中国沿海长蛸群体形态性状的差异
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摘要
中国海域跨度大,生态环境差别显著,栖息在不同地理位置的长蛸群体在形态特征上存在差异。实验采用主成分分析、判别分析、单因素方差分析及逐步判别分析的多元分析方法对中国沿海长蛸11个自然群体的14个形态指标进行了综合分析,并建立了群体判别函数。结果显示,长蛸腕式为1>2>3>4,腕间膜式为A>B>C>D>E。主成分分析构建了2个主成分,累计贡献率达66.067%。主成分1主要包括胴宽/体长、头宽/体长、漏斗后部长/体长3个参数,累计贡献率达36.979%;主成分2主要包括体质量/体长、胴背长/体长、漏斗前部长/体长3个参数,累计贡献率达29.088%。基于主成分散点图可以清晰区分澎湖群体与其他群体。依据判别函数,群体综合判别准确率为60.40%。单因素方差分析显示,腕吸盘数目在澎湖群体与其他群体之间存在显著差异。聚类分析显示,11个群体中北方5个群体与宜兰群体先聚为一支,再与嵊泗、南麂岛、连江3个南方群体聚成一支,之后与澎湖群体聚成一支,泉港群体单独聚成一支。研究表明,北方5个群体间形态相似度较大,且与南方群体差异显著;澎湖和泉港群体与其他群体之间存在较大的形态差异。中国沿海11个长蛸群体在形态上存在一定地域差异性,形态多样性较高。
The wide coverage of the north and south seas of China makes the ecological environment geographically different. Octopus minor inhabiting different sea areas thus formed corresponding apparent differences in morphology. A multi-variate analysis method including the principal component analysis,discriminant analysis, One-Way ANOVA and stepwise discriminant analysis was used to comprehensively analyze the 14 morphological indexes of 11 natural O. minor populations along the coasts of China and a population discriminant function was established. The results showed that the arm formula of O. minor was 1>2>3>4 and the web formula was A>B>C>D>E. Principal component analysis showed two principal components were constructed with a cumulative contribution rate of 66.067%. The first principal component included the MW/TL, HW/TL and FFL/TL, with their contribution rate of 36.979%, while the second principal component contained the TWt/TL,ML/TL and FL/TL with the contributory rate of 29.088%. Importantly, the Penghu group can be clearly distinguished based on the scatter plots of principal component analysis. The integrative discrimination accuracy was 60.400% based on the discriminant functions. One-Way analysis of variance(ANOVA) implied that there are significant differences between the number of suckers in the arms of Penghu and the other populations. The cluster analysis revealed that five northern populations and the Yilan population grouped together at first, then clustered with Shengsi, Nanjidao and Lianjiang, then finally clustered with Penghu, while Quangang formed into a separated group. All of those indicated that five northern populations showed high morphological similarity while it was not the case for the southern populations. And there are significant variations between the northern and southern populations. Especially Penghu and Quangang populations exhibited/showed relatively large differences with the others. In summary, eleven O. minor populations in the coastal Chinese sea exhibited significant morphological divergence, and the morphological diversity was relatively high.
The wide coverage of the north and south seas of China makes the ecological environment geographically different. Octopus minor inhabiting different sea areas thus formed corresponding apparent differences in morphology. A multi-variate analysis method including the principal component analysis,discriminant analysis, One-Way ANOVA and stepwise discriminant analysis was used to comprehensively analyze the 14 morphological indexes of 11 natural O. minor populations along the coasts of China and a population discriminant function was established. The results showed that the arm formula of O. minor was 1>2>3>4 and the web formula was A>B>C>D>E. Principal component analysis showed two principal components were constructed with a cumulative contribution rate of 66.067%. The first principal component included the MW/TL, HW/TL and FFL/TL, with their contribution rate of 36.979%, while the second principal component contained the TWt/TL,ML/TL and FL/TL with the contributory rate of 29.088%. Importantly, the Penghu group can be clearly distinguished based on the scatter plots of principal component analysis. The integrative discrimination accuracy was 60.400% based on the discriminant functions. One-Way analysis of variance(ANOVA) implied that there are significant differences between the number of suckers in the arms of Penghu and the other populations. The cluster analysis revealed that five northern populations and the Yilan population grouped together at first, then clustered with Shengsi, Nanjidao and Lianjiang, then finally clustered with Penghu, while Quangang formed into a separated group. All of those indicated that five northern populations showed high morphological similarity while it was not the case for the southern populations. And there are significant variations between the northern and southern populations. Especially Penghu and Quangang populations exhibited/showed relatively large differences with the others. In summary, eleven O. minor populations in the coastal Chinese sea exhibited significant morphological divergence, and the morphological diversity was relatively high.
引文
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[3]钱耀森,郑小东,刘畅,等.人工条件下长蛸(Octopus minor)繁殖习性及胚胎发育研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2013,44(1):165-170.Qian Y S,Zheng X D,Liu C,et al.Studies on the reproductive habit and embryonic development of Octopus minor under the artificial conditions[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2013,44(1):165-170(in Chinese).
