科研人才集聚对中国区域创新产出的影响
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摘要
知识吸收能力理论认为,一个区域的创新产出,不仅取决于其创新要素的投入量,更取决于区域人力资本吸收新知识的能力。文章采用面板分位数回归模型等方法,基于2000—2015年县级尺度的专利数据,在知识吸收能力理论的视角下识别影响中国区域创新产出的主要因素,尤其关注区域内科研人才的知识吸收能力所起到的作用。结果表明:①中国区域创新产出以及科研人才分布存在严重的空间不均衡性,两者具有一定的空间关联特征;②各类型创新投入要素对区域创新产出的影响在区域间存在着差异,表现为区域的创新产出水平越高,企业R&D投入和外商投资对区域创新产出的促进作用越强,而政府R&D投入的促进作用越弱;③科研人才的知识吸收能力仅在创新产出水平高的区域对某些创新投入要素起到正向调节作用,表现为科研人才存量与企业R&D投入、政府R&D投入和外商投资三大主要影响因素的交互项仅在区域创新产出水平高的区域显著为正。
Regional innovation depends on not only the amount of technological investment but also the absorptive capacity of regional human capital. Based on county-level patent statistics and through the theoretical lens of absorptive capacity, this article analyzes the relationship between geographical concentration of researchers and regional innovation outputs in China with the aid a panel quantile regression approach. Results show that the spatial patterns of regional innovation outputs and scientific researchers are both in tremendous inequality in China. Besides, the influencing factors of regional innovation also vary with urban innovation levels. Additionally, the agglomeration of researchers exerts positive moderating effects on other influencing factors in high-output regions. To be specific, the absorptive capacity of scientific researchers raises the effects of corporate R&D expenditure, government R&D expenditure and FDI only in high-output cities. This suggests that in China the geographical concentration of researchers surprisingly serves as an enhancer only for high-output cities and thus it reinforces the spatial inequality of innovation.
Regional innovation depends on not only the amount of technological investment but also the absorptive capacity of regional human capital. Based on county-level patent statistics and through the theoretical lens of absorptive capacity, this article analyzes the relationship between geographical concentration of researchers and regional innovation outputs in China with the aid a panel quantile regression approach. Results show that the spatial patterns of regional innovation outputs and scientific researchers are both in tremendous inequality in China. Besides, the influencing factors of regional innovation also vary with urban innovation levels. Additionally, the agglomeration of researchers exerts positive moderating effects on other influencing factors in high-output regions. To be specific, the absorptive capacity of scientific researchers raises the effects of corporate R&D expenditure, government R&D expenditure and FDI only in high-output cities. This suggests that in China the geographical concentration of researchers surprisingly serves as an enhancer only for high-output cities and thus it reinforces the spatial inequality of innovation.
引文
[1] W M Cohen,D A Levinthal. Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation[M]. Boston:ButterworthHeinemann,2000.
[2] S A Zahra,G George. Absorptive Capacity:A Review,Reconceptualization,and Extension[J]. Academy of Management Review,2002,27(2):185-203.
[3] A Lund Vinding. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance:A human capital approach[J]. Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2006,15(4-5):507-517.
[4] P M Romer. Endogenous Technological Change[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):71-102.
[5] H F Qian,Z J Acs. An absorptive capacity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics,2013,40(2):185-197.
[6] P Braunerhjelm,Z J Acs,D B Audretsch,et al. The missing link:knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth[J]. Small Business Economics,2010,34(2):105-125.
[7] Z J Acs,P Braunerhjelm,D B Audretsch,et al. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics,2009,32(1):15-30.
[8] D B Audretsch. Innovation and Industry Evolution[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
[9] W Keller. Absorptive capacity:On the creation and acquisition of technology in development[J]. Journal of Development Economics,1996,49(1):199-227.
[10] X Liu,R S White. The relative contributions of foreign technology and domestic inputs to innovation in Chinese manufacturing industries[J]. Technovation,1997,17(3):119-125.
