厌氧氨氧化系统的快速启动及其脱氮性能研究
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摘要
在UASB反应器中,将污水处理厂好氧污泥与冷藏的厌氧氨氧化污泥以1∶1体积比混合。采用药剂还原法快速去除水中溶解氧,以ANAMMOX菌最适条件运行13 d,厌氧氨氧化现象明显,逐步提升进水负荷并稳定运行4个多月,进水氮负荷率(NLR)达到1.65 g/(L·d)(以(NH_4~++NO_2~-)计),NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率均达到95%左右。污泥性状逐渐由黑色糊状转变为砖红色颗粒。通过高通量测序技术检测启动成功的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,发现浮霉菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、纤维杆菌门为主要菌门。浮霉菌门中Candidatus_Kuenenia为主要菌属,占比74.11%,此外还检测到SM1A02属、Candidatus_Brocadia属等ANAMMOX反应器中代表性菌属。
In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor was operated to enrich anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) bacteria. The aerobic sludge collected from a sewage treatment plant and the ANAMMOX sludge stored at 4 ℃ were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to inoculate the reactor. Dissolved oxygen(DO) in the influent was removed by the chemical reduction method quickly. The ANAMMOX phenomenon was obvious lasting for 13 days' operation under the optimum conditions of the ANAMMOX bacteria. The influent nitrogen loading rate(NLR) reached 1.65 g(NH_4~++NO_2~-)/(L·d)with the load gradually increasing and stabilizing for more than four months, and the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N reached about 95%. The sludge trait gradually changed from black paste to brick red granules. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect the microbial community structure of ANAMMOX granular sludge, and found Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Fibrobactereres were the main phylum of bacteria in the reactor. Candidatus_Kuenenia was the main genus in Planctomycetes, accounting for 74.11%. In addition, some representative genus in ANAMMOX reactor such as SM1A02 and Candidatus_Brocadia were also detected.
In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor was operated to enrich anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) bacteria. The aerobic sludge collected from a sewage treatment plant and the ANAMMOX sludge stored at 4 ℃ were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to inoculate the reactor. Dissolved oxygen(DO) in the influent was removed by the chemical reduction method quickly. The ANAMMOX phenomenon was obvious lasting for 13 days' operation under the optimum conditions of the ANAMMOX bacteria. The influent nitrogen loading rate(NLR) reached 1.65 g(NH_4~++NO_2~-)/(L·d)with the load gradually increasing and stabilizing for more than four months, and the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N reached about 95%. The sludge trait gradually changed from black paste to brick red granules. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to detect the microbial community structure of ANAMMOX granular sludge, and found Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi and Fibrobactereres were the main phylum of bacteria in the reactor. Candidatus_Kuenenia was the main genus in Planctomycetes, accounting for 74.11%. In addition, some representative genus in ANAMMOX reactor such as SM1A02 and Candidatus_Brocadia were also detected.
引文
[1]Yang W,He S,Han M,et al.Nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure in the start-up and substrate inhibition stages of an anammox reactor[J].Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering,2018,126(1):88-95.
[2]Wang T,Zhang H,Gao D,et al.Comparison between MBRand SBR on anammox start-up process from the conventional activated sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,122:78-82.
[3]Guo J,Wang S,Lian J,et al.Rapid start-up of the anammox process:effects of five different sludge extracellular polymeric substances on the activity of anammox bacteria[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220(64):1-6.
[4]Ma H,Niu Q,Zhang Y,et al.Substrate inhibition and concentration control in an UASB-anammox process[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,238(2):63-72.
[5]Mulder A,De Graaf A A V,Robertson L A,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidizedbed reactor[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,1995,16(3):177-183.
[6]Lotti T,Kleerebezem R,Abelleira-pereira J M,et al.Faster through training:the anammox case[J].Water Research,2015,81(26):1-8.
[7]Wang T,Zhang H,Yang F,et al.Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100(9):2501-2506.
[8]Ali M,Okabe S.Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal:advances in process start-up and remaining issues[J].Chemosphere,2015,141(1):44-53.
[9]Reino C,Suarez-ojeda M E,Perez J,et al.Stable long-term operation of an upflow anammox sludge bed reactor at mainstream conditions[J].Water Research,2018,128(3):31-40.
[10]Yang Y,Zhang L,Cheng J,et al.Microbial community evolution in partial nitritation/anammox process:from sidestream to mainstream[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251(3):27-33.