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[8]徐梅英,李继姬,郭宝英,等.基于线粒体DNA 12Sr R N A和C OⅢ基因序列研究中国沿海7个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)野生群体的遗传多样性[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(3):387-396.Xu M Y,Li J J,Guo B Y,et al.Genetic diversity of seven populations of Octopus variabilis in Chinese coastal waters based on the 12S rDNA and COⅢgene analysis[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2011,42(3):387-396(in Chinese).
[9]Gao X L,Zheng X D,Bo Q K,et al.Population genetics of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor(Sasaki,1920)(Cephalopoda:Octopoda)in Chinese waters based on microsatellite analysis[J].Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2016,66:129-136.
[10]Xu R,Bo Q K,Zheng X D,et al.A divergent lineage among Octopus minor(Sasaki,1920)populations in the Northwest Pacific supported by DNA barcoding[J].Marine Biology Research,2018,14(4):335-344.
[11]宋坚,肖登兵,张伟杰,等.长蛸体尺与重量性状间相关关系的研究[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(23):118-122.Song J,Xiao D B,Zhang W J,et al.The study of correlativity between Octopus variabilis body measurement and weight traits[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(23):118-122(in Chinese).
[12]Roper C F,Voss G L.Guidelines for taxonomic descriptions of cephalopod species[J].Memoirs of the National Museum Victoria,1983,44:49-63.
[13]Norman M D,Sweeney M J.The shallow-water octopuses(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)of the Philippines[J].Invertebrate Systematics,1997,11(1):89-140.
[14]Brzeski V J,Doyle R W.Morphometric criterion for sex discrimination in tilapia,1988[C].ICLARM:Department of Fisheries,1988.
[15]董正之.中国动物志软体动物门头足纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:181-182.Dong Z Z.Fauna sinica:phylum Mollusca(Class Cephalopoda)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:181-182(in Chinese).
[16]Liao J X,Lu C C.A new species of Cistopus(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)from Taiwan and morphology of mucous pouches[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,2009,75(3):1-10.
[17]Sin Y W,Yau C,Chu K H.Morphological and genetic differentiation of two loliginid squids Uroteuthis(Photololigo)chinensis and Uroteuthis(Photololigo)edulis(Cephalopoda:Loliginidae),in Asia[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2009,369(1):22-30.
[18]魏开建,熊邦喜,赵小红,等.五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析[J].水产学报,2003,27(1):13-18.Wei K J,Xiong B X,Zhao X H,et al.Morphological variations and discriminant analysis of five freshwater unionid species(Bivalvia:Unionidae)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2003,27(1):13-18(in Chinese).
[19]梁超,杨爱国,刘志鸿,等.4个地理群体魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)的形态差异与判别分析[J].海洋科学,2011,35(11):108-113.Liang C,Yang A G,Liu Z H,et al.Morphological variations and discriminant analysis of different geographical populations of Scapharca broughtonii(Schrenck,1867)[J].Marine Science,2011,35(11):108-113(in Chinese).
[20]罗福广,李斌,罗平秀,等.中国沿海管角螺4个自然群体形态差异的比较[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(3):65-70.Luo F G,Li B,Luo P X,et al.Morphological variation analysis of four different natural populations of Hemifussus tuba(Gmelin,1791)in Chinese waters[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China(Natural Science Edition),2010,40(3):65-70(in Chinese).
[21]Miller J P.Geometric morphometric analysis of the shell of Cerion mumia(Pulmonata:Cerionidae)and related species[J].Folia Malacologica,2016,24(4):239-250.
[22]Hamasaki K,Iizuka C,Sanda T,et al.Phylogeny and phylogeography of the land hermit crab Coenobita purpureus(Decapoda:Anomura:Coenobitidae)in the Northwestern Pacific region[J].Marine Ecology,2017,38(1):1-17.
[2]崔龙波,赵华.长蛸唾液腺和消化腺的组织学与组织化学研究[J].海洋科学,2001,25(7):38-41.Cui L B,Zhao H.Histological and histochemical studies on salivary glands and digestive glands of Octopus variabilis Sasaki[J].Marine Science,2001,25(7):38-41(in Chinese).
[3]钱耀森,郑小东,刘畅,等.人工条件下长蛸(Octopus minor)繁殖习性及胚胎发育研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2013,44(1):165-170.Qian Y S,Zheng X D,Liu C,et al.Studies on the reproductive habit and embryonic development of Octopus minor under the artificial conditions[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2013,44(1):165-170(in Chinese).
[4]Qian Y S,Zheng X D,Wang W J,et al.Ultrastructure of spermatozoa and spermatogenesis in Octopus minor(Sasaki,1920)(Cephalopoda:Octopoda)[J].Journal of Natural History,2016,50(31/32):2037-2047.
