1992-2017年基于荟萃分析的中国耕地撂荒时空特征
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摘要
当前耕地撂荒已成为一种日益普遍的土地利用变化现象,对粮食安全和生态环境具有重要影响。为揭示1992-2017年中国耕地撂荒的时空特征及驱动机制,采用集成分析的思路,对县(市)域尺度撂荒的研究成果进行了汇总梳理,从中提取撂荒时间、位置、规模(程度)、成因等信息,并进行了荟萃分析。结果发现:1992-2017年全国范围内有撂荒记录的县(市)共165个,主要分布于南方,集中分布区呈逆时针旋转90°的"T"字型,纵轴自北至南贯穿甘肃东南部、四川东部、重庆境内,直至贵州西部和云南北部;横轴位于长江中下游地区,自西向东贯穿湖北、湖南、安徽、江西。其中,湖南、四川、安徽有撂荒记录的县(市)数量较多,分别为24个、23个、21个,其次是湖北、重庆、福建、甘肃、云南,均超过10个。"T"字型结构的形成经历两个阶段,大致以2010年为界,此前有撂荒记录的县(市)为102个,集中分布于沿长江中下游的东西向带状区域,形成横轴;此后新增63个县(市),集中分布于自甘肃东南部至贵州西部和云南北部地区的南北向带状区域,形成纵轴。撂荒格局的形成过程与区域经济发展和产业结构调整背景下的农业劳动力析出基本同步。农业收益低和劳动力不足分别是86%和78%的县(市)撂荒形成的共性因素。
Cropland abandonment has increasingly occurred in China, which potentially affects national food and ecological security. This study collected existing publications focusing on cropland abandonment. Then, we extracted the key characteristics of cropland abandonment events, including time, location, magnitude, and driving force. The meta-analysis was carried out on these items to disclose the spatio-temporal pattern and main drivers of cropland abandonment in China in the last three decades. We found that there were a total of 163 counties in which cropland abandonment occurred according to the existing literature. These counties were mostly located in southern China and, in particular, exhibited a pattern of a Tshape on 90 degree anticlockwise rotation. The vertical axis exhibited a north-south belt across southeastern Gansu Province, eastern Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Guizhou Province, and northern Yunnan Province. The horizontal axis exhibited a west-east belt along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River across southern Hubei Province, northern Hunan Province, and central to southern Anhui Province. In the provinces of Hunan, Sichuan,and Anhui, cropland abandonment can be found in 24, 23, and 21 counties, respectively; in Hubei, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, and Yunnan provincial-level areas, there are more than 10 counties with cropland abandonment. The formation of the"T"structure underwent two stages.Before 2010, there were 102 counties with cropland abandonment that mainly existed along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River, where the horizontal axis occurred. Since 2010,there have been 63 counties with cropland abandonment, mostly existing in the north-south belt from southeastern Gansu to northern Guizhou, where the vertical axis occurred. The spatiotemporal patterns of cropland abandonment events matched well with the labor emigration from agriculture in the context of regional economic development and industrial restructuring.The low economic efficiency of agriculture and the shortage of agricultural labor are two common drivers leading to cropland abandonment in 86% and 78% of counties, respectively.
Cropland abandonment has increasingly occurred in China, which potentially affects national food and ecological security. This study collected existing publications focusing on cropland abandonment. Then, we extracted the key characteristics of cropland abandonment events, including time, location, magnitude, and driving force. The meta-analysis was carried out on these items to disclose the spatio-temporal pattern and main drivers of cropland abandonment in China in the last three decades. We found that there were a total of 163 counties in which cropland abandonment occurred according to the existing literature. These counties were mostly located in southern China and, in particular, exhibited a pattern of a Tshape on 90 degree anticlockwise rotation. The vertical axis exhibited a north-south belt across southeastern Gansu Province, eastern Sichuan Province, Chongqing, western Guizhou Province, and northern Yunnan Province. The horizontal axis exhibited a west-east belt along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River across southern Hubei Province, northern Hunan Province, and central to southern Anhui Province. In the provinces of Hunan, Sichuan,and Anhui, cropland abandonment can be found in 24, 23, and 21 counties, respectively; in Hubei, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, and Yunnan provincial-level areas, there are more than 10 counties with cropland abandonment. The formation of the"T"structure underwent two stages.Before 2010, there were 102 counties with cropland abandonment that mainly existed along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River, where the horizontal axis occurred. Since 2010,there have been 63 counties with cropland abandonment, mostly existing in the north-south belt from southeastern Gansu to northern Guizhou, where the vertical axis occurred. The spatiotemporal patterns of cropland abandonment events matched well with the labor emigration from agriculture in the context of regional economic development and industrial restructuring.The low economic efficiency of agriculture and the shortage of agricultural labor are two common drivers leading to cropland abandonment in 86% and 78% of counties, respectively.
