biotic components associated with the hardgrounds and alternating sediments represent high diversity community relicts developed in shallow-water, open-marine environments.
A set of two to three prominent hardgrounds can be traced for more than 40 km from east to west within the Jurassic succession of the Jaisalmer Basin at the western margin of the Indian Craton. The hardgrounds started to form under subtidal conditions in a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic setting during the last phase of a transgressive systems tract, i.e. the maximum flooding zone. The age difference between the hardgrounds is very small, but they differ lithologically. Typically, the stratigraphically oldest hardground occurs at the top of a 1-m-thick calcareous sandstone. It is characterized by a spectacular megaripple surface encrusted with oysters and subsequently occasionally bored by bivalves. The hardground is overlain by 10–25 cm of biowackestone to biopackstone, at the top of which another hardground is developed. This second hardground is characterized by abundant bivalve(Gastrochaenolites isp.) and "worm" borings(Trypanites and Meandropolydora isp.) and occasional oyster encrustations. The third hardground can be found within the overlying 60-cm-thick, bioturbated, fossiliferous silty marly packstone. It shows common to abundant oyster encrustations and occasional borings together with reworked concretions. The individual hardground can be well recognized throughout the basin based on lithology and biotic components. The second hardground(biowackestone to biopackstone) with abundant bivalve and worm borings is most prominent and widespread. Lithostratigraphically, these three hardground surfaces belong to the uppermost part of the Bada Bag Member of the Jaisalmer Formation. Based on ammonites, such as Perisphinctes congener(Waagen), brachiopods, and corals, this interval of the Bada Bag Member has been assigned a late Bathonian age. The entire succession above the first hardground is bioturbated up to the overlying marly silt of the Kuldhar Member of the Jaisalmer Formation, which is already Callovian in age. The characteristic hardground lithologies, together with the ammonite record, allow long-distance correlations within the basin emphasizing their importance as valuable marker horizons. The biotic components associated with the hardgrounds and alternating sediments represent high diversity community relicts developed in shallow-water, open-marine environments.
A set of two to three prominent hardgrounds can be traced for more than 40 km from east to west within the Jurassic succession of the Jaisalmer Basin at the western margin of the Indian Craton. The hardgrounds started to form under subtidal conditions in a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic setting during the last phase of a transgressive systems tract, i.e. the maximum flooding zone. The age difference between the hardgrounds is very small, but they differ lithologically. Typically, the stratigraphically oldest hardground occurs at the top of a 1-m-thick calcareous sandstone. It is characterized by a spectacular megaripple surface encrusted with oysters and subsequently occasionally bored by bivalves. The hardground is overlain by 10–25 cm of biowackestone to biopackstone, at the top of which another hardground is developed. This second hardground is characterized by abundant bivalve(Gastrochaenolites isp.) and "worm" borings(Trypanites and Meandropolydora isp.) and occasional oyster encrustations. The third hardground can be found within the overlying 60-cm-thick, bioturbated, fossiliferous silty marly packstone. It shows common to abundant oyster encrustations and occasional borings together with reworked concretions. The individual hardground can be well recognized throughout the basin based on lithology and biotic components. The second hardground(biowackestone to biopackstone) with abundant bivalve and worm borings is most prominent and widespread. Lithostratigraphically, these three hardground surfaces belong to the uppermost part of the Bada Bag Member of the Jaisalmer Formation. Based on ammonites, such as Perisphinctes congener(Waagen), brachiopods, and corals, this interval of the Bada Bag Member has been assigned a late Bathonian age. The entire succession above the first hardground is bioturbated up to the overlying marly silt of the Kuldhar Member of the Jaisalmer Formation, which is already Callovian in age. The characteristic hardground lithologies, together with the ammonite record, allow long-distance correlations within the basin emphasizing their importance as valuable marker horizons. The biotic components associated with the hardgrounds and alternating sediments represent high diversity community relicts developed in shallow-water, open-marine environments.
引文
Alberti,M.,D.K.Pandey,J.K.Sharma,N.K.Swami,and A.Uchman.2017.Slumping in the upper Jurassic Baisakhi formation of the Jaisalmer Basin,western India:Sign of synsedimentary tectonics?Journal of Palaeogeography 6(4):321-332.
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Biswas,S.K.1977.Mesozoic rock-stratigraphy of Kutch,Gujarat.The Quarterly Journal of the Geological,Mining,and Metallurgical Society of India 49(3-4):1-51.