[11] R Veugelers. Internal R&D expenditures and external technology sourcing[J]. Research Policy,1997,26(3):303-315.
[12] E Borensztein,J De Gregorio,J W Lee. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics,1998,45(1):115-135.
[13] B Xu. Multinational enterprises,technology diffusion,and host country productivity growth[J]. Journal of development economics,2000,62(2):477-493.
[14] D L Carr,J R Markusen,K E Maskus. Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise[J]. American Economic Review,2001,91(3):693-708.
[15] E Giuliani. Cluster absorptive capacity:Why do some clusters forge ahead and others lag behind?[J]. European Urban andRegional Studies,2005,12(3):269-288.
[16] M Exposito-Langa,F X Molina-Morales,J Capo-Vicedo. New Product Development and Absorptive Capacity in Industrial Districts:A Multidimensional Approach[J]. Regional Studies,2011,45(3):319-331.
[17] A Caragliu,P Nijkamp. The impact of regional absorptive capacity on spatial knowledge spillovers:the Cohen and Levinthal model revisited[J]. Applied Economics,2012,44(11):1 363-1 374.
[18] C H Yang,H L Lin. Openness,absorptive capacity,and regional innovation in China[J]. Environment and Planning A,2012,44(2):333-355.
[19] J M Azagra-Caro,F Archontakis,A Gutiérrez-Gracia,et al.Faculty support for the objectives of university-industry relations versus degree of R&D cooperation:The importance of regional absorptive capacity[J]. Research Policy,2006,35(1):37-55.
[20] H Saito,M Gopinath. Knowledge Spillovers,Absorptive Capacity,and Skill Intensity of Chilean Manufacturing Plants[J].Journal of Regional Science,2011,51(1):83-101.
[21]柳卸林,胡志坚.中国区域创新能力的分布与成因[J].科学学研究,2002,20(5):550-556.
[22]范斐,杜德斌,李恒,等.中国地级以上城市科技资源配置效率的时空格局[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1 331-1 343.
[23]方创琳,马海涛,王振波,等.中国创新型城市建设的综合评估与空间格局分异[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):459-473.
[24]李国平,王春杨.我国省域创新产出的空间特征和时空演化——基于探索性空间数据分析的实证[J].地理研究,2012,31(1):95-106.
[25]王秋玉,曾刚,吕国庆.中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):251-264.
[26]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性[J].地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.
[27]吕国庆,曾刚,郭金龙.长三角装备制造业产学研创新网络体系的演化分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(9):1 051-1 059.
[28]周灿,曾刚,曹贤忠.中国城市创新网络结构与创新能力研究[J].地理研究,2017,36(7):1 297-1 308.
[29]曹广喜. FDI对中国区域创新能力溢出效应的实证研究——基于动态面板数据模型[J].经济地理,2009,40(6):894-899.
[30]程叶青,王哲野,马靖.中国区域创新的时空动态分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(12):1 779-1 789.
[31]谭俊涛,张平宇,李静.中国区域创新绩效时空演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):39-46.
[32]王俊松,颜燕,胡曙虹.中国城市技术创新能力的空间特征及影响因素——基于空间面板数据模型的研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):11-18.
[33]方远平,谢蔓.创新要素的空间分布及其对区域创新产出的影响——基于中国省域的ESDA-GWR分析[J].经济地理,2012,32(9):8-14.
[34]刘炜,李郇,欧俏珊.产业集群的非正式联系及其对技术创新的影响——以顺德家电产业集群为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):518-530.
[35]王丰龙,曾刚,周灿,等.中国地方政府科技财政支出对企业创新产出的影响研究——来自工业企业数据库的证据[J].地理科学,2017,37(11):1 632-1 639.
[36]朱勇,张宗益.技术创新对经济增长影响的地区差异研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(11):92-98.
[37] D B Audretsch,M P Feldman. R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production[J]. The American economic review,1996,86(3):630-640.
[38]赖明勇,包群,彭水军,等.外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究[J].经济研究,2005(8):95-105.
