基于盐分梯度的黑河中游湿地植物多样性及其与土壤因子的关系
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摘要
湿地植物多样性的研究对维持湿地生态系统完整性和稳定性有着重要意义。以黑河中游湿地为研究对象,基于野外采样数据和不同盐分梯度植物群落多样性指数,重点分析不同盐分梯度植物多样性变化及其与土壤因子关系。结果表明:黑河中游湿地植物组成比较丰富,共出现植物30科71属102种;随土壤盐分梯度增加,植物群落组成发生显著变化,Margalef丰富度指数(R)和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)均减小,说明研究区植物多样性随盐分增加而减少;不同盐分梯度影响植物多样性的土壤因子存在差异,低盐梯度是pH、速效钾和全氮,中盐梯度是pH、速效磷和速效钾,高盐梯度是有机质、全磷、速效钾和速效氮。该研究结果对于认识不同盐分梯度下影响植物多样性的主要土壤因子具有重要意义,同时对黑河中游湿地植物多样性的有效管理和维持具有一定的参考价值。
Wetlands are a unique ecosystem formed by the interaction of water and land, and have the function of maintaining different plant community types, and greatly promote species richness of the region. Thus, wetlands have become a hot research area for biodiversity conservation. Wetlands are important for water and carbon cycle regulation, wildlife survival, biological diversity, and economic value; however, human activities along with severe environment changes have led to critical loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems. In particular, soil salinity accumulation exerts a significant impact on wetland plant diversity. In previous studies, soil salinity has been considered an important factor affecting plant diversity in arid and semiarid areas. This study aimed to characterize the relationship between plant diversity and other soil factors along the soil salinity gradient in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. There were 27 sites along the middle reaches of the Heihe River and a total of 87 sampling plots were investigated from July to August 2017. These included 9 sampling plots for trees and shrubs(30 m × 30 m) and 78 sampling plots for herbs(1 m × 1 m). Soil characteristics were analyzed, including soil salinity(SA), soil pH(pH), water content(WC), bulk density(BD), soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN), available phosphorus(AP), and available potassium(AK). The sampling plots were divided into three salinity gradients by cluster analysis and included low salinity(S1), middle salinity(S2), and high salinity(S3) gradients. The results showed that a total of 102 plant species occurred in the plots, belonging to 30 families and 71 genera, indicating that the plant composition was relatively rich. Along the increasing soil salinity gradient, the community composition changed significantly, and the number of families, genera, and species decreased. The Margalef richness index(R) decreased from 1.03 to 0.55 and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index(H) decreased from 1.45 to 1.08, indicating that plant diversity decreased with the increasing gradient in the study area. The effects of other soil factors on plant diversity under different salinity gradients were studied using a redundancy analysis(RDA). The results showed that there were differences in soil factors affecting plant diversity under different salinity gradients. In low salinity pH, AK, and TN, in middle salinity pH, AP, and AK, and in high salinity SOM, TP, AK, and AN affected plant diversity. These findings are of great significance to the maintenance and management of plant diversity in the middle reaches of the Heihe River.
Wetlands are a unique ecosystem formed by the interaction of water and land, and have the function of maintaining different plant community types, and greatly promote species richness of the region. Thus, wetlands have become a hot research area for biodiversity conservation. Wetlands are important for water and carbon cycle regulation, wildlife survival, biological diversity, and economic value; however, human activities along with severe environment changes have led to critical loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems. In particular, soil salinity accumulation exerts a significant impact on wetland plant diversity. In previous studies, soil salinity has been considered an important factor affecting plant diversity in arid and semiarid areas. This study aimed to characterize the relationship between plant diversity and other soil factors along the soil salinity gradient in the middle reaches of the Heihe River. There were 27 sites along the middle reaches of the Heihe River and a total of 87 sampling plots were investigated from July to August 2017. These included 9 sampling plots for trees and shrubs(30 m × 30 m) and 78 sampling plots for herbs(1 m × 1 m). Soil characteristics were analyzed, including soil salinity(SA), soil pH(pH), water content(WC), bulk density(BD), soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available nitrogen(AN), available phosphorus(AP), and available potassium(AK). The sampling plots were divided into three salinity gradients by cluster analysis and included low salinity(S1), middle salinity(S2), and high salinity(S3) gradients. The results showed that a total of 102 plant species occurred in the plots, belonging to 30 families and 71 genera, indicating that the plant composition was relatively rich. Along the increasing soil salinity gradient, the community composition changed significantly, and the number of families, genera, and species decreased. The Margalef richness index(R) decreased from 1.03 to 0.55 and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index(H) decreased from 1.45 to 1.08, indicating that plant diversity decreased with the increasing gradient in the study area. The effects of other soil factors on plant diversity under different salinity gradients were studied using a redundancy analysis(RDA). The results showed that there were differences in soil factors affecting plant diversity under different salinity gradients. In low salinity pH, AK, and TN, in middle salinity pH, AP, and AK, and in high salinity SOM, TP, AK, and AN affected plant diversity. These findings are of great significance to the maintenance and management of plant diversity in the middle reaches of the Heihe River.