Biswas,S.K.1982.Rift basins in western margin of India and their hydrocarbon prospects with special reference to Kutch Basin.AAPG Bulletin 66(10):1497-1513.
Biswas,S.K.1991.Stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the Mesozoic basin of Kutch,western India.In Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of Western India,ed.S.K.Tandon,C.C.Panz,and S.M.Casshyap,74-103.Nainital:Gyanodaya Prakashan.
Callomon,J.H.1993.On Perisphinctes congener Waagen,1875,and the age of the Patcham limestone in the middle Jurassic of Jumara,Kutch,India.Geologische Bl?tter von NO Bayern 43:227-246.
Catuneanu,O.,W.E.Galloway,C.G.St.C.Kendall,A.D.Miall,H.W.Posamentier,A.Strasser,and M.E.Tucker.2011.Sequence stratigraphy:Methodology and nomenclature.Newsletters on Stratigraphy 44(3):173-245.
Das Gupta,S.K.1975.A revision of the Mesozoic-tertiary stratigraphy of the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan.Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 2:77-94.
Fürsich,F.T.1979.Genesis,environment and ecology of Jurassic hardgrounds.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal?ontologie,Abhandlungen 158:1-63.
Fürsich,F.T.1998.Environmental distribution of trace fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh(western India).Facies 39:243-272.
Fürsich,F.T.,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2013.Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Jurassic rocks of Kachchh-Field guide.Beringeria,Special Issue 7:1-174.
Fürsich,F.T.,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2017.Behavioural variants of the trace fossil Gyrochorte.Zitteliana 89:13-21.
Fürsich,F.T.,and W.Oschmann.1993.Shell beds as tools in basin analysis:The Jurassic of Kachchh.western India.Journal of the Geological Society,London150(1):169-185.
Fürsich,F.T.,W.Oschmann,A.K.Jaitly,and I.B.Singh.1991.Faunal response to transgressive-regressive cycles:Example from the Jurassic of western India.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 85(3-4):149-159.
Fürsich,F.T.,W.Oschmann,I.B.Singh,and A.K.Jaitly.1992.Hardgrounds,reworked concretion levels and condensed horizons in the Jurassic of western India:Their significance for basin analysis.Journal of the Geological Society,London 149(3):313-331.
Fürsich,F.T.,D.K.Pandey,J.H.Callomon,A.K.Jaitly,and I.B.Singh.2001.Marker beds in the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,western India:Their depositional environment and sequence-stratigraphic significance.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 46:173-198.
Fürsich,F.T.,I.B.Singh,M.Joachimski,S.Krumm,M.Schlirf,and S.Schlirf.2005.Palaeoclimate reconstructions of the middle Jurassic of Kachchh(western India):An integrated approach based on palaeoecological,oxygen isotopic,and clay mineralogical data.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 217(3-4):289-309.
Fürsich,F.T.,A.Uchman,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2018.Trace fossils of an amalgamated storm-bed succession from the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,India:The significance of time-averaging in ichnology.Journal of Palaeogeography 7(1):14-31.
Goldring,R.,and J.Kazmierczak.1974.Ecological succession in intraformational hardground formation.Palaeontology 17:949-962.
Gruszczy?ski,M.1979.Ecological succession in upper Jurassic hardgrounds from Central Poland.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 24(4):429-450.
Jain,S.2008.Integrated Jurassic biostratigraphy:A closer look at nannofossil and ammonite evidences from the Indian subcontinent.Current Science 95(3):326-331.
Kachhara,R.P.,and R.L.Jodhawat.1981.On the age of Jaisalmer formation,Rajasthan,India,235-247.In:Proceedings of IX Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy.Udaipur.
Kalia,P.,and S.Chowdhury.1983.Foraminiferal biostratigraphy,biogeography,and environment of the Callovian sequence,Rajasthan,northwestern India.Micropaleontology 29(3):223-254.
Krishna,J.1987.An overview of the Mesozoic stratigraphy of Kachchh and Jaisalmer basins.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 32:136-149.
Krishna,J.2017.The Indian Mesozoic chronicle:Sequence stratigraphic approach,181.Springer Singapore:Series springer geology.
