近距煤层高效保水开采理论与方法
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摘要
地下煤炭资源开采极易导致珍贵的浅表水资源流失,从而造成地表植被死亡和生态系统失衡。为保护维系西部矿区生态环境的浅表层水(河流湖泊水和第四系砂层潜水),尤其是为保护地下潜水(生态)水位,基于前期已取得的浅埋单一煤层保水开采理论成果和岩层控制工程经验,提出保(生态)水位和突水防治一体化的近距煤层水资源保护性采煤构想。以"高效保水采煤"为目标,针对近距煤层与极近距浅表水下开采条件,研究解决反复开采扰动区区域覆岩导水裂隙协同控制、极薄阻隔层低损伤控制,以及采掘面涌(突)水灾害监测预警等技术难题。提出长壁保水采煤方法、壁式连采连充保水采煤方法和采掘面突水红外监测辐射预警方法,实现近距煤层安全高效保水采煤,具体包括近距煤层岩层控制、采动覆岩导水裂隙带高度计算、隔水层变形计算和承载煤岩红外辐射响应等理论和特征,以及反复开采扰动区域导水裂隙控制、充填体主动接顶和"采-支-运"快速作业等技术。最终确定了保水开采薄弱区,形成基于水资源保护的浅埋近距煤层工作面优化布置、采煤方法配置与水资源运移监测的高效采煤理论与方法体系。研究成果已在陕北与华北等矿区进行了保水采煤实践,为实现我国煤炭资源的绿色化开采提供支撑。
The exploitation of underground coal resources can easily lead to the loss of precious shallow water resources,which leads to the death of surface vegetation and the imbalance of ecosystem.To protect the shallow water resources( river,lake and diving of quaternary sand aquifer),which maintains the ecological environment of the western mining area,especially to protect the underground diving( ecological) water level,the concept of water conservation mining in short-distance coal seams was put forward based on the previous theoretical achievements of water conservation mining in shallow single coal seam and the experience of rock control engineering.The concept integrated the protection of ecological water level,and the prevention and control of water inrush.In order to achieve an efficient water conservation mining under the mining conditions of short-distance coal seams and extremely short-distance shallow water resources,this paper studied the technical problems,such as the collaborative control of strata water-conducting fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the low-damage control of ultra-thin barrier layers and the monitoring and warning of water inrush( outburst) on mining surface.The study presented the long wall water conservation mining method,the water conservation mining under continuous mining and filling with wall system and the infrared monitoring and warning methods for water inrush in working face to realize the safe and efficient mining.More specifically,the methods included the strata control of short-distance coal seams,the calculation of the height of water-conduct fractures,the deformation calculation of aquicludes,the infrared radiation theories of loaded coal and rock,the control of water diversion fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the filling body actively connected to the roof and the rapid operation technology among mining,supporting and transportation.Meanwhile,the weak areas of water conservation mining were determined.Based on water resource protection,the optimized working face layout of shallow buried and short-distance coal seams,mining method allocation and water resource movement monitoring,an efficient mining theory was formed.The achievements have been achieved in the practice of water conservation mining in north Shaanxi and north China,which provides supports for green mining in China.
The exploitation of underground coal resources can easily lead to the loss of precious shallow water resources,which leads to the death of surface vegetation and the imbalance of ecosystem.To protect the shallow water resources( river,lake and diving of quaternary sand aquifer),which maintains the ecological environment of the western mining area,especially to protect the underground diving( ecological) water level,the concept of water conservation mining in short-distance coal seams was put forward based on the previous theoretical achievements of water conservation mining in shallow single coal seam and the experience of rock control engineering.The concept integrated the protection of ecological water level,and the prevention and control of water inrush.In order to achieve an efficient water conservation mining under the mining conditions of short-distance coal seams and extremely short-distance shallow water resources,this paper studied the technical problems,such as the collaborative control of strata water-conducting fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the low-damage control of ultra-thin barrier layers and the monitoring and warning of water inrush( outburst) on mining surface.The study presented the long wall water conservation mining method,the water conservation mining under continuous mining and filling with wall system and the infrared monitoring and warning methods for water inrush in working face to realize the safe and efficient mining.More specifically,the methods included the strata control of short-distance coal seams,the calculation of the height of water-conduct fractures,the deformation calculation of aquicludes,the infrared radiation theories of loaded coal and rock,the control of water diversion fractures in the disturbed area of repeated mining,the filling body actively connected to the roof and the rapid operation technology among mining,supporting and transportation.Meanwhile,the weak areas of water conservation mining were determined.Based on water resource protection,the optimized working face layout of shallow buried and short-distance coal seams,mining method allocation and water resource movement monitoring,an efficient mining theory was formed.The achievements have been achieved in the practice of water conservation mining in north Shaanxi and north China,which provides supports for green mining in China.
引文
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[2]李涛,王苏健,韩磊,等.生态脆弱矿区松散含水层下采煤保护土层合理厚度[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):98-105.LI Tao,WANG Sujian,HAN Lei,et al.Reasonable thickness of protected loess under loose aquifer in ecologically fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):98-105.
[3]范立民,向茂西,彭捷,等.西部生态脆弱矿区地下水对高强度采煤的响应[J].煤炭学报,2016,41(11):2672-2678.FAN Limin,XIANG Maoxi,PENG Jie,et al.Groundwater response to intensive mining in ecologically fragile area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2016,41(11):2672-2678.
