中国土地利用变化生态环境效应的空间分异性与形成机理
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摘要
中国复杂的自然要素、社会经济要素、区域发展战略和政策调控形成了当前中国不均衡的经济发展空间格局、土地利用空间格局和生态环境质量空间格局。厘清中国生态环境质量的空间格局及形成机理对中国土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境的有效保护具有重要的实践意义和价值。以往研究缺乏对中国县域尺度土地利用/土地覆被变化生态环境效应的空间分异性及形成机理的相关研究,本研究基于1995—2015年间中国土地利用现状遥感监测数据,尝试采用生态环境质量指数方法测度中国土地利用变化的生态环境效应,并且综合运用重心分析、热点分析工具(Getis-Ord G_i~*)和地理探测器等研究方法,分析1995—2015年中国生态环境质量时空演变特征及形成机理。研究结果如下:①东部季风区生态环境质量指数高于青藏高寒区和西北干旱区,东部季风区生态环境质量低值区主要分布在人口和经济集聚的城市群以及省会城市周边地区。研究期间中国生态环境质量重心持续向西北方向迁移;②1995—2015年间中国生态环境质量变化的热点区域主要分布在西藏地区、新疆、重庆、贵州以及位于黄土高原的省份(青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、山西、陕西以及河南)境内,冷点区域主要分布在长江经济带沿线地区省份以及东南部沿海地区省份;③土地利用程度对于生态环境质量影响力显著强于其他因子,东部季风区的社会经济和交通区位因子对生态环境质量影响力强于青藏高寒区、西北干旱区和生态大区过渡带;④影响因子之间相互作用主要包括非线性增强作用和双因子增强作用两种类型,以非线性增强作用为主。
The complex physical elements, socioeconomic elements, regional development strategies, and policy adjustments have formed China's current unbalanced spatial economic development pattern, spatial land use pattern, and spatial eco-environmental quality pattern.The unclear eco-environmental quality formation mechanism would limit the sustainable land use and the effective conservation of the ecological environment in China. Few studies have examined the spatial heterogeneity and the formation mechanism of China's eco-environmental quality at the national scale. This paper uses the eco-environmental quality index method to measure the eco-environmental effects of land use/land cover change(LULCC) to provide an overall review of eco-environmental quality index under complex physical and socioeconomic circumstances in China. We analyze the spatiotemporal evolution features and formation mechanism of eco-environmental quality from 1995 to 2015 with the gravity center analysis method, hot-spots analysis tool(Getis-Ord G_i~*), and Geo-detectors tool. The results are as follows:(1) The eco-environmental quality of the eastern monsoon region is higher than that of the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid region of northwest China. The lowvalue regions of the eastern monsoon region are mainly distributed in urban areas with dense population and economic agglomeration. The gravity center of eco-environmental quality during the study period moves toward the northwest of China continuously;(2) The hot-spots areas of eco-environmental quality change during 1995-2015 are mainly distributed in Tibet,Xinjiang, Chongqing, Guizhou, and the provinces located in the Loess Plateau(Qinghai,Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan). The cold-spots areas are mainly distributed in the provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the coastal regions in the southeast of China. The cold-spots and hot-spots changes in China's ecoenvironmental quality are closely related to the regional development strategies and the implementation of ecological conservation projects in China;(3) Land use intensity has a stronger effect on the eco-environmental quality than other factors, and the impacts of socioeconomy, traffic road, geographic location in the eastern monsoon region are stronger than those in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid region of northwest China;(4) The interactions between physical elements and socioeconomic elements are stronger than the interactions within individual indicators. The interactions between the influencing factors mainly include nonlinear enhancement and bi-factor enhancement, and nonlinear enhancement is the dominant interaction mode.
The complex physical elements, socioeconomic elements, regional development strategies, and policy adjustments have formed China's current unbalanced spatial economic development pattern, spatial land use pattern, and spatial eco-environmental quality pattern.The unclear eco-environmental quality formation mechanism would limit the sustainable land use and the effective conservation of the ecological environment in China. Few studies have examined the spatial heterogeneity and the formation mechanism of China's eco-environmental quality at the national scale. This paper uses the eco-environmental quality index method to measure the eco-environmental effects of land use/land cover change(LULCC) to provide an overall review of eco-environmental quality index under complex physical and socioeconomic circumstances in China. We analyze the spatiotemporal evolution features and formation mechanism of eco-environmental quality from 1995 to 2015 with the gravity center analysis method, hot-spots analysis tool(Getis-Ord G_i~*), and Geo-detectors tool. The results are as follows:(1) The eco-environmental quality of the eastern monsoon region is higher than that of the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid region of northwest China. The lowvalue regions of the eastern monsoon region are mainly distributed in urban areas with dense population and economic agglomeration. The gravity center of eco-environmental quality during the study period moves toward the northwest of China continuously;(2) The hot-spots areas of eco-environmental quality change during 1995-2015 are mainly distributed in Tibet,Xinjiang, Chongqing, Guizhou, and the provinces located in the Loess Plateau(Qinghai,Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan). The cold-spots areas are mainly distributed in the provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the coastal regions in the southeast of China. The cold-spots and hot-spots changes in China's ecoenvironmental quality are closely related to the regional development strategies and the implementation of ecological conservation projects in China;(3) Land use intensity has a stronger effect on the eco-environmental quality than other factors, and the impacts of socioeconomy, traffic road, geographic location in the eastern monsoon region are stronger than those in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the arid region of northwest China;(4) The interactions between physical elements and socioeconomic elements are stronger than the interactions within individual indicators. The interactions between the influencing factors mainly include nonlinear enhancement and bi-factor enhancement, and nonlinear enhancement is the dominant interaction mode.
