农民工回乡建房的家庭福利效应——基于福建省农民工流出地的调查
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摘要
居住是福利的重要组成部分,也是其他福利保障的基础。本文基于阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,构建回乡建房农民工福利评价指标体系;采用模糊数学综合评价方法,利用在福建省农民工流出地的问卷调查数据,评价农民工回乡建房的家庭福利效应;借鉴洛伦兹系数的计算方法,比较不同农民工回乡建房前后家庭福利差异。研究发现:回乡建房对农民工家庭福利有正向的促进作用,并在一定程度上缩小了建房家庭之间的福利差异;但农民工家庭福利仍然低于中等水平,其中家庭经济方面的福利变差。基于提高农民工家庭福利的目标要求,应推进农民工就地城镇化,提高实际居住福利;加强对农民工回乡建房引导与管理,倡导合理适度的住房建设,减轻因建房所造成的经济负担;盘活闲置宅基地和住房资源,增加农民工的财产性收入。比较建房前后福利变化可以较好地研判回乡建房对农民工家庭的影响,并有助于深化对此现象的理解,为政府制定政策提供依据。
Residence is an important part of welfare and the basis of overall well-being. Based on Amartya Sen's theory of feasible capability, this study constructed a welfare evaluation index system for migrant workers in rural areas. Using fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method and questionnaire survey data of migrant workers in Fujian Province, this study evaluated household welfare change of migrant workers who returned home to build houses. Lorentz coefficient was used to compare the differences in family welfare before and after returning to the countryside. The study found that returning home to build a house has a positive effect on the welfare of migrant workers' families and to some extent narrows the welfare difference between these families, but family welfare is still below the medium level and family economic situation gets worse. With the goal of improving the welfare of migrant workers' families, we should promote the urbanization of migrant workers on the spot and improve the actual living condition,strengthen the guidance and management of migrant workers returning to the countryside to build houses, advocate reasonable and moderate housing construction, alleviate the economic burden caused by housing construction, revitalize idle homesteads and housing resources, and increase property-related income of migrant workers. Comparing the welfare changes before and after the construction of a house can improve understanding of the impact of returning home to build a house on migrant workers' families and provide a basis for the government to formulate policies.
Residence is an important part of welfare and the basis of overall well-being. Based on Amartya Sen's theory of feasible capability, this study constructed a welfare evaluation index system for migrant workers in rural areas. Using fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method and questionnaire survey data of migrant workers in Fujian Province, this study evaluated household welfare change of migrant workers who returned home to build houses. Lorentz coefficient was used to compare the differences in family welfare before and after returning to the countryside. The study found that returning home to build a house has a positive effect on the welfare of migrant workers' families and to some extent narrows the welfare difference between these families, but family welfare is still below the medium level and family economic situation gets worse. With the goal of improving the welfare of migrant workers' families, we should promote the urbanization of migrant workers on the spot and improve the actual living condition,strengthen the guidance and management of migrant workers returning to the countryside to build houses, advocate reasonable and moderate housing construction, alleviate the economic burden caused by housing construction, revitalize idle homesteads and housing resources, and increase property-related income of migrant workers. Comparing the welfare changes before and after the construction of a house can improve understanding of the impact of returning home to build a house on migrant workers' families and provide a basis for the government to formulate policies.
引文
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(1)对于农民工城乡住房矛盾困境,著名经济学家厉以宁曾以“两只老鼠”的故事进行形象比喻:“有的农民带着老婆孩子外出打工,房子一把锁锁上,结果变成了老鼠窝;进城的时候两手空空,没有钱,一家子只能住地下室,成了‘鼠族’”。这个比喻反映了当前农民工所面临的住房困境与无奈选择,也折射了中国城乡住房体系的内在矛盾。
[2]仲济香,张璋,李晓玲,等.基于“人地挂钩”的农民工住房问题调查研究[J].中国国土资源经济,2019,32(1):46-49.[Zhong JX,Zhang Z,Li X L,et al.Issues with regard to the housing of migrant workers based on“man linking land”[J].China Land and Resources Economics,2019,32(1):46-49.]
[3]明娟,曾湘泉.农村劳动力外出与家乡住房投资行为:基于广东省的调查[J].中国人口科学,2014,(4):110-120.[Ming J,Zeng X Q.Migration and housing investment in rural China:Based on survey in Guangdong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Population Science,2014,(2):110-120.]
[4]Sen A.Commodities and Capabilities[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999.
[5]杨国永,管曦,许文兴.农民工回乡建房动机及其类型分析:基于福建省农民工流出地的调查[J].中国农业大学学报,2018,23(12):232-248.[Yang G Y,Guan X,Xu W X.Analysis on motivation and category of migrant workers’returning hometown to build houses:Based on the investigation of the outflow of migrant workers in Fujian Province[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2018,23(12):232-248.]
[6]Arif H.Migration,small towns and social transformations in Pakistan[J].Environment and Urbanization,2010,22(1):33-50.
[7]Hirsch J.A Courtship After Marriage:Sexuality and Love in Mexican Transnational Families[M].Los Angeles:University of California Press,2003.
[8]Osili U O.Migrants and housing investments:Theory and evidence from Nigeria[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,2004,52(4):821-849.
[9]董昕,张翼.农民工住房消费的影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2012,(10):37-48.[Dong X,Zhang Y.Analysis of the factors affecting the housing consumption of migrant workers[J].China Rural Economy,2012,(10):37-48.]
[10]刘林平,范长煜,朱艳婷.住房的羁绊:对农民工落户城市意愿的一个关键影响因素的研究[J].劳动社会学评论,2015,(2):45-52.[Liu L P,Fan C Y,Zhu Y T.The study of housing:A key influencing factor for migrant workers’willingness to settle in cities[J].Labor Sociology Review,2015,(2):45-52.]