Misra,P.C.,N.P.Singh,D.C.Sharma,A.K.Kakaroo,H.Upadhyay,and M.L.Saini.1993.Lithostratigraphy of Indian petroliferous basins,document I West Rajasthan Basins,1-123.KDMIPE:ONGC Publication.
Mukherjee,D.2009.Taxonomy,Succession and Biogeography of Middle-Upper Jurassic Brachiopods of Jaisalmer.Unpublished G.S.I report of F.S.2005-2007.In Geological survey of India.
Mukherjee,D.2010.New record of Plectoidothyris from the middle Jurassic sequence of Jaisalmer Basin,western India:Implications on the easterly brachiopod migrations.Journal of the Geological Society of India 76(3):267-274.
Mukherjee,D.2017.Brachiopod migration and palaeosea temperatures:A case study from the Jurassic of western India.Indian Journal of Geosciences 70 and71:269-276.
Palmer,T.J.,and F.T.Fürsich.1974.The ecology of a middle Jurassic hardground and crevice fauna.Palaeontology 17(3):507-524.
Palmer,T.J.,and M.A.Wilson.1990.Growth of ferruginous oncoliths in the Bajocian(middle Jurassic)of Europe.Terra Nova 2(2):142-147.
Palmer,T.J.,and M.A.Wilson.2004.Calcite precipitation and dissolution of biogenic aragonite in shallow Ordovician calcite seas.Lethaia 37(4):417-427.
Pandey,D.K.,and S.Choudhary.2007.Sequence stratigraphic framework of lower to lower middle Jurassic sediments of the Jaisalmer Basin,India.Beringeria37:121-131.
Pandey,D.K.,S.Choudhary,T.Bahadur,N.Swami,D.Poonia,and J.G.Sha.2012.Areview of the lower-lowermost upper Jurassic facies and stratigraphy of the Jaisalmer Basin,western Rajasthan,India.Volumina Jurassica 10(1):61-82.
Pandey,D.K.,and F.T.Fürsich.1994.Bajocian(mid Jurassic)age of the lower Jaisalmer formation of Rajasthan,western India.Newsletters on Stratigraphy30(2):75-81.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and M.Alberti.2014.Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Jurassic rocks of the Jaisalmer Basin:Field guild.Beringeria Special Issue 9:1-111.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and R.Baron-Szabo.2009a.Jurassic corals from the Jaisalmer Basin,western Rajasthan,India.Zitteliana A48/49:13-37.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and J.G.Sha.2009b.Interbasinal marker intervals-Acase study from the Jurassic basins of Kachchh and Jaisalmer,western India.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences 52(12):1924-1931.
Pandey,D.K.,and D.Pooniya.2015.Sequence stratigraphy of the Oxfordian to Tithonian sediments(Baisakhi formation)in the Jaisalmer Basin.Volumina Jurassica 13:65-76.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2006a.Depositional history of the early part of the Jurassic succession on the Rajasthan shelf,western India.Progress in Natural Science 16:176-185.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2006b.Depositional environments of Bathonian sediments from the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,western India.Progress in Natural Science 16:163-175.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2010.Sedimentary cycles in the Callovian-Oxfordian of the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,western India.Volumina Jurassica 8:131-162.
Pandey,D.K.,N.K.Swami,J.K.Sharma,and M.Alberti.2018.Callovian ammonites from a condensed horizon in the Kuldhar member of the northeastern Jaisalmer Basin(Rajasthan,India)and their biostratigraphic implications.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 63:37-52.
Paul,S.,T.K.Gangopadhyay,and U.Mal.2018.A study of bioerosion of belemnites and taphonomy of cephalopods from Kuldhar member of Jurassic Jaisalmer formation from Jaisalmer,Rajasthan.Journal of the Geological Society of India 91(6):687-694.
Prasad,S.2006.Ammonite biostratigraphy of middle to late Jurassic rocks of Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,India.Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India52:1-146.
Prasad,S.,R.L.Jain,and M.S.Srivastava.2007.Record of middle Jurassic(Bathonian)ammonite genus Clydoniceras Blake from Jaisalmer Basin.western Rajasthan.Journal of the Geological Society of India 69:53-56.
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Biswas,S.K.1971.Note on the geology of Kutch.The Quarterly Journal of the Geological,Mining,and Metallurgical Society of India 43:223-235.
Biswas,S.K.1977.Mesozoic rock-stratigraphy of Kutch,Gujarat.The Quarterly Journal of the Geological,Mining,and Metallurgical Society of India 49(3-4):1-51.