引文
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[3]Liu Y,Huang X,Yang H,et al.Environmental effects of land-use/cover change caused by urbanization and policies in Southwest China Karst area:A case study of Guiyang.Habitat International,2014,44:339-348.
[4]Vitousek P M.Beyond global warming:Ecology and global change.Ecology,1994,75(7):1861-1876.
[5]后立胜,蔡运龙.土地利用/覆被变化研究的实质分析与进展评述.地理科学进展,2004,26(6):96-104.[Hou Lisheng,Cai Yunlong.An essential analysis and review on land use/cover change research.Progress in Geography,2004,23(6):96-104.]
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[10]Houghton R A,Hackler J L,Lawrence K T.The US carbon budget:Contributions from land-use change.Science,1999,285(5427):574-578.
[11]Chase T N,Pielke Sr R A,Kittel T G F,et al.Simulated impacts of historical land cover changes on global climate in northern winter.Climate Dynamics,2000,16(2):93-105.
[12]Sala O E,Chapin F S,Armesto J J,et al.Biodiversity-global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.Science,2000,287(5459):1770-1774.
[13]Li Y,Cao Z,Long H,et al.Dynamic analysis of ecological environment combined with land cover and NDVI changes and implications for sustainable urban-rural development:The case of Mu Us Sandy Land,China.Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,142:697-715.
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[16]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.[Xie Gaodi,Zhen Lin,Lu Chunxia,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.]
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[19]董智新,刘新平.新疆土地利用的生态环境效应分析.资源开发与市场,2009,25(4):301-303.[Dong Zhixin,Liu Xinping.Land-use and assessment of its eco-environment effects in Xinjiang.Resource Development&Market,2009,25(4):301-303.]
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[21]Lv L,Li Y,Yan S.The Spatio-temporal pattern of regional land use change and eco-environmental responses in Jiangsu,China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(3):268-276.
[22]Zhang H,Xu E,Zhu H.Ecological-living-productive land classification system in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2017,8(2):121-128.
[23]宋戈,李娜,李静,等.建三江垦区土地利用/覆盖变化与生态环境效应作用机理研究.经济地理,2011,31(5):816-821.[Song Ge,Li Na,Li Jing,et al.The land use/land cover change and its environmental effects the interaction mechanism in Jian Sanjiang.Economic Geography,2011,31(5):816-821.]
[24]Stern D I,Common M S,Barbier E B.Economic growth and environmental degradation:The environmental kuznets curve and sustainable development.World Development,1996,24(7):1151-1160.
[25]Miao Z,Marrs R.Ecological restoration and land reclamation in open-cast mines in Shanxi Province,China.Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(3):205-215.
[26]John P.Holdren P R E.Human population and the global environment:Population growth,rising per capita material consumption,and disruptive technologies have made civilization a global ecological force.American Scientist,1974,62(3):282-292.
[27]Cuperus R,Bakermans M M G J,Haes H A U D,et al.Ecological compensation in Dutch Highway planning.Environmental Management,2001,27(1):75-89.
[28]Rennings K.Redefining innovation-eco-innovation research and the contribution from ecological economics.Ecological Economics,2000,32(2):319-332.
[29]Macdonald D,Crabtree J R,Wiesinger G,et al.Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe:Environmental consequences and policy response.Journal of Environmental Management,2000,59(1):47-69.
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[33]Peng J,Tian L,Liu Y,et al.Ecosystem services response to urbanization in metropolitan areas:Thresholds identification.Science of The Total Environment,2017,607-608:706-714.
[34]李晓文,方创琳,黄金川,等.西北干旱区城市土地利用变化及其区域生态环境效应:以甘肃河西地区为例.第四纪研究,2003,23(3):280-290.[Li Xiaowen,Fang Chuanglin,Huang Jinchuan,et al.The urban land use transformations and associated effects on eco-environment in northwest China arid region:A case study in Hexi region,Gansu Province.Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(3):280-290.]
[35]杨振,雷军,段祖亮,等.新疆人口的空间分布特征.地理研究,2016,35(12):2333-2346.[Yang Zhen,Lei Jun,Duan Zuliang,et al.Spatial distribution of population in Xinjiang.Geographical Research,2016,35(12):2333-2346.]
[36]Li G,Fang C,Wang S.Exploring spatiotemporal changes in ecosystem-service values and hotspots in China.Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:609-620.
[37]武鹏,李同昇,李卫民.县域农村贫困化空间分异及其影响因素:以陕西山阳县为例.地理研究,2018,37(3):593-606.[Wu Peng,Li Tongsheng,Li Weimin.Spatial differentiation and influencing factors analysis of rural poverty at county scale:A case study of Shanyang county in Shaanxi province,China.Geographical Research,2018,37(3):593-606.]
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