[39] A Caragliu,P Nijkamp. The impact of regional absorptive capacity on spatial knowledge spillovers[R]. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2008.
[40] R Boschma. Proximity and Innovation:A Critical Assessment[J]. Regional Studies,2005,39(1):61-74.
[41] A B Jaffe. Real Effects of Academic Research[J]. The American Economic Review,1989,79(5):957-970.
[42] Z Griliches. Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth[J]. The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10(1):92-116.
[43] W Tsai. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(5):996-1 004.
[44] R Koenker,G Bassett Jr. Regression quantiles[J]. Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1978,46(1):33-50.
[45]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1 014-1 022.
[46] M Polanyi. Knowing and being[J]. Mind,1961,70(28):458-470.
[47]魏守华,吴贵生,吕新雷.区域创新能力的影响因素——兼评我国创新能力的地区差距[J].中国软科学,2010,2010(9):76-85.
[48] J E Hirsch. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output[J]. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(46):16 569.
[49]吕拉昌,李勇.基于城市创新职能的中国创新城市空间体系[J].地理学报,2010,65(2):177-190.
[2] S A Zahra,G George. Absorptive Capacity:A Review,Reconceptualization,and Extension[J]. Academy of Management Review,2002,27(2):185-203.
[3] A Lund Vinding. Absorptive capacity and innovative performance:A human capital approach[J]. Economics of Innovation and New Technology,2006,15(4-5):507-517.
[4] P M Romer. Endogenous Technological Change[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1990,98(5):71-102.
[5] H F Qian,Z J Acs. An absorptive capacity theory of knowledge spillover entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics,2013,40(2):185-197.
[6] P Braunerhjelm,Z J Acs,D B Audretsch,et al. The missing link:knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth[J]. Small Business Economics,2010,34(2):105-125.
[7] Z J Acs,P Braunerhjelm,D B Audretsch,et al. The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship[J]. Small Business Economics,2009,32(1):15-30.
[8] D B Audretsch. Innovation and Industry Evolution[M]. Cambridge:MIT Press,1995.
[9] W Keller. Absorptive capacity:On the creation and acquisition of technology in development[J]. Journal of Development Economics,1996,49(1):199-227.
[10] X Liu,R S White. The relative contributions of foreign technology and domestic inputs to innovation in Chinese manufacturing industries[J]. Technovation,1997,17(3):119-125.
[11] R Veugelers. Internal R&D expenditures and external technology sourcing[J]. Research Policy,1997,26(3):303-315.
[12] E Borensztein,J De Gregorio,J W Lee. How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth?[J]. Journal of International Economics,1998,45(1):115-135.
[13] B Xu. Multinational enterprises,technology diffusion,and host country productivity growth[J]. Journal of development economics,2000,62(2):477-493.
[14] D L Carr,J R Markusen,K E Maskus. Estimating the Knowledge-Capital Model of the Multinational Enterprise[J]. American Economic Review,2001,91(3):693-708.
[15] E Giuliani. Cluster absorptive capacity:Why do some clusters forge ahead and others lag behind?[J]. European Urban andRegional Studies,2005,12(3):269-288.
[16] M Exposito-Langa,F X Molina-Morales,J Capo-Vicedo. New Product Development and Absorptive Capacity in Industrial Districts:A Multidimensional Approach[J]. Regional Studies,2011,45(3):319-331.
[17] A Caragliu,P Nijkamp. The impact of regional absorptive capacity on spatial knowledge spillovers:the Cohen and Levinthal model revisited[J]. Applied Economics,2012,44(11):1 363-1 374.
[18] C H Yang,H L Lin. Openness,absorptive capacity,and regional innovation in China[J]. Environment and Planning A,2012,44(2):333-355.
[19] J M Azagra-Caro,F Archontakis,A Gutiérrez-Gracia,et al.Faculty support for the objectives of university-industry relations versus degree of R&D cooperation:The importance of regional absorptive capacity[J]. Research Policy,2006,35(1):37-55.
[20] H Saito,M Gopinath. Knowledge Spillovers,Absorptive Capacity,and Skill Intensity of Chilean Manufacturing Plants[J].Journal of Regional Science,2011,51(1):83-101.