[4]武强,申建军,王洋.“煤-水”双资源型矿井开采技术方法与工程应用[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):8-16.WU Qiang,SHEN Jianjun,WANG Yang.Mining techniques and engineering application for“Coal-Water”dual-resources mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):8-16.
[5]范立民.保水采煤的科学内涵[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):27-35.FAN Limin.Scientific connotation of water-preserved mining[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):27-35.
[6]FAN Limin,MA Xiongde.A review on investigation of water-preserved coal mining in western China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2018,5(4):411-416.
[7]MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,LI Xiang,et al.Technology of groundwater reservoir construction in goafs of shallow coalfields[J].Mining Science and Technology,2009,19(6):730-735.
[8]MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,JING Shengguo,et al.Numerical simulation analysis by solid-liquid coupling with 3DEC of dynamic water crannies in overlying strata[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2008,18(3):347-352.
[9]张东升,马立强.特厚坚硬岩层组下保水采煤技术[J].采矿与安全学报,2006,23(1):1-4.ZHANG Dongsheng,MA Liqiang.Coal mining technique with water conservation under hard-and-thick strata[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2006,23(1):1-4.
[10]ZHANG Dongsheng,FAN Gangwei,MA Liqiang,et al.Aquifer protection during longwall mining of shallow coal seams:A case study in the Shendong Coal field of China[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,2011,86(2-3):190-196.
[11]黄庆享.浅埋煤层保水开采岩层控制研究[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(1):50-55.HUANG Qingxiang.Research on roof control of water conservation mining in shallow seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(1):50-55.
[12]LIU Yude,ZHANG Dongsheng,MA Liqiang,et al.Classification of conditions for short-wall continuous mechanical mining in shallowly buried coal seam with thin bedrock[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2008,18(3):389-394.
[13]范钢伟,张东升,马立强.神东矿区浅埋煤层开采覆岩移动与裂隙分布特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2011,40(2):196-201.FAN Gangwei,ZHANG Dongsheng,MA Liqiang.Overburden movement and fracture distribution induced by longwall mining of the shallow coal seam in the Shendong coalfield[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2011,40(2):196-201.
[14]马立强,张东升,乔京利,等.浅埋煤层采动覆岩导水通道分布特征的试验研究[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2008,27(5):649-652.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,QIAO Jingli,et al.Physical simulation of water crack distribution characteristics in overlying strata under coal mining conditionsp[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical U-niversity,2008,27(5):649-652.
[15]马立强,孙海,王飞,等.浅埋煤层长壁工作面保水开采地表水位变化分析[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2014,31(2):232-235.MA Liqiang,SUN Hai,WANG Fei,et al.Analysis of the ground water level change of aquifer-protective mining in longwall coalface for shallow seam[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2014,31(2):232-235.
[16]王双明,黄庆享,范立民,等.生态脆弱矿区含(隔)水层特征及保水开采分区研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(1):7-14.WANG Shuangming,HUANG Qingxiang,FAN Linin,et al.Study on overburden aquclude and water protection mining regionazation in the ecological fragile mining area[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(1):7-14.
[17]马立强,张东升,刘玉德,等.薄基岩浅埋煤层保水开采技术研究[J].湖南科技大学学报,2008,23(1):1-5.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,LIU Yude,et al.Study on waterpreserved mining technology of shallow buried coal seam with thin bedrock[J].Journal of Hunan University of Science&Technology,2008,23(1):1-5.
[18]MA Liqiang,CAO Xinqi,LIU Quan,et al.Simulation study on water-preserved mining in multi-excavation disturbed zone in close-distance seams[J].Environmental Engineering and Management Journal,2013,12(9):1849-1853.
[19]马立强,张东升,董正筑.隔水层裂隙演变机理与过程研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2011,28(3):340-344.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,DONG Zhengzhu.Evolution mechanism and process of aquiclude fissures[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2011,28(3):340-344.
[20]金志远.浅埋近距煤层重复扰动区覆岩导水裂隙发育规律及其控制[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2015.JIN Zhiyuan.Development laws and control of overlying strata water flowing fractures in repeated disturbance zone of shallowly-buried short-distance coal seams[D].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology,2015.
[21]马立强,张东升,王烁康,等.“采充并行”式保水采煤方法[J].煤炭学报,2018,43(1):62-69.MA Liqiang,ZHANG Dongsheng,WANG Shuokang,et al.Waterpreserved mining with the method named“backfilling while mining”[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2018,43(1):62-69.
[22]WANG Ailong,MA Liqiang,WANG Zhongwei,et al.Soil and water conservation in mining area based on ground surface subsidence control:Development of a high-water swelling material and its application in backfilling mining[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(9):779-791.
[23]马立强,金志远,余孝民,等.控制覆岩裂隙和地表沉陷的保水开采充填接顶方法[P].中国专利:CN201410193757.7,2014-05-08.MA Liqiang,JIN Zhiyuan,YU Xiaomin,et al.The method of controlling overlying rock fissure and surface subsidence by water-preserved mining and filling body contact the roof[P].China Patent:CN201410193757.7,2014-05-08.
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