贡嘎山东北坡地表水地球化学特征及影响因素
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摘要
【目的】阐明高山地区地表水水化学特征是理解高山地区元素地球化学循环及其对下游水安全影响的基础。【方法】在贡嘎山东北坡采集了27个地表水样和2个积雪样品,采用Gibbs、阴阳离子三角图、元素比值以及主成分分析法,以揭示该地区地表水地球化学特征及控制因素。【结果】研究发现,贡嘎山东北坡地表水水化学类型为Ca-HCO_(3-),总溶解固体(TDS)平均含量为50.2 mg/L,低于其下游的大渡河和长江,表明该地区风化程度较低。尽管该地区基岩以花岗岩为主,但硅酸盐岩风化对水体离子的贡献相对较少,水体主离子组成主要受碳酸盐岩风化的控制。此外,研究还发现高海拔地区降水对水化学特征也有一定的影响。【结论】在风化程度较低的高山地区,碳酸盐岩风化对当地水化学特征具有决定性的影响。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate biogeochemical cycling of elements in high mountain areas and its impact on waters in downstream areas. It is necessary to clarify hydrochemistry of surface waters in the high mountain areas.【Method】Twenty-seven water and two snow samples were collected in the northeast slope of Mt. Gongga. These samples were measured and ana-lyzed using Gibbs,triangular diagrams of anions and cations and element ratios.【Result】The hydrochemical type was Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~- in the study area. The average TDS was 50.2 mg/L,which was lower than those in Dadu River and Yangtze River,suggesting a weak weathering intensity in this area. Although the bedrocks were dominated by granite,the anions and cations in the waters were mainly derived from carbonate weathering rather than silicates. Moreover,precipitation was found to has a certain effect on the water hydrochemistry.【Conclusion】These results indicate that the weathering of carbonates plays a key role in hydrochemistry of surface waters in the high mountain areas where the weathering intensity is weak.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate biogeochemical cycling of elements in high mountain areas and its impact on waters in downstream areas. It is necessary to clarify hydrochemistry of surface waters in the high mountain areas.【Method】Twenty-seven water and two snow samples were collected in the northeast slope of Mt. Gongga. These samples were measured and ana-lyzed using Gibbs,triangular diagrams of anions and cations and element ratios.【Result】The hydrochemical type was Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~- in the study area. The average TDS was 50.2 mg/L,which was lower than those in Dadu River and Yangtze River,suggesting a weak weathering intensity in this area. Although the bedrocks were dominated by granite,the anions and cations in the waters were mainly derived from carbonate weathering rather than silicates. Moreover,precipitation was found to has a certain effect on the water hydrochemistry.【Conclusion】These results indicate that the weathering of carbonates plays a key role in hydrochemistry of surface waters in the high mountain areas where the weathering intensity is weak.
引文
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[12]吕玉香，王根绪.1990-2007年贡嘎山海螺沟径流变化对气候变化的响应[J].冰川冻土，2008,30(6):960-966.
[13]周俊，吴艳宏.贡嘎山海螺沟水化学主离子特征及其控制因素[J].山地学报，2012,30(3):378-384.
[14]秦建华，冉敬，杜谷.青藏高原东部长江流域盆地陆地化学风化研究[J].沉积与特提斯地质，2007,27(4):1-6.
[15]陈静生，王飞越，夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘，2006,13(1):74-85.
[16]GIBBS R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3962):1088-1090.
[17]GAILLARDET J,DUPRE B,LOUVAT P,et al.Global silicate weathering and CO2consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers[J].Chemical Geology,1999,159(1/4):3-30.
[18]SARIN M M,KRISHNASWAMI S,DILLI K,et al.Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system-weathering processes and fluxes to the bay of Benga[lJ].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(5):997-1009.
[19]蒋浩，徐志方，赵童，等.青藏高原流域岩石风化速率及其控制机制：以贡嘎山地区典型地质背景小流域研究为例[J].第四纪研究，2018,38(1):278-286.
[20]JACOBSON A D,BLUM J D,CHAMBERLAIN C P,et al.Ca/Sr and Sr isotope systematics of a Himalayan glacial chronosequence：carbonate versus silicate weathering rates as a function of landscape surface age[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(1）：13-27.
[21]HOSEIN R,ARN K,STEINMANN P,et al.Carbonate and silicate weathering in two presently glaciated,crystalline catchments in the Swiss Alps[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004，68(5):1021-103.
[2]HU M H,STALLARD R F,EDMOND J M.Major ion chemistry of some large Chinese rivers[J].Nature,1982,298(5874):550-553.
[3]王亚平，王岚，许春雪，等.长江水系水文地球化学特征及主要离子的化学成因[J].地质通报，2010,29(2/3):446-456.
[4]王雨山，程旭学，张梦南，等.黄河流域马莲河枯水期水化学特征及形成机制[J].环境化学，2018,37(1):164-172.
[5]何姜毅，张东，赵志琦.黄河流域河水水化学组成的时间和空间变化特征[J].生态学杂志，2017,36(5):1390-1401.
[6]赵志琦，张东，李晓东，等.西南三江（金沙江，澜沧江和怒江）流域化学风化过程[J].生态学杂志，2015,34(8):2297-2308.
[7]MEYBECK M.Global chemical-weathering of surficial rocks estimated from river dissolved loads[J].American Journal of Science,1987,287(5):401-428.
[8]何德伟，马东涛，黄海，等.贡嘎山旅游景区泥石流灾害及减灾对策[J].水土保持通报，2008,28(1):140-144.
[9]宋志，李宗亮，巴仁基，等.贡嘎山东坡雅家埂河特大型泥石流动力学特征[J].地球科学与环境学报，2010,32(4):416-419.
[10]姚永慧，张百平，韩芳，等.横断山区垂直带谱的分布模式与坡向效应[J].山地学报，2010,28(1):11-20.
[11]钟祥浩，张文敬，罗辑.贡嘎山地区山地生态系统与环境特征[J].人类学杂志，1999,28(8):648-654.
[12]吕玉香，王根绪.1990-2007年贡嘎山海螺沟径流变化对气候变化的响应[J].冰川冻土，2008,30(6):960-966.
[13]周俊，吴艳宏.贡嘎山海螺沟水化学主离子特征及其控制因素[J].山地学报，2012,30(3):378-384.
[14]秦建华，冉敬，杜谷.青藏高原东部长江流域盆地陆地化学风化研究[J].沉积与特提斯地质，2007,27(4):1-6.
[15]陈静生，王飞越，夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘，2006,13(1):74-85.
[16]GIBBS R J.Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry[J].Science,1970,170(3962):1088-1090.
[17]GAILLARDET J,DUPRE B,LOUVAT P,et al.Global silicate weathering and CO2consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers[J].Chemical Geology,1999,159(1/4):3-30.
[18]SARIN M M,KRISHNASWAMI S,DILLI K,et al.Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra river system-weathering processes and fluxes to the bay of Benga[lJ].Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,1989,53(5):997-1009.
[19]蒋浩，徐志方，赵童，等.青藏高原流域岩石风化速率及其控制机制：以贡嘎山地区典型地质背景小流域研究为例[J].第四纪研究，2018,38(1):278-286.
[20]JACOBSON A D,BLUM J D,CHAMBERLAIN C P,et al.Ca/Sr and Sr isotope systematics of a Himalayan glacial chronosequence：carbonate versus silicate weathering rates as a function of landscape surface age[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2002,66(1）：13-27.
[21]HOSEIN R,ARN K,STEINMANN P,et al.Carbonate and silicate weathering in two presently glaciated,crystalline catchments in the Swiss Alps[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004，68(5):1021-103.
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