[21]柳卸林,胡志坚.中国区域创新能力的分布与成因[J].科学学研究,2002,20(5):550-556.
[22]范斐,杜德斌,李恒,等.中国地级以上城市科技资源配置效率的时空格局[J].地理学报,2013,68(10):1 331-1 343.
[23]方创琳,马海涛,王振波,等.中国创新型城市建设的综合评估与空间格局分异[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):459-473.
[24]李国平,王春杨.我国省域创新产出的空间特征和时空演化——基于探索性空间数据分析的实证[J].地理研究,2012,31(1):95-106.
[25]王秋玉,曾刚,吕国庆.中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探[J].地理学报,2016,71(2):251-264.
[26]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性[J].地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.
[27]吕国庆,曾刚,郭金龙.长三角装备制造业产学研创新网络体系的演化分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(9):1 051-1 059.
[28]周灿,曾刚,曹贤忠.中国城市创新网络结构与创新能力研究[J].地理研究,2017,36(7):1 297-1 308.
[29]曹广喜. FDI对中国区域创新能力溢出效应的实证研究——基于动态面板数据模型[J].经济地理,2009,40(6):894-899.
[30]程叶青,王哲野,马靖.中国区域创新的时空动态分析[J].地理学报,2014,69(12):1 779-1 789.
[31]谭俊涛,张平宇,李静.中国区域创新绩效时空演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):39-46.
[32]王俊松,颜燕,胡曙虹.中国城市技术创新能力的空间特征及影响因素——基于空间面板数据模型的研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):11-18.
[33]方远平,谢蔓.创新要素的空间分布及其对区域创新产出的影响——基于中国省域的ESDA-GWR分析[J].经济地理,2012,32(9):8-14.
[34]刘炜,李郇,欧俏珊.产业集群的非正式联系及其对技术创新的影响——以顺德家电产业集群为例[J].地理研究,2013,32(3):518-530.
[35]王丰龙,曾刚,周灿,等.中国地方政府科技财政支出对企业创新产出的影响研究——来自工业企业数据库的证据[J].地理科学,2017,37(11):1 632-1 639.
[36]朱勇,张宗益.技术创新对经济增长影响的地区差异研究[J].中国软科学,2005,(11):92-98.
[37] D B Audretsch,M P Feldman. R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production[J]. The American economic review,1996,86(3):630-640.
[38]赖明勇,包群,彭水军,等.外商直接投资与技术外溢:基于吸收能力的研究[J].经济研究,2005(8):95-105.
[39] A Caragliu,P Nijkamp. The impact of regional absorptive capacity on spatial knowledge spillovers[R]. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper,2008.
[40] R Boschma. Proximity and Innovation:A Critical Assessment[J]. Regional Studies,2005,39(1):61-74.
[41] A B Jaffe. Real Effects of Academic Research[J]. The American Economic Review,1989,79(5):957-970.
[42] Z Griliches. Issues in Assessing the Contribution of Research and Development to Productivity Growth[J]. The Bell Journal of Economics,1979,10(1):92-116.
[43] W Tsai. Knowledge transfer in intraorganizational networks:Effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation and performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(5):996-1 004.
[44] R Koenker,G Bassett Jr. Regression quantiles[J]. Econometrica:Journal of the Econometric Society,1978,46(1):33-50.
[45]何舜辉,杜德斌,焦美琪,等.中国地级以上城市创新能力的时空格局演变及影响因素分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1 014-1 022.
[46] M Polanyi. Knowing and being[J]. Mind,1961,70(28):458-470.
[47]魏守华,吴贵生,吕新雷.区域创新能力的影响因素——兼评我国创新能力的地区差距[J].中国软科学,2010,2010(9):76-85.
[48] J E Hirsch. An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output[J]. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2005,102(46):16 569.
[49]吕拉昌,李勇.基于城市创新职能的中国创新城市空间体系[J].地理学报,2010,65(2):177-190.
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