[11]Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al.The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[12]Zhang Y,He S,Niu Q,et al.Characterization of three types of inhibition and their recovery processes in an anammox UASB reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,109(2):12-21.
[13]汪瑶琪,张敏,姜滢,等.厌氧氨氧化启动过程及微生物群落结构特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5184-5191.Wang Yaoqi,Zhang Min,Jiang Ying,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation initiation process and microbial community structure characteristics[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5184-5191.
[14]Niu Q,He S,Zhang Y,et al.Process stability and the recovery control associated with inhibition factors in a UASB-anammox reactor with a long-term operation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,203(1):32-41.
[15]Qin L.Stressful conditions-induced production of extracellular polysaccharides in aerobic granulation proc[J].Shan,2013.
[16]唐晓雪,彭永臻,徐竹兵,等.低基质浓度厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应器的快速启动[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2014,45(12):4445-4451.Tang Xiaoxue,Peng Yongzhen,Xu Zhubing,et al.Rapid start-up of low matrix concentration anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge reactor[J].Journal of Central SouthUniversity:NaturalScienceEdition,2014,45(12):4445-4451.
[17]Tang X,Guo Y,Jiang B,et al.Metagenomic approaches to understanding bacterial communication during the anammox reactor start-up[J].Water Research,2018,136:95-103.
[18]丛岩,黄晓丽,王小龙,等.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速形成[J].化工学报,2014,65(2):664-671.Cong Yan,Huang Xiaoli,Wang Xiaolong,et al.Rapid formation of anaerobic ammonium oxide granular sludge[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,2014,65(2):664-671.
[19]Qin Y,Cao Y,Ren J,et al.Effect of glucose on nitrogen removal and microbial community in anammox-denitrification system[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,244(1):33-39.
[20]李媛.厌氧氨氧化工艺启动和运行特性及其受抑机理研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2014.Li Yuan.Study on the Startup and Operation Characteristics of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Process and Its Inhibition Mechanism[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2014.
[21]刘晓宇,王思慧,薛耀琦,等.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速培养与形成机理[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(3):1223-7.Liu Xiaoyu,Wang Sihui,Xue Yaoqi,et al.Rapid culture and formation mechanism of anaerobic ammonium oxide granular sludge[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(3):1223-7.
[22]李建平,袁兴中,渡辺智秀,等.生物电极膜内脱氮速率模型[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2004,35(3):418-422.Li Jianping,Yuan Xingzhong,Wantanabe T,et al.Modeling of denitrification rates in biofilm of bio-electro reactor[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2004,35(3):418-422.
[23]Lyu Y,Wang L,Sun T,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal discovered in suspended nitritation system[J].Chemosphere,2010,79(2):180-185.
[24]Persson F,Sultana R,Suarez M,et al.Structure and composition of biofilm communities in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitritation-anammox at low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154(2):67-73.
[25]Strous M,Kuenen J G J,Fuerst J A,et al.The anammox case-a new experimental manifesto for microbiological eco-physiology[J].International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology,2002,81:693-702.
[26]陈胜,孙德智,遇光禄.填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):691-696.Chen Sheng,Sun Dezhi,Yan Guanglu.Study on rapid startup of anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor and its nitrogen removal performance in packed bed[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):691-696.
[27]刘晓萍.厌氧氨氧化菌的富集及其与反硝化菌协同脱氮研究[D].青岛:青岛科技大学,2016.Liu Xiaoping.Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria and Its Synergistic Denitrification with Denitrifying Bacteria[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University of Science and Technology,2016.
[28]Tang C J,Zheng P,Chai L Y,et al.Characterization and quantification of anammox start-up in UASB reactors seeded with conventional activated sludge[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2013,82(14):1-8.
[29]Du R,Cao S,Niu M,et al.Performance of partial-denitrification process providing nitrite for anammox in sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and upflow sludge blanket(USB)reactor[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,122:38-46.
[30]Du R,Cao S,Li B,et al.Performance and microbial community analysis of a novel DEAMOX based on partial-denitrification and anammox treating ammonia and nitrate wastewaters[J].Water Research,2017,108:46-56.
[31]Strous M,Gerven E V,Kuenen J G,et al.Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(6):2446-2458.