引文
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[22] 鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,席海洋.黑河下游额济纳绿洲植物群落特征与物种多样性研究.西北植物学报,2011,31(5):1032- 1038.
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[29] Iqbal T.Rice straw amendment ameliorates harmful effect of salinity and increases nitrogen availability in a saline paddy soil.Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences,2016,doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2016.11.002.
[30] Guo H Y,Pennings S C.Mechanisms mediating plant distributions across estuarine landscapes in a low-latitude tidal estuary.Ecology,2012,93(1):90- 100.
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[32] Millar C I,Westfall R D,Evenden A,Holmquist J G,Schmidt-Gengenbach J,Franklin R S,Nachlinger J,Delany D L.Potential climatic refugia in semi-arid,temperate mountains:Plant and arthropod assemblages associated with rock glaciers,talus slopes,and their forefield wetlands,Sierra Nevada,California,USA.Quaternary International,2015,387:106- 121.
[33] Yin X Q,Ma C,He H S,Wang Z H,Li X Q,Fu G Q,Liu J,Zheng Y M.Distribution and diversity patterns of soil fauna in different salinization habitats of Songnen Grasslands,China.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,123:375- 383.
[34] Michalet R,Brooker R W,Cavieres L A,Kikvidze Z,Lortie C J,Pugnaire F I,Valiente-Banuet A,Callaway R M.Do biotic interactions shape both sides of the humped-back model of species richness in plant communities?Ecology Letters,2006,9(7):767- 773.
[35] Crain C M,Silliman B R,Bertness S L,Bertness M D.Physical and biotic drivers of plant distribution across estuarine salinity gradients.Ecology,2004,85(9):2539- 2549.
[36] Scrosati R,Heaven C.Spatial trends in community richness,diversity,and evenness across rocky intertidal environmental stress gradients in eastern Canada.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,342:1- 14.
[37] 段后浪,赵安,姚忠.恒湖农场茶叶港草洲枯水期湿地植物与土壤关系及种群生态位分析.生态学报,2017,37(11):3744- 3754.
[38] Hájek M,Hájková P,Ko■,Mikulá?ková E,Kintrová K.Do we need soil moisture measurements in the vegetation-environment studies in wetlands?Journal of Vegetation Science,2013,24(1):127- 137.
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[48] 李艳红,李发东,马雯.艾比湖湿地植物多样性特征及其影响因素研究.生态科学,2016,35(3):78- 84.
[2] Lukács B A,Sramkó G,Molnár V A.Plant diversity and conservation value of continental temporary pools.Biological Conservation,2013,158:393- 400.
[3] Hu S J,Niu Z G,Chen Y F,Li L F,Zhang H Y.Global wetlands:potential distribution,wetland loss,and status.Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:319- 327.
[4] Gerdol R,Brancaleoni L,Lastrucci L,Nobili G,Pellizzari M,Ravaglioli M,Viciani D.Wetland plant diversity in a coastal nature reserve in Italy:relationships with salinization and eutrophication and implications for nature conservation.Estuaries and Coasts,2018,41(7):2079- 2091.
[5] Siefert A,Ravenscroft C,Althoff D,Alvarez-Yépiz J C,Carter B E,Glennon K L,Heberling J M,Jo I S,Pontes A,Sauer A,Willis A,Fridley J D.Scale dependence of vegetation-environment relationships:a meta-analysis of multivariate data.Journal of Vegetation Science,2012,23(5):942- 951.
[6] Janousek C N,Folger C L.Variation in tidal wetland plant diversity and composition within and among coastal estuaries:assessing the relative importance of environmental gradients.Journal of Vegetation Science,2014,25(2):534- 545.
[7] Engels J G,Jensen K.Patterns of wetland plant diversity along estuarine stress gradients of the Elbe (Germany) and Connecticut (USA) Rivers.Plant Ecology & Diversity,2009,2(3):301- 311.
[8] Brock M A,Nielsen D L,Crosslé K.Changes in biotic communities developing from freshwater wetland sediments under experimental salinity and water regimes.Freshwater Biology,2005,50(8):1376- 1390.
[9] Siles G,Voirin Y,Bénié G B.Open-source based geo-platform to support management of wetlands and biodiversity in Quebec.Ecological Informatics,2018,43:84- 95.
[10] Crawford J T,Stone A G.Relationships between soil composition and Spartina alterniflora dieback in an Atlantic salt marsh.Wetlands,2015,35(1):13- 20.
[11] Bui E N.Soil salinity:a neglected factor in plant ecology and biogeography.Journal of Arid Environments,2013,92:14- 25.
[12] Wang Y G,Deng C Y,Liu Y,Niu Z R,Li Y.Identifying change in spatial accumulation of soil salinity in an inland river watershed,China.Science of the Total Environment,2018,621:177- 185.
