西藏雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区金猫的色型类别与活动节律
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摘要
2013–2018年间采用红外相机技术对西藏雅鲁藏布大峡谷国家级自然保护区的金猫(Catopuma temminckii)进行长期监测,累计布设70个点位, 14,071个相机工作日。共收集金猫独立照片101张,其中60张可识别色型,占金猫独立照片总数的59.40%。共记录到4种不同色型的金猫个体,拍摄频次比例为麻褐色型:红棕色型:黑色型:灰色型=46:7:4:3;其中灰色型为我国野生金猫实体首次记录。不同色型的个体可同域分布,而以雅鲁藏布大峡谷自然保护区为代表的藏东南地区是我国金猫色型变异最丰富的地区。基于红外相机照片对金猫的共性形态特征和不同色型的独特形态特征进行了详细的图文描述,以期为该物种的深入研究提供详实的基础资料。活动节律的分析结果显示,研究区内金猫以昼行性活动为主, 10:00–12:00为其最强的活动高峰。不同月份的日活动差异指数(daily-discrepancy index)α和昼行性指数(diurnal-nocturnal index)β均存在显著差异,且活动强度具有明显的季节性变化,不同季节的活动峰型存在显著差异。本研究为东喜马拉雅生物多样性热点区动物多样性本底的完善积累了基础资料,也为后续的猫科动物色型多样性的形成机制研究提供了基础信息与参考。
From 2013 to 2018 we conducted camera-trapping surveys on the elusive Asiatic golden cat(Catopuma temminckii) in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve, Tibet. With an extensive survey effort of 14,071 camera-days at 70 camera stations, we obtained 101 independent detections of Asiatic golden cat, of which 60(59.4%) were captured during day time and used to identify the coat markings of each captured individual. Four types of coat variations were detected and defined. The capture rates were: 46 common form, 7 red form, 4 melanistic form, and 3 gray form. The gray form was the first ever record in China. Results indicate that individuals of different forms could be co-existing and southeast Tibet has the most diverse coat variations of Asiatic golden cat in China. We described the morphological characteristics shared among and between the different forms, which will provide a sound foundation for further research on this species. The Asiatic golden cats in the study area showed a diurnal activity rhythm with the highest activity peak between 10:00 and 12:00. There were significant differences in daily-discrepancy index α and diurnal-nocturnal index β in different months and the activity intensity and peak patterns had obvious seasonal changes. This study has accumulated basic data for wildlife inventory of the East Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, and also provided basic information and reference for subsequent research on the mechanisms determining coat variations of felid species.
From 2013 to 2018 we conducted camera-trapping surveys on the elusive Asiatic golden cat(Catopuma temminckii) in Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve, Tibet. With an extensive survey effort of 14,071 camera-days at 70 camera stations, we obtained 101 independent detections of Asiatic golden cat, of which 60(59.4%) were captured during day time and used to identify the coat markings of each captured individual. Four types of coat variations were detected and defined. The capture rates were: 46 common form, 7 red form, 4 melanistic form, and 3 gray form. The gray form was the first ever record in China. Results indicate that individuals of different forms could be co-existing and southeast Tibet has the most diverse coat variations of Asiatic golden cat in China. We described the morphological characteristics shared among and between the different forms, which will provide a sound foundation for further research on this species. The Asiatic golden cats in the study area showed a diurnal activity rhythm with the highest activity peak between 10:00 and 12:00. There were significant differences in daily-discrepancy index α and diurnal-nocturnal index β in different months and the activity intensity and peak patterns had obvious seasonal changes. This study has accumulated basic data for wildlife inventory of the East Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, and also provided basic information and reference for subsequent research on the mechanisms determining coat variations of felid species.
引文
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Ghimirey Y,Pal P(2009)First camera trap image of Asiatic golden cat in Nepal.Cat News,51,19.
Grassman LI,Tewas ME,Silvy NJ,Kreetiyutanont K(2005)Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in north-central Thailand.Journal of Mammalogy,86,29-38.
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Jigme K(2011)Four colour morphs of and the altitudinal record for the Asiatic golden cat in Bhutan.Cat News,55,12-13.