[32]杨小飞.硫酸根及盐度对火电厂烟气脱硝尾液厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响[D].青岛:青岛大学,2015.Yang Xiaofei.Effect of Sulfate and Salinity on Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation and Denitrification Performance of Flue Gas Denitrification Tailings in Thermal Power Plants[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University,2015.
[33]Hunik J H,Tramper J,Wijffels R H.A strategy to scale up nitrification processes with immobilized cells of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis[J].Bioprocess Engineering,1994,11(2):73-82.
[34]Chao A.Nonparametric-estimation of the number of classes in a population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11(4):265-270.
[35]Val Del Rio A,Pichel A,Fernandez gonzalez N,et al.Performance and microbial features of the partial nitritationanammox process treating fish canning wastewater with variable salt concentrations[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,208(1):12-21.
[36]Shannon C E,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication[J].Mdcomputing Computers in Medical Practice,1997,14(4):306.
[37]Simpson E H.The measurement of diversity[J].Nature,1949,163(4148):688.
[38]Wang B,Peng Y,Guo Y,et al.Illumina MiSeq sequencing reveals the key microorganisms involved in partial nitritation followed by simultaneous sludge fermentation,denitrification and anammox process[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,207(1):18-25.
[39]Oberauner L,Zachow C,Lackner S,et al.The ignored diversity:complex bacterial communities in intensive care units revealed by 16S pyrosequencing[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1):1413.
[40]陈重军,张海芹,汪瑶琪,等.基于高通量测序的ABR厌氧氨氧化反应器各隔室细菌群落特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2652-2658.Chen Chongjun,Zhang Haiqin,Wang Yaoqi,et al.Analysis of bacterial community characteristics in each compartment of ABR anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor based on high-throughputsequencing[J].EnvironmentalScience,2016,37(7):2652-2658.
[41]Lu H,Chandran K,Stensel D.Microbial ecology of denitrification in biological wastewater treatment[J].Water Research,2014,64(2):37-54.
[42]Zhang R C,Xu X J,Chen C,et al.Interactions of functional bacteria and their contributions to the performance in integrated autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Water Research,2018,143(3):55-66.
[43]Puyol D,Carvajalarroyo J M,Garcia B,et al.Kinetic characterization of Brocadia spp.-dominated anammox cultures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,139:94-100.
[44]Ge C H,Sun N,Kang Q,et al.Bacterial community evolutions driven by organic matter and powder activated carbon in simultaneous anammox and denitrification(SAD)process[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251:13-21.
[45]Hu B L,Zheng P,Tang C J,et al.Identification and quantification of anammox bacteria in eight nitrogen removal reactors[J].Water Research,2010,44(17):5014-5020.
[46]Jiang X,Hou L,Zheng Y,et al.Salinity-driven shifts in the activity,diversity,and abundance of anammox bacteria of estuarine and coastal wetlands[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2017,97:46-53.
[47]Zhang K,Yang B,Ma Y,et al.A novel anammox process combined with vibration technology[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,256(2):77-84.
[48]Ding A,Zhao D,Ding F,et al.Effect of inocula on performance of bio-cathode denitrification and its microbial mechanism[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,343:399-407.
[49]Yin T,Te S H,Reinhard M,et al.Biotransformation of sulfluramid(N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide)and dynamics of associated rhizospheric microbial community in microcosms of wetland plants[J].Chemosphere,2018,211(3):79-89.
[2]Wang T,Zhang H,Gao D,et al.Comparison between MBRand SBR on anammox start-up process from the conventional activated sludge[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,122:78-82.
[3]Guo J,Wang S,Lian J,et al.Rapid start-up of the anammox process:effects of five different sludge extracellular polymeric substances on the activity of anammox bacteria[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,220(64):1-6.
[4]Ma H,Niu Q,Zhang Y,et al.Substrate inhibition and concentration control in an UASB-anammox process[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,238(2):63-72.
[5]Mulder A,De Graaf A A V,Robertson L A,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidizedbed reactor[J].FEMS Microbiology Ecology,1995,16(3):177-183.
[6]Lotti T,Kleerebezem R,Abelleira-pereira J M,et al.Faster through training:the anammox case[J].Water Research,2015,81(26):1-8.
[7]Wang T,Zhang H,Yang F,et al.Start-up of the anammox process from the conventional activated sludge in a membrane bioreactor[J].Bioresource Technology,2009,100(9):2501-2506.
[8]Ali M,Okabe S.Anammox-based technologies for nitrogen removal:advances in process start-up and remaining issues[J].Chemosphere,2015,141(1):44-53.