[13] Chenchouni H.Edaphic factors controlling the distribution of inland halophytes in an ephemeral salt lake “Sabkha ecosystem” at North African semi-arid lands.Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:660- 671.
[14] González-Alcaraz M N,Jiménez-Cárceles F J,álvarez Y,álvarez-Rogel J.Gradients of soil salinity and moisture,and plant distribution,in a Mediterranean semiarid saline watershed:a model of soil-plant relationships for contributing to the management.CATENA,2014,115:150- 158.
[15] 张雪妮,吕光辉,杨晓东,贡璐,秦璐,何学敏,刘昊奇.基于盐分梯度的荒漠植物多样性与群落、种间联接响应.生态学报,2013,33(18):5714- 5722.
[16] 赵锐锋,张丽华,赵海莉,姜朋辉,汪建珍.黑河中游湿地土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因素.地理科学,2013,33(3):363- 370.
[17] 赵锐锋,周华荣,钱亦兵,张建军.塔里木河中下游湿地及周边植物群落与环境因子的关系初探.应用生态学报,2006,17(6):955- 960.
[18] Zhao R F,Xie Z L,Zhang L H,Zhu W,Li J,Liang D.Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River by the type change tracker model.Journal of Arid Land,2015,7(2):177- 188.
[19] 赵海莉,赵锐锋,张丽华,姜朋辉,金建玲.黑河中游湿地典型植物群落特征与物种多样性.生态学杂志,2013,32(4):813- 820.
[20] 冯威,赵成章,岳冉,张翔,金建鑫.张掖国家湿地公园冬春季鸟类群落多样性和相似性分析.生态学杂志,2017,36(8):2224- 2231.
[21] 田国成,王钰,孙路,施明新,吴发启.秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量的影响.生态学报,2016,36(2):387- 393.
[22] 鱼腾飞,冯起,司建华,席海洋.黑河下游额济纳绿洲植物群落特征与物种多样性研究.西北植物学报,2011,31(5):1032- 1038.
[23] 全国土壤普查办公室.中国土壤普查技术.北京:农业出版社,1992.
[24] 郝文芳,杜峰,陈小燕,梁宗锁.黄土丘陵区天然群落的植物组成、植物多样性及其与环境因子的关系.草地学报,2012,20(4):609- 615.
[25] 秦晓娟,董刚,邓永利,毛空,李旭华,张峰.山西平陆黄河湿地植物分类学多样性.生态学报,2015,35(2):409- 415.
[26] 李玉霞,周华荣.干旱区湿地景观植物群落与环境因子的关系.生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(6):43- 49.
[27] 王盼盼,李艳红,张小萌.艾比湖湿地植物群落变化对盐分环境梯度的响应.生态环境学报,2015,24(1):29- 33.
[28] 王鑫,胡玉昆,热合木都拉·阿迪拉,柳妍妍,李凯辉,王吉云.土壤盐分对高寒草甸主要植物生态位的影响.应用生态学报,2008,19(7):1448- 1454.
[29] Iqbal T.Rice straw amendment ameliorates harmful effect of salinity and increases nitrogen availability in a saline paddy soil.Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences,2016,doi:10.1016/j.jssas.2016.11.002.
[30] Guo H Y,Pennings S C.Mechanisms mediating plant distributions across estuarine landscapes in a low-latitude tidal estuary.Ecology,2012,93(1):90- 100.
[31] Youcef H,Lamine B M,Hocine B,Rabah M,Ali L,Mohamed B.Diversity of halophyte desert vegetation of the different saline habitats in the valley of Oued Righ,Low Sahara Basin,Algeria.Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences,2012,4(3):308- 315.
[32] Millar C I,Westfall R D,Evenden A,Holmquist J G,Schmidt-Gengenbach J,Franklin R S,Nachlinger J,Delany D L.Potential climatic refugia in semi-arid,temperate mountains:Plant and arthropod assemblages associated with rock glaciers,talus slopes,and their forefield wetlands,Sierra Nevada,California,USA.Quaternary International,2015,387:106- 121.
[33] Yin X Q,Ma C,He H S,Wang Z H,Li X Q,Fu G Q,Liu J,Zheng Y M.Distribution and diversity patterns of soil fauna in different salinization habitats of Songnen Grasslands,China.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,123:375- 383.
[34] Michalet R,Brooker R W,Cavieres L A,Kikvidze Z,Lortie C J,Pugnaire F I,Valiente-Banuet A,Callaway R M.Do biotic interactions shape both sides of the humped-back model of species richness in plant communities?Ecology Letters,2006,9(7):767- 773.
[35] Crain C M,Silliman B R,Bertness S L,Bertness M D.Physical and biotic drivers of plant distribution across estuarine salinity gradients.Ecology,2004,85(9):2539- 2549.
[36] Scrosati R,Heaven C.Spatial trends in community richness,diversity,and evenness across rocky intertidal environmental stress gradients in eastern Canada.Marine Ecology Progress Series,2007,342:1- 14.
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