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McCarthy J,Dahal S,Dhendup T,Gray TNE,Mukherjee S,Rahman H,Riordan P,Boontua N,Wilcox D(2015)Catopu,ma te,mminckii(errata version published in 2016).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015:e.T4038A97 165437.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4038A5065 1004.en.(accessed on 2019-02-24)
McCarthy T,Fuller T,Munkhtsog B(2005)Movements and activities of snow leopards in Southwestern Mongolia.Biological Conservation,124,527-537.
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Meredith M,Ridout MS(2016)Overlap:Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.Version0.2.6.https://cran.r-proj ect.org/web/package s/overlap/.(accessed on 2018-05-03)
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,Fonseca GABD,Kent J(2000)Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,403,853-858.
Nowell K,Jackson P(1996)Wild Cats:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.
O'Connell AF,Nichols JD,Karanth KU(2011)Camera Trap in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.Springer,New York.
Ridout MS,Linkie M(2009)Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,14,322-337.
Smith AT,Xie Y(2008)A Guide to the Mammals of China.Princeton University Press,New Jersey.
Sunquist FC,Sunquist M(2002)Wild Cats of the World.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Vernes K,Sangay T,Rajaratnam R,Singye R(2015)Social interaction and co-occurrence of colour morphs of the Asiatic golden cat,Bhutan.Cat News,62,18-20.
Wang S(1998)China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[汪松(1998)中国濒危动物红皮书:兽类.科学出版社,北京.]
Wang Y,Chu HJ,Han LL,Ge Y,Tao YS,Bu L(2014)Activity of Canis lupus in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve based on trap technique of infrared camera.Arid Zone Research,31,771-778.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王渊,初红军,韩丽丽,葛炎,陶永善,布兰(2014)基于红外相机陷阱技术的卡拉麦里自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)的活动节律·干旱区研究,31,771-778.]
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Wen LJ,Shi K,Huang J,Song Y,Guo YM(2014)Preliminaryanalysis of mammal and bird diversity monitored with camera traps in Medog,Tibet.Biodiversity Science,22,798-799.(in Chinese)[温立嘉,时坤,黄建,宋阳,郭玉民(2014)西藏墨脱鸟兽红外相机监测初报.生物多样性,22,798-799.]
Wu AL,Chen P,Zhang XF(2014)Shooting rate of Catopuma temminckii by auto-induction infrared camera and estimation of population density in Changqing Nature Reserve.Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology,(1),22-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)[武阿莉,陈鹏,张晓峰(2014)长青保护区自动感应红外相机金猫拍摄率与种群密度.陕西林业科技,(1),22-24.]
Wu JP,Luo H,Zhu XL,Li BZ,Liu WL,Ci P(2016)Monitoring mammals and birds with camera traps at different altitudes of Medog,Tibet.Biodiversity Science,24,351-354.(in Chinese)[吴建普,罗红,朱雪林,李炳章,刘务林,次平(2016)西藏墨脱不同海拔区鸟兽红外相机监测.生物多样性,24,351-354.]
Xiao ZS,Li XY,Xiang ZF,Li M,Jiang XL,Zhang LB(2017)Overview of the mammal diversity observation network of Sino BON.Biodiversity Science,25,237-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,李学友,向左甫,李明,蒋学龙,张礼标(2017)中国兽类多样性监测网的建设规划与进展.生物多样性,25,237-245.]
Xiao ZS,Wang XZ,Li XH(2014)An introduction to CameraData:An online database of wildlife camera trap data.Biodiversity Science,22,712-716.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,王学志,李欣海(2014)野生动物多样性监测图像数据管理系统CameraData介绍.生物多样性,22,712-716.]
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Zhang MH,Ma JZ(2010)Current status and protection vision of wild northeast tiger in China.Chinese Journal of Zoology,45,165-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张明海,马建章(2010)中国野生东北虎现状及其保护愿景展望.动物学杂志,45,165-168.]
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Chatterjee P,Mondal K,Chandra K,Tripathy B(2018)First photographic evidence of Asian golden cat Catopu,ma temminckii(Vigors and Horsfield,1827)from Neora Valley National Park,Central Himalayas,India.Records of the Zoological Survey of India,118,128-132.