Biswas,S.K.1982.Rift basins in western margin of India and their hydrocarbon prospects with special reference to Kutch Basin.AAPG Bulletin 66(10):1497-1513.
Biswas,S.K.1991.Stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the Mesozoic basin of Kutch,western India.In Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of Western India,ed.S.K.Tandon,C.C.Panz,and S.M.Casshyap,74-103.Nainital:Gyanodaya Prakashan.
Callomon,J.H.1993.On Perisphinctes congener Waagen,1875,and the age of the Patcham limestone in the middle Jurassic of Jumara,Kutch,India.Geologische Bl?tter von NO Bayern 43:227-246.
Catuneanu,O.,W.E.Galloway,C.G.St.C.Kendall,A.D.Miall,H.W.Posamentier,A.Strasser,and M.E.Tucker.2011.Sequence stratigraphy:Methodology and nomenclature.Newsletters on Stratigraphy 44(3):173-245.
Das Gupta,S.K.1975.A revision of the Mesozoic-tertiary stratigraphy of the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan.Indian Journal of Earth Sciences 2:77-94.
Fürsich,F.T.1979.Genesis,environment and ecology of Jurassic hardgrounds.Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Pal?ontologie,Abhandlungen 158:1-63.
Fürsich,F.T.1998.Environmental distribution of trace fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh(western India).Facies 39:243-272.
Fürsich,F.T.,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2013.Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Jurassic rocks of Kachchh-Field guide.Beringeria,Special Issue 7:1-174.
Fürsich,F.T.,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2017.Behavioural variants of the trace fossil Gyrochorte.Zitteliana 89:13-21.
Fürsich,F.T.,and W.Oschmann.1993.Shell beds as tools in basin analysis:The Jurassic of Kachchh.western India.Journal of the Geological Society,London150(1):169-185.
Fürsich,F.T.,W.Oschmann,A.K.Jaitly,and I.B.Singh.1991.Faunal response to transgressive-regressive cycles:Example from the Jurassic of western India.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 85(3-4):149-159.
Fürsich,F.T.,W.Oschmann,I.B.Singh,and A.K.Jaitly.1992.Hardgrounds,reworked concretion levels and condensed horizons in the Jurassic of western India:Their significance for basin analysis.Journal of the Geological Society,London 149(3):313-331.
Fürsich,F.T.,D.K.Pandey,J.H.Callomon,A.K.Jaitly,and I.B.Singh.2001.Marker beds in the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,western India:Their depositional environment and sequence-stratigraphic significance.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 46:173-198.
Fürsich,F.T.,I.B.Singh,M.Joachimski,S.Krumm,M.Schlirf,and S.Schlirf.2005.Palaeoclimate reconstructions of the middle Jurassic of Kachchh(western India):An integrated approach based on palaeoecological,oxygen isotopic,and clay mineralogical data.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology 217(3-4):289-309.
Fürsich,F.T.,A.Uchman,M.Alberti,and D.K.Pandey.2018.Trace fossils of an amalgamated storm-bed succession from the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,India:The significance of time-averaging in ichnology.Journal of Palaeogeography 7(1):14-31.
Goldring,R.,and J.Kazmierczak.1974.Ecological succession in intraformational hardground formation.Palaeontology 17:949-962.
Gruszczy?ski,M.1979.Ecological succession in upper Jurassic hardgrounds from Central Poland.Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 24(4):429-450.
Jain,S.2008.Integrated Jurassic biostratigraphy:A closer look at nannofossil and ammonite evidences from the Indian subcontinent.Current Science 95(3):326-331.
Kachhara,R.P.,and R.L.Jodhawat.1981.On the age of Jaisalmer formation,Rajasthan,India,235-247.In:Proceedings of IX Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy.Udaipur.
Kalia,P.,and S.Chowdhury.1983.Foraminiferal biostratigraphy,biogeography,and environment of the Callovian sequence,Rajasthan,northwestern India.Micropaleontology 29(3):223-254.
Krishna,J.1987.An overview of the Mesozoic stratigraphy of Kachchh and Jaisalmer basins.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 32:136-149.
Krishna,J.2017.The Indian Mesozoic chronicle:Sequence stratigraphic approach,181.Springer Singapore:Series springer geology.