引文
[1]Dong J,Liu J,Yan H,et al.Spatio-temporal pattern and rationality of land reclamation and cropland abandonment in mid-eastern Inner Mongolia of China in 1990-2005.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011,179:137-153.
[2]Li Shengfa,Li Xiubin.Progress and prospect on farmland abandonment.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(3):370-389.[李升发,李秀彬.耕地撂荒研究进展与展望.地理学报,2016,71(3):370-389.]
[3]Yan J,Yang Z,Li Z,et al.Drivers of cropland abandonment in mountainous areas:A household decision model on farming scale in Southwest China.Land Use Policy,2016,57:459-469.
[4]Shao Jingan,Zhang Shichao,Li Xiubin.The role of rural farmland transfer in preventing farmland abandonment in the mountainous areas.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):636-649.[邵景安,张仕超,李秀彬.山区土地流转对缓解耕地撂荒的作用.地理学报,2015,70(4):636-649.]
[5]Ding Guangping,Liu Chengwu,Huang Limin.A theoretical analysis and empirical research of marginalization of agricultural land in hilly-mountainous area under farmer-benefiting policy:A case study of Tongcheng County in Hubei Province.Geographical Research,2009,28(1):109-117.[定光平,刘成武,黄利民.惠农政策下丘陵山区弄地边际化的理论分析与实证:以湖北省通城县为例.地理研究,2009,28(1):109-117.]
[6]Yu Z,Liu L,Zhang H,et al.Exploring the factors driving seasonal farmland abandonment:A case study at the regional level in Hunan Province,Central China.Sustainability,2017,9(2):1-18.
[7]Li Zanhong,Yan Jianzhong,Hua Xiaobo,et al.Factors influencing the cultivated land abandonment of households of different types:A case study of 12 typical villages in Chongqing Municipality.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):721-734.[李赞红,阎建忠,花晓波,等.不同类型农户撂荒及其影响因素研究:以重庆市12个典型村为例.地理研究,2014,33(4):721-734.]
[8]Zhang Z,Li Q,Liu G,et al.Soil resistance to concentrated flow and sediment yields following cropland abandonment on the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(6):1662-1671.
[9]Wertebach T M,H?lzel N,K?mpf I,et al.Soil carbon sequestration due to post-Soviet cropland abandonment:Estimates from a large-scale soil organic carbon field inventory.Global Change Biology,2017,23(9):3729.
[10]Li S,Li X.Global understanding of farmland abandonment:A review and prospects.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2017,27(9):1123-1150.
[11]Sang Guangshu,Ou Yuting,Chen Ye.Analysis of cultivated land abandonment in non-agricultural economic developed areas of Zhejiang province:A case study of low pond street in Yuyao city.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2007(5):1459-1463.[桑广书,欧玉婷,陈烨.浙江非农经济发达地区耕地撂荒问题分析:以余姚市低塘街道为例.安徽农业科学,2007(5):1459-1463.]
[12]Xiong Xiangqiang,Shen Yan,Liao Heping.Investigation and analysis on the problem of rural land abandonment:Acase study of Sanhui town,Zhongxian county,Chongqing.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2006,34(11):2536-2538.[熊祥强,沈燕,廖和平.农村土地抛荒问题的调查与分析:以重庆市忠县三汇镇为例.安徽农业科学,2006,34(11):2536-2538.]
[13]Zheng Caigui,Qiu Daochi,Ye Gongqiang,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of abandoned land based on GISspatial analysis:A case study of Bishan county,Dalu town.Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(3):31-36.[郑财贵,邱道持,叶公强,等.基于GIS空间分析的撂荒地空间分布特征研究:以重庆市璧山县大路镇为例.农机化研究,2010,32(3):31-36.]