Dhendup T,Tempa T,Norbu N(2016)Camera trap records of Asiatic golden cat at high altitudes in Bhutan.Cat News,64,37-38.
Feng ZJ,Cai GQ,Zheng CL(1986)The Mammals of Xizang.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[冯柞建,蔡桂全,郑昌琳(1986)西藏哺乳类.科学出版社,北京.]
Gao YT,Wang S,Zhang ML,Ye ZY,Zhou JD(1987)Fauna Sinica,Mammalia,Vol.8:Carnivora.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[高耀亭,汪松,张曼丽,叶宗耀,周嘉摘(1987)中国动物志·兽类(第八卷).科学出版社,北京.]
Gay nor KM,Hojnowski CE,Carter NH,Brashares JS(2018)The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality.Science,360,1232-1235.
Ghimirey Y,Pal P(2009)First camera trap image of Asiatic golden cat in Nepal.Cat News,51,19.
Grassman LI,Tewas ME,Silvy NJ,Kreetiyutanont K(2005)Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in north-central Thailand.Journal of Mammalogy,86,29-38.
IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group(2014)Cats in China.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)[中国猫科专家成员组(2014)中国猫科动物.中国林业出版社,北京.]
Jiang ZG, Liu SY,Wu Y,Jiang XL,Zhou KY(2017)China's mammal diversity(2nd edition).Biodiversity Science,25,886-895.(in Chinese with English abstract)[蒋志刚,刘少英,吴毅,蒋学龙,周开亚(2017)中国哺乳动物多样性(第2版).生物多样性,25,886-895.]
Jigme K(2011)Four colour morphs of and the altitudinal record for the Asiatic golden cat in Bhutan.Cat News,55,12-13.
Li S(2015)Asiatic golden cat:Wandering at the Old Creek.Forest and Humankind,(3),90-91.(in Chinese)[李晨(2015)亚洲金猫:徜徉老河沟.森林与人类,(3),90-91.]
Li S,Wang D,Lu Z,McShea W(2010)Cats living with pandas:The status of wild felids within giant panda range.Cat News,52,20-23.
Li S,Wang DJ,Xiao ZS,Li XH,Wang TM,Feng LM,Wang Y(2014)Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China:Review and outlook.Biodiversity Science,22,685-695.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李晨,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云(2014)红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22,685-695.]
Liao R,Guo GP,Liu Y,Jin W,Liu SY(2015)Biodiversity of small mammals in Medog County,Tibet of China.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,36(1),6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)[廖锐,郭光普,刘阳,靳伟,刘少英(2015)西藏墨脱县小型兽类多样性研究.四川林业科技,36(1),6-10.]
Liu SY,Wu Y(2019)Handbook of the Mammals of China.The Straits Publishing&Distributing Group,Fuzhou.(in Chinese)[刘少英,吴毅(2019)中国兽类图鉴.海峡书局,福州.]
Liu WL(1987)Tibet Nature Reserve.Tibet People's Publishing House,Lhasa.(in Chinese)[刘务林(1987)西藏自然保护区.西藏人民出版社,拉萨.]
Liu WL(2005)Annals of Tibet Autonomous Region:Fauna.China Tibetology Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)[刘务林(2005)西藏自治区志:动物志.中国藏学出版社,北京.]
Ma M,Xu F,Cheng Y(2013)Snow Leopards in Xinjiang.Science Press,Beijing,(in Chinese)[马鸣,徐峰,程芸(2013)新疆雪豹.科学出版社,北京.]
McCarthy J,Dahal S,Dhendup T,Gray TNE,Mukherjee S,Rahman H,Riordan P,Boontua N,Wilcox D(2015)Catopu,ma te,mminckii(errata version published in 2016).The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015:e.T4038A97 165437.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T4038A5065 1004.en.(accessed on 2019-02-24)
McCarthy T,Fuller T,Munkhtsog B(2005)Movements and activities of snow leopards in Southwestern Mongolia.Biological Conservation,124,527-537.