[9]Reino C,Suarez-ojeda M E,Perez J,et al.Stable long-term operation of an upflow anammox sludge bed reactor at mainstream conditions[J].Water Research,2018,128(3):31-40.
[10]Yang Y,Zhang L,Cheng J,et al.Microbial community evolution in partial nitritation/anammox process:from sidestream to mainstream[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251(3):27-33.
[11]Strous M,Heijnen J J,Kuenen J G,et al.The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,1998,50(5):589-596.
[12]Zhang Y,He S,Niu Q,et al.Characterization of three types of inhibition and their recovery processes in an anammox UASB reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2016,109(2):12-21.
[13]汪瑶琪,张敏,姜滢,等.厌氧氨氧化启动过程及微生物群落结构特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):5184-5191.Wang Yaoqi,Zhang Min,Jiang Ying,et al.Anaerobic ammonium oxidation initiation process and microbial community structure characteristics[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):5184-5191.
[14]Niu Q,He S,Zhang Y,et al.Process stability and the recovery control associated with inhibition factors in a UASB-anammox reactor with a long-term operation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,203(1):32-41.
[15]Qin L.Stressful conditions-induced production of extracellular polysaccharides in aerobic granulation proc[J].Shan,2013.
[16]唐晓雪,彭永臻,徐竹兵,等.低基质浓度厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应器的快速启动[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2014,45(12):4445-4451.Tang Xiaoxue,Peng Yongzhen,Xu Zhubing,et al.Rapid start-up of low matrix concentration anaerobic ammonium oxidation granular sludge reactor[J].Journal of Central SouthUniversity:NaturalScienceEdition,2014,45(12):4445-4451.
[17]Tang X,Guo Y,Jiang B,et al.Metagenomic approaches to understanding bacterial communication during the anammox reactor start-up[J].Water Research,2018,136:95-103.
[18]丛岩,黄晓丽,王小龙,等.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速形成[J].化工学报,2014,65(2):664-671.Cong Yan,Huang Xiaoli,Wang Xiaolong,et al.Rapid formation of anaerobic ammonium oxide granular sludge[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering,2014,65(2):664-671.
[19]Qin Y,Cao Y,Ren J,et al.Effect of glucose on nitrogen removal and microbial community in anammox-denitrification system[J].Bioresource Technology,2017,244(1):33-39.
[20]李媛.厌氧氨氧化工艺启动和运行特性及其受抑机理研究[D].无锡:江南大学,2014.Li Yuan.Study on the Startup and Operation Characteristics of Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Process and Its Inhibition Mechanism[D].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2014.
[21]刘晓宇,王思慧,薛耀琦,等.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的快速培养与形成机理[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(3):1223-7.Liu Xiaoyu,Wang Sihui,Xue Yaoqi,et al.Rapid culture and formation mechanism of anaerobic ammonium oxide granular sludge[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(3):1223-7.
[22]李建平,袁兴中,渡辺智秀,等.生物电极膜内脱氮速率模型[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2004,35(3):418-422.Li Jianping,Yuan Xingzhong,Wantanabe T,et al.Modeling of denitrification rates in biofilm of bio-electro reactor[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2004,35(3):418-422.
[23]Lyu Y,Wang L,Sun T,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal discovered in suspended nitritation system[J].Chemosphere,2010,79(2):180-185.
[24]Persson F,Sultana R,Suarez M,et al.Structure and composition of biofilm communities in a moving bed biofilm reactor for nitritation-anammox at low temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,154(2):67-73.
[25]Strous M,Kuenen J G J,Fuerst J A,et al.The anammox case-a new experimental manifesto for microbiological eco-physiology[J].International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology,2002,81:693-702.
[26]陈胜,孙德智,遇光禄.填充床快速启动厌氧氨氧化反应器及其脱氮性能研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):691-696.Chen Sheng,Sun Dezhi,Yan Guanglu.Study on rapid startup of anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor and its nitrogen removal performance in packed bed[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):691-696.
[27]刘晓萍.厌氧氨氧化菌的富集及其与反硝化菌协同脱氮研究[D].青岛:青岛科技大学,2016.Liu Xiaoping.Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria and Its Synergistic Denitrification with Denitrifying Bacteria[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University of Science and Technology,2016.