[5]高强,郑小东,孔令锋,等.长蛸Octopus variabilis自然群体生化遗传学研究[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2009,39(6):1193-1197.Gao Q,Zheng X D,Kong L F,et al.Biochemical genetic analysis of wild populations of Octopus variabilis[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China(Natural Science Edition),2009,39(6):1193-1197(in Chinese).
[6]孙宝超,杨建敏,孙国华,等.中国沿海长蛸(Octopus variabilis)自然群体线粒体COI基因遗传多样性研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(2):259-265.Sun B C,Yang J M,Sun G H,et al.Sequence and molecular phylogeny of mitochondrial COI gene fragment in five populations of Octopus variabilis in China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2010,41(2):259-265(in Chinese).
[7]常抗美,李焕,吕振明,等.中国沿海7个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)群体COI基因的遗传变异研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(3):307-314.Chang K M,Li H,LüZ M,et al.Genetic variation in seven populations of Octopus variabilis in Chinese coastal waters based on the COI gene analysis[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2010,41(3):307-314(in Chinese).
[8]徐梅英,李继姬,郭宝英,等.基于线粒体DNA 12Sr R N A和C OⅢ基因序列研究中国沿海7个长蛸(Octopus variabilis)野生群体的遗传多样性[J].海洋与湖沼,2011,42(3):387-396.Xu M Y,Li J J,Guo B Y,et al.Genetic diversity of seven populations of Octopus variabilis in Chinese coastal waters based on the 12S rDNA and COⅢgene analysis[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinca,2011,42(3):387-396(in Chinese).
[9]Gao X L,Zheng X D,Bo Q K,et al.Population genetics of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor(Sasaki,1920)(Cephalopoda:Octopoda)in Chinese waters based on microsatellite analysis[J].Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2016,66:129-136.
[10]Xu R,Bo Q K,Zheng X D,et al.A divergent lineage among Octopus minor(Sasaki,1920)populations in the Northwest Pacific supported by DNA barcoding[J].Marine Biology Research,2018,14(4):335-344.
[11]宋坚,肖登兵,张伟杰,等.长蛸体尺与重量性状间相关关系的研究[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(23):118-122.Song J,Xiao D B,Zhang W J,et al.The study of correlativity between Octopus variabilis body measurement and weight traits[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(23):118-122(in Chinese).
[12]Roper C F,Voss G L.Guidelines for taxonomic descriptions of cephalopod species[J].Memoirs of the National Museum Victoria,1983,44:49-63.
[13]Norman M D,Sweeney M J.The shallow-water octopuses(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)of the Philippines[J].Invertebrate Systematics,1997,11(1):89-140.
[14]Brzeski V J,Doyle R W.Morphometric criterion for sex discrimination in tilapia,1988[C].ICLARM:Department of Fisheries,1988.
[15]董正之.中国动物志软体动物门头足纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:181-182.Dong Z Z.Fauna sinica:phylum Mollusca(Class Cephalopoda)[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:181-182(in Chinese).
[16]Liao J X,Lu C C.A new species of Cistopus(Cephalopoda:Octopodidae)from Taiwan and morphology of mucous pouches[J].Journal of Molluscan Studies,2009,75(3):1-10.
[17]Sin Y W,Yau C,Chu K H.Morphological and genetic differentiation of two loliginid squids Uroteuthis(Photololigo)chinensis and Uroteuthis(Photololigo)edulis(Cephalopoda:Loliginidae),in Asia[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2009,369(1):22-30.
[18]魏开建,熊邦喜,赵小红,等.五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析[J].水产学报,2003,27(1):13-18.Wei K J,Xiong B X,Zhao X H,et al.Morphological variations and discriminant analysis of five freshwater unionid species(Bivalvia:Unionidae)[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2003,27(1):13-18(in Chinese).
[19]梁超,杨爱国,刘志鸿,等.4个地理群体魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)的形态差异与判别分析[J].海洋科学,2011,35(11):108-113.Liang C,Yang A G,Liu Z H,et al.Morphological variations and discriminant analysis of different geographical populations of Scapharca broughtonii(Schrenck,1867)[J].Marine Science,2011,35(11):108-113(in Chinese).
[20]罗福广,李斌,罗平秀,等.中国沿海管角螺4个自然群体形态差异的比较[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2010,40(3):65-70.Luo F G,Li B,Luo P X,et al.Morphological variation analysis of four different natural populations of Hemifussus tuba(Gmelin,1791)in Chinese waters[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China(Natural Science Edition),2010,40(3):65-70(in Chinese).
[21]Miller J P.Geometric morphometric analysis of the shell of Cerion mumia(Pulmonata:Cerionidae)and related species[J].Folia Malacologica,2016,24(4):239-250.
[22]Hamasaki K,Iizuka C,Sanda T,et al.Phylogeny and phylogeography of the land hermit crab Coenobita purpureus(Decapoda:Anomura:Coenobitidae)in the Northwestern Pacific region[J].Marine Ecology,2017,38(1):1-17.
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