[14]Zhang Y,Li X,Song W.Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel,household and village levels in mountain areas of China:A multi-level analysis.Land Use Policy,2014,41:186-192.
[15]Zhang Y,Li X,Song W,et al.Land abandonment under rural restructuring in China explained from a cost-benefit perspective.Journal of Rural Studies,2016,47:524-532.
[16]Xue Baoquan.Causes analysis and countermeasures of rural farmland abandonment in Hantai District of Hanzhong City.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2017,45(27):243-250.[薛宝全.汉中市汉台区农村耕地撂荒成因分析及对策.安徽农业科学,2017,45(27):243-250.]
[17]Xu Hongfu.Present situation and countermeasures of rural cultivated land abandonment in Xiushan County.Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(9):345-346.[许洪富.秀山县农村耕地撂荒现状及对策.现代农业科技,2016(9):345-346.]
[18]Li Shengfa,Li Xiubin,Xin Liangjie,et al.Extent and distribution of cropland abandonment in Chinese mountainous areas.Resources Science,2017,39(10):1801-1811.[李升发,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.中国山区耕地撂荒程度及空间分布:基于全国山区抽样调查结果.资源科学,2017,39(10):1801-1811.]
[19]Guo L B,Gifford R M.Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis.Global Change Biology,2002,8:345-360.
[20]Seto K C,Fragkias M,Güneralp B,et al.A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion.Plos One,2011,6(8):e23777.
[21]Ge Q,Wang H,Rutishauser T,et al.Phenological response to climate change in China:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2015,21:265-274.
[22]Zeng Deping.Containment of abandoned land and realize the harmonious development of agriculture.Science and Technology Consulting Herald,2007,29(208):191-192.[曾德平.遏制农地撂荒实现农业和谐发展.科技咨询导报,2007,29(208):191-192.]
[23]Cheng Fengxiang.Investigation and thinking on abandoned farmland in Wusheng County.Science and Technology of Sichuan Agriculture,2008(8):21-22.[程凤翔.对武胜县耕地撂荒的调查与思考.四川农业科技,2008(8):21-22.]
[24]Lu Deyin.Investigation and thinking about the abandonment of arable land.Rural Economy,2002(4):14-16.[鲁德银.耕地撂荒的调查与思考.农村经济,2002(4):14-16.]
[25]Li Xiubin,Zhao Yuluan.Forest transition,agricultural land marginalization and ecological restoration.China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(10):91-95.[李秀彬,赵宇鸾.森林转型、农地边际化与生态恢复.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(10):91-95.]
[2]Li Shengfa,Li Xiubin.Progress and prospect on farmland abandonment.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(3):370-389.[李升发,李秀彬.耕地撂荒研究进展与展望.地理学报,2016,71(3):370-389.]
[3]Yan J,Yang Z,Li Z,et al.Drivers of cropland abandonment in mountainous areas:A household decision model on farming scale in Southwest China.Land Use Policy,2016,57:459-469.
[4]Shao Jingan,Zhang Shichao,Li Xiubin.The role of rural farmland transfer in preventing farmland abandonment in the mountainous areas.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):636-649.[邵景安,张仕超,李秀彬.山区土地流转对缓解耕地撂荒的作用.地理学报,2015,70(4):636-649.]
[5]Ding Guangping,Liu Chengwu,Huang Limin.A theoretical analysis and empirical research of marginalization of agricultural land in hilly-mountainous area under farmer-benefiting policy:A case study of Tongcheng County in Hubei Province.Geographical Research,2009,28(1):109-117.[定光平,刘成武,黄利民.惠农政策下丘陵山区弄地边际化的理论分析与实证:以湖北省通城县为例.地理研究,2009,28(1):109-117.]
[6]Yu Z,Liu L,Zhang H,et al.Exploring the factors driving seasonal farmland abandonment:A case study at the regional level in Hunan Province,Central China.Sustainability,2017,9(2):1-18.
[7]Li Zanhong,Yan Jianzhong,Hua Xiaobo,et al.Factors influencing the cultivated land abandonment of households of different types:A case study of 12 typical villages in Chongqing Municipality.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):721-734.[李赞红,阎建忠,花晓波,等.不同类型农户撂荒及其影响因素研究:以重庆市12个典型村为例.地理研究,2014,33(4):721-734.]