[28]Tang C J,Zheng P,Chai L Y,et al.Characterization and quantification of anammox start-up in UASB reactors seeded with conventional activated sludge[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2013,82(14):1-8.
[29]Du R,Cao S,Niu M,et al.Performance of partial-denitrification process providing nitrite for anammox in sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and upflow sludge blanket(USB)reactor[J].International Biodeterioration&Biodegradation,2017,122:38-46.
[30]Du R,Cao S,Li B,et al.Performance and microbial community analysis of a novel DEAMOX based on partial-denitrification and anammox treating ammonia and nitrate wastewaters[J].Water Research,2017,108:46-56.
[31]Strous M,Gerven E V,Kuenen J G,et al.Effects of aerobic and microaerobic conditions on anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing(anammox)sludge[J].Applied&Environmental Microbiology,1997,63(6):2446-2458.
[32]杨小飞.硫酸根及盐度对火电厂烟气脱硝尾液厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响[D].青岛:青岛大学,2015.Yang Xiaofei.Effect of Sulfate and Salinity on Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation and Denitrification Performance of Flue Gas Denitrification Tailings in Thermal Power Plants[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University,2015.
[33]Hunik J H,Tramper J,Wijffels R H.A strategy to scale up nitrification processes with immobilized cells of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter agilis[J].Bioprocess Engineering,1994,11(2):73-82.
[34]Chao A.Nonparametric-estimation of the number of classes in a population[J].Scandinavian Journal of Statistics,1984,11(4):265-270.
[35]Val Del Rio A,Pichel A,Fernandez gonzalez N,et al.Performance and microbial features of the partial nitritationanammox process treating fish canning wastewater with variable salt concentrations[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,208(1):12-21.
[36]Shannon C E,Weaver W.The mathematical theory of communication[J].Mdcomputing Computers in Medical Practice,1997,14(4):306.
[37]Simpson E H.The measurement of diversity[J].Nature,1949,163(4148):688.
[38]Wang B,Peng Y,Guo Y,et al.Illumina MiSeq sequencing reveals the key microorganisms involved in partial nitritation followed by simultaneous sludge fermentation,denitrification and anammox process[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,207(1):18-25.
[39]Oberauner L,Zachow C,Lackner S,et al.The ignored diversity:complex bacterial communities in intensive care units revealed by 16S pyrosequencing[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3(1):1413.
[40]陈重军,张海芹,汪瑶琪,等.基于高通量测序的ABR厌氧氨氧化反应器各隔室细菌群落特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2652-2658.Chen Chongjun,Zhang Haiqin,Wang Yaoqi,et al.Analysis of bacterial community characteristics in each compartment of ABR anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor based on high-throughputsequencing[J].EnvironmentalScience,2016,37(7):2652-2658.
[41]Lu H,Chandran K,Stensel D.Microbial ecology of denitrification in biological wastewater treatment[J].Water Research,2014,64(2):37-54.
[42]Zhang R C,Xu X J,Chen C,et al.Interactions of functional bacteria and their contributions to the performance in integrated autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Water Research,2018,143(3):55-66.
[43]Puyol D,Carvajalarroyo J M,Garcia B,et al.Kinetic characterization of Brocadia spp.-dominated anammox cultures[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,139:94-100.
[44]Ge C H,Sun N,Kang Q,et al.Bacterial community evolutions driven by organic matter and powder activated carbon in simultaneous anammox and denitrification(SAD)process[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,251:13-21.
[45]Hu B L,Zheng P,Tang C J,et al.Identification and quantification of anammox bacteria in eight nitrogen removal reactors[J].Water Research,2010,44(17):5014-5020.
[46]Jiang X,Hou L,Zheng Y,et al.Salinity-driven shifts in the activity,diversity,and abundance of anammox bacteria of estuarine and coastal wetlands[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,Parts A/B/C,2017,97:46-53.
[47]Zhang K,Yang B,Ma Y,et al.A novel anammox process combined with vibration technology[J].Bioresource Technology,2018,256(2):77-84.
[48]Ding A,Zhao D,Ding F,et al.Effect of inocula on performance of bio-cathode denitrification and its microbial mechanism[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,343:399-407.
[49]Yin T,Te S H,Reinhard M,et al.Biotransformation of sulfluramid(N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide)and dynamics of associated rhizospheric microbial community in microcosms of wetland plants[J].Chemosphere,2018,211(3):79-89.
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