McShea W,Li S,Shen XL,Wang F(2018)Guide to the Wildlife of Southwest China.Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press,Washington,DC.
Meredith M,Ridout MS(2016)Overlap:Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.Version0.2.6.https://cran.r-proj ect.org/web/package s/overlap/.(accessed on 2018-05-03)
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,Fonseca GABD,Kent J(2000)Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,403,853-858.
Nowell K,Jackson P(1996)Wild Cats:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.
O'Connell AF,Nichols JD,Karanth KU(2011)Camera Trap in Animal Ecology:Methods and Analyses.Springer,New York.
Ridout MS,Linkie M(2009)Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,14,322-337.
Smith AT,Xie Y(2008)A Guide to the Mammals of China.Princeton University Press,New Jersey.
Sunquist FC,Sunquist M(2002)Wild Cats of the World.University of Chicago Press,Chicago.
Vernes K,Sangay T,Rajaratnam R,Singye R(2015)Social interaction and co-occurrence of colour morphs of the Asiatic golden cat,Bhutan.Cat News,62,18-20.
Wang S(1998)China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[汪松(1998)中国濒危动物红皮书:兽类.科学出版社,北京.]
Wang Y,Chu HJ,Han LL,Ge Y,Tao YS,Bu L(2014)Activity of Canis lupus in the Karamori Mountain Ungulate Nature Reserve based on trap technique of infrared camera.Arid Zone Research,31,771-778.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王渊,初红军,韩丽丽,葛炎,陶永善,布兰(2014)基于红外相机陷阱技术的卡拉麦里自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)的活动节律·干旱区研究,31,771-778.]
Wang YX(2003)A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)[王应祥(2003)中国哺乳动物物种和亚种分类目录与分布大全.中国林业出版社,北京.]
Wen LJ,Shi K,Huang J,Song Y,Guo YM(2014)Preliminaryanalysis of mammal and bird diversity monitored with camera traps in Medog,Tibet.Biodiversity Science,22,798-799.(in Chinese)[温立嘉,时坤,黄建,宋阳,郭玉民(2014)西藏墨脱鸟兽红外相机监测初报.生物多样性,22,798-799.]
Wu AL,Chen P,Zhang XF(2014)Shooting rate of Catopuma temminckii by auto-induction infrared camera and estimation of population density in Changqing Nature Reserve.Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology,(1),22-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)[武阿莉,陈鹏,张晓峰(2014)长青保护区自动感应红外相机金猫拍摄率与种群密度.陕西林业科技,(1),22-24.]
Wu JP,Luo H,Zhu XL,Li BZ,Liu WL,Ci P(2016)Monitoring mammals and birds with camera traps at different altitudes of Medog,Tibet.Biodiversity Science,24,351-354.(in Chinese)[吴建普,罗红,朱雪林,李炳章,刘务林,次平(2016)西藏墨脱不同海拔区鸟兽红外相机监测.生物多样性,24,351-354.]
Xiao ZS,Li XY,Xiang ZF,Li M,Jiang XL,Zhang LB(2017)Overview of the mammal diversity observation network of Sino BON.Biodiversity Science,25,237-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,李学友,向左甫,李明,蒋学龙,张礼标(2017)中国兽类多样性监测网的建设规划与进展.生物多样性,25,237-245.]
Xiao ZS,Wang XZ,Li XH(2014)An introduction to CameraData:An online database of wildlife camera trap data.Biodiversity Science,22,712-716.(in Chinese with English abstract)[肖治术,王学志,李欣海(2014)野生动物多样性监测图像数据管理系统CameraData介绍.生物多样性,22,712-716.]
Yin BG,Liu WL(1993)Wildlife Protection in Tibet.China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing.(in Chinese)[尹秉高,刘务林(1993)西藏珍稀野生动物与保护.中国林业出版社,北京.]
Zhang MH,Ma JZ(2010)Current status and protection vision of wild northeast tiger in China.Chinese Journal of Zoology,45,165-168.(in Chinese with English abstract)[张明海,马建章(2010)中国野生东北虎现状及其保护愿景展望.动物学杂志,45,165-168.]
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