Misra,P.C.,N.P.Singh,D.C.Sharma,A.K.Kakaroo,H.Upadhyay,and M.L.Saini.1993.Lithostratigraphy of Indian petroliferous basins,document I West Rajasthan Basins,1-123.KDMIPE:ONGC Publication.
Mukherjee,D.2009.Taxonomy,Succession and Biogeography of Middle-Upper Jurassic Brachiopods of Jaisalmer.Unpublished G.S.I report of F.S.2005-2007.In Geological survey of India.
Mukherjee,D.2010.New record of Plectoidothyris from the middle Jurassic sequence of Jaisalmer Basin,western India:Implications on the easterly brachiopod migrations.Journal of the Geological Society of India 76(3):267-274.
Mukherjee,D.2017.Brachiopod migration and palaeosea temperatures:A case study from the Jurassic of western India.Indian Journal of Geosciences 70 and71:269-276.
Palmer,T.J.,and F.T.Fürsich.1974.The ecology of a middle Jurassic hardground and crevice fauna.Palaeontology 17(3):507-524.
Palmer,T.J.,and M.A.Wilson.1990.Growth of ferruginous oncoliths in the Bajocian(middle Jurassic)of Europe.Terra Nova 2(2):142-147.
Palmer,T.J.,and M.A.Wilson.2004.Calcite precipitation and dissolution of biogenic aragonite in shallow Ordovician calcite seas.Lethaia 37(4):417-427.
Pandey,D.K.,and S.Choudhary.2007.Sequence stratigraphic framework of lower to lower middle Jurassic sediments of the Jaisalmer Basin,India.Beringeria37:121-131.
Pandey,D.K.,S.Choudhary,T.Bahadur,N.Swami,D.Poonia,and J.G.Sha.2012.Areview of the lower-lowermost upper Jurassic facies and stratigraphy of the Jaisalmer Basin,western Rajasthan,India.Volumina Jurassica 10(1):61-82.
Pandey,D.K.,and F.T.Fürsich.1994.Bajocian(mid Jurassic)age of the lower Jaisalmer formation of Rajasthan,western India.Newsletters on Stratigraphy30(2):75-81.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and M.Alberti.2014.Stratigraphy and Palaeoenvironments of the Jurassic rocks of the Jaisalmer Basin:Field guild.Beringeria Special Issue 9:1-111.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and R.Baron-Szabo.2009a.Jurassic corals from the Jaisalmer Basin,western Rajasthan,India.Zitteliana A48/49:13-37.
Pandey,D.K.,F.T.Fürsich,and J.G.Sha.2009b.Interbasinal marker intervals-Acase study from the Jurassic basins of Kachchh and Jaisalmer,western India.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences 52(12):1924-1931.
Pandey,D.K.,and D.Pooniya.2015.Sequence stratigraphy of the Oxfordian to Tithonian sediments(Baisakhi formation)in the Jaisalmer Basin.Volumina Jurassica 13:65-76.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2006a.Depositional history of the early part of the Jurassic succession on the Rajasthan shelf,western India.Progress in Natural Science 16:176-185.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2006b.Depositional environments of Bathonian sediments from the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,western India.Progress in Natural Science 16:163-175.
Pandey,D.K.,J.G.Sha,and S.Choudhary.2010.Sedimentary cycles in the Callovian-Oxfordian of the Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,western India.Volumina Jurassica 8:131-162.
Pandey,D.K.,N.K.Swami,J.K.Sharma,and M.Alberti.2018.Callovian ammonites from a condensed horizon in the Kuldhar member of the northeastern Jaisalmer Basin(Rajasthan,India)and their biostratigraphic implications.Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 63:37-52.
Paul,S.,T.K.Gangopadhyay,and U.Mal.2018.A study of bioerosion of belemnites and taphonomy of cephalopods from Kuldhar member of Jurassic Jaisalmer formation from Jaisalmer,Rajasthan.Journal of the Geological Society of India 91(6):687-694.
Prasad,S.2006.Ammonite biostratigraphy of middle to late Jurassic rocks of Jaisalmer Basin,Rajasthan,India.Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India52:1-146.
Prasad,S.,R.L.Jain,and M.S.Srivastava.2007.Record of middle Jurassic(Bathonian)ammonite genus Clydoniceras Blake from Jaisalmer Basin.western Rajasthan.Journal of the Geological Society of India 69:53-56.
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