[11]刘成斌,周兵.中国农民工购房选择研究[J].中国人口科学,2013,(6):100-108.[Liu C B,Zhou B.Research on house-purchase choice of China’s peasant-workers[J].Chinese Journal of Population Science.2013,(6):100-108.]
[12]徐玲,肖双喜.农民工农村住房过剩与城市住房不足矛盾研究[J].安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(4):15-18.[Xu L,Xiao S X.On the contradiction between migrant workers’surplus of rural housing and shortage of urban housing[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2012,21(4):15-18.]
[13]贾肖明,洪奕宜,陈祥蕉.莫让进城农民变成“两只老鼠”[EB/OL].(2011-03-05)[2018-10-22].http://news.cntv.cn/20110305/104404.shtml.[Jia X M,Hong Y Y,Chen X J.Do Not Let the Farmers into“Two Mice”[EB/OL].(2011-03-05)[2018-10-22].http://news.cntv.cn/20110305/104404.shtml.]
[14]胡建坤,田秀娟.农民工回乡建房行为研究[J].农业经济问题,2012,(12):53-60.[Hu J K,Tian X J.An empirical study on behavior of migrant worker’s going back to build farmhouses in China[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2012,(12):53-60.]
[15]王珊,张安录,张叶生.农地城市流转的农户福利效应测度[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):108-115.[Wang S,Zhang A L,Zhang Y S.Measurement of household welfare change in the process of rural-urban land conversion[J].The Population,Resource and Environment of China,2014,23(3):108-115.]
[16]徐烽烽,李放,唐焱.苏南农户土地承包经营权置换城镇社会保障前后福利变化的模糊评价:基于森的可行能力视角[J].中国农村经济,2010,(8):67-79.[Xu F F,Li F,Tang Y.Fuzzy evaluation of welfare changes before and after the substitution of farmers’right to contracted land management in southern Jiangsu:Based on Sen’s feasible capacity perspective[J].China’s Rural Economy,2010,(8):67-79.]
[17]高进云,乔荣锋,张安录.农地城市流转前后农户福利变化的模糊评价:基于森的可行能力理论[J].管理世界,2007,(6):45-55.[Gao J Y,Qiao R F,Zhang A L.Fuzzy evaluation of farmers’welfare changes before and after farmland conversion:Based on Sen’s theory of feasible capability[J].Management World,2007,(6):45-55.]
[18]阿玛蒂亚·森.以自由看待发展[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013.[Sen A.Development as Freedom[M].Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2013.]
[19]成程,陈利根.经济发达地区集中居住农民福利水平影响因素分析:基于可行能力理论与结构方程模型[J].安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014,23(2):1-9.[Cheng C,Chen L G.An analysis of factors influencing centralized living farmers’welfare in economically developed regions:Based on the theory of capability approach and SEM[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2014,23(2):1-9.]
[20]贾燕,李钢,朱新华,等.农民集中居住前后福利状况变化研究:基于森的“可行能力”视角[J].农业经济问题,2009,(4):92-96.[Jia Y,Li G,Zhu X H,et al.Research on the welfare change before and after the farmers concentration of living:Based on Sen’s“feasible capacity”perspective[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2009,(4):92-96.]
[21]伽红凯,王树进.集中居住前后农户的福利变化及其影响因素分析:基于对江苏省农户的调查[J].中国农村观察,2014,(1):26-39.[Jia H K,Wang S J.Analysis on the changes of farmers’welfare before and after concentrated residence and its influencing factors:Based on the survey of farmers in Jiangsu Province[J].China Rural Observation,2014,(1):26-39.]
[22]朱珊,黄朝禧.湖北鄂州和仙桃两地农民集中居住前后福利测度与变化的实证研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(5):674-680.[Zhu S,Huang C X.Empirical research of measurement and variation of farmers’welfare before and after concentration of living(inhabitaregion):A case study of Ezhou and Xiantao in Hubei Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2014,30(5):674-680.]
[23]钟晓华.可行能力视域下农民“上楼”前后多维福利的追踪测度[J].广东行政学院学报,2015,27(2):93-100.[Zhong X H.Tracing the multidimensional welfare of farmers before and after going upstairs in the perspective of feasible capability[J].Journal of Guangdong Institute of Administration,2015,27(2):93-100.]
[24]Laderchi C R.Poverty and its many dimensions:The role of income as an indicator[J].Oxford Development Studies,1997,25(3):345-360.
[25]Brandolini A,D'Alessio G.Measuring Well-Being in the Functioning Space[C].Cracow:General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth,1998.
[26]Nussbaum M.Capabilities as fundamental entitlements:Sen and social justice[J].Feminist Economics,2003,9(2-3):33-59.
[27]袁方,史清华,卓建伟.农民工回流行为的一个新解释:基于森的可行能力理论[J].中国人力资源开发,2015,(1):87-96.[Yuan F,Shi Q H,Zhuo J W.A new explanation of return of migrant workers based on Sen’s capability theory[J].China Human Resources Development,2015,(1):87-96.]
[28]Frank R H.The demand for unobservable and other non-positional goods[J].American Economic Review,1985,75(1):101-116.
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(1)对于农民工城乡住房矛盾困境,著名经济学家厉以宁曾以“两只老鼠”的故事进行形象比喻:“有的农民带着老婆孩子外出打工,房子一把锁锁上,结果变成了老鼠窝;进城的时候两手空空,没有钱,一家子只能住地下室,成了‘鼠族’”。这个比喻反映了当前农民工所面临的住房困境与无奈选择,也折射了中国城乡住房体系的内在矛盾。
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