[8]Zhang Z,Li Q,Liu G,et al.Soil resistance to concentrated flow and sediment yields following cropland abandonment on the Loess Plateau,China.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2017,17(6):1662-1671.
[9]Wertebach T M,H?lzel N,K?mpf I,et al.Soil carbon sequestration due to post-Soviet cropland abandonment:Estimates from a large-scale soil organic carbon field inventory.Global Change Biology,2017,23(9):3729.
[10]Li S,Li X.Global understanding of farmland abandonment:A review and prospects.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2017,27(9):1123-1150.
[11]Sang Guangshu,Ou Yuting,Chen Ye.Analysis of cultivated land abandonment in non-agricultural economic developed areas of Zhejiang province:A case study of low pond street in Yuyao city.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2007(5):1459-1463.[桑广书,欧玉婷,陈烨.浙江非农经济发达地区耕地撂荒问题分析:以余姚市低塘街道为例.安徽农业科学,2007(5):1459-1463.]
[12]Xiong Xiangqiang,Shen Yan,Liao Heping.Investigation and analysis on the problem of rural land abandonment:Acase study of Sanhui town,Zhongxian county,Chongqing.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2006,34(11):2536-2538.[熊祥强,沈燕,廖和平.农村土地抛荒问题的调查与分析:以重庆市忠县三汇镇为例.安徽农业科学,2006,34(11):2536-2538.]
[13]Zheng Caigui,Qiu Daochi,Ye Gongqiang,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of abandoned land based on GISspatial analysis:A case study of Bishan county,Dalu town.Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(3):31-36.[郑财贵,邱道持,叶公强,等.基于GIS空间分析的撂荒地空间分布特征研究:以重庆市璧山县大路镇为例.农机化研究,2010,32(3):31-36.]
[14]Zhang Y,Li X,Song W.Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel,household and village levels in mountain areas of China:A multi-level analysis.Land Use Policy,2014,41:186-192.
[15]Zhang Y,Li X,Song W,et al.Land abandonment under rural restructuring in China explained from a cost-benefit perspective.Journal of Rural Studies,2016,47:524-532.
[16]Xue Baoquan.Causes analysis and countermeasures of rural farmland abandonment in Hantai District of Hanzhong City.Journal of Anhui Agriculture,2017,45(27):243-250.[薛宝全.汉中市汉台区农村耕地撂荒成因分析及对策.安徽农业科学,2017,45(27):243-250.]
[17]Xu Hongfu.Present situation and countermeasures of rural cultivated land abandonment in Xiushan County.Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(9):345-346.[许洪富.秀山县农村耕地撂荒现状及对策.现代农业科技,2016(9):345-346.]
[18]Li Shengfa,Li Xiubin,Xin Liangjie,et al.Extent and distribution of cropland abandonment in Chinese mountainous areas.Resources Science,2017,39(10):1801-1811.[李升发,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.中国山区耕地撂荒程度及空间分布:基于全国山区抽样调查结果.资源科学,2017,39(10):1801-1811.]
[19]Guo L B,Gifford R M.Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis.Global Change Biology,2002,8:345-360.
[20]Seto K C,Fragkias M,Güneralp B,et al.A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion.Plos One,2011,6(8):e23777.
[21]Ge Q,Wang H,Rutishauser T,et al.Phenological response to climate change in China:A meta-analysis.Global Change Biology,2015,21:265-274.
[22]Zeng Deping.Containment of abandoned land and realize the harmonious development of agriculture.Science and Technology Consulting Herald,2007,29(208):191-192.[曾德平.遏制农地撂荒实现农业和谐发展.科技咨询导报,2007,29(208):191-192.]
[23]Cheng Fengxiang.Investigation and thinking on abandoned farmland in Wusheng County.Science and Technology of Sichuan Agriculture,2008(8):21-22.[程凤翔.对武胜县耕地撂荒的调查与思考.四川农业科技,2008(8):21-22.]
[24]Lu Deyin.Investigation and thinking about the abandonment of arable land.Rural Economy,2002(4):14-16.[鲁德银.耕地撂荒的调查与思考.农村经济,2002(4):14-16.]
[25]Li Xiubin,Zhao Yuluan.Forest transition,agricultural land marginalization and ecological restoration.China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(10):91-95.[李秀彬,赵宇鸾.森林转型、农地边际化与生态恢复.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(10):91-95.]
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