应急场景快速制图及地图信息传输
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摘要
当前,应急响应范式已经由"预测-应对"转变为"情景-应对",应急地图作为应急测绘地理信息保障服务的重要内容,其制图方式也应该有所改变。本文介绍了突发事件情景及地理场景的定义,指出地理场景是各情景要素存在或发生的物理空间,同时也是应急地图表达的对象;论述了应急场景快速制图的基本原理及该制图模式具有的4个主要特点;将传统的地图信息传输理论与新应急响应范式相结合,提出了应急场景快速制图模式下的地图信息传输模型,详细论述了模型中空间信息的传输过程,并分析了该过程中影响信息传输效率的地图发送端和接收端的空间认知。
At present, the emergency response mode has been changed from "prediction-response" to "scenario-response". Emergency thematic map as an important content of emergency surveying and mapping, its production way should be changed according to the new mode. This paper introduces the definition of unconventional emergency scenarios and geographic scenarios, points out that geographic scenarios as the physical space in which various scenario elements exist or occur are the object of emergency mapping, discusses the principle and 4 main characteristics of rapid mapping of emergency scenario, proposes a cartographic information transmission model combining the traditional cartographic information transmission theory with the new emergency response mode, gives detailed explanations to the process of spatial information transmission and analyzes the spatial cognition of map senders and receivers which affects the efficiency of cartographic information transmission.
At present, the emergency response mode has been changed from "prediction-response" to "scenario-response". Emergency thematic map as an important content of emergency surveying and mapping, its production way should be changed according to the new mode. This paper introduces the definition of unconventional emergency scenarios and geographic scenarios, points out that geographic scenarios as the physical space in which various scenario elements exist or occur are the object of emergency mapping, discusses the principle and 4 main characteristics of rapid mapping of emergency scenario, proposes a cartographic information transmission model combining the traditional cartographic information transmission theory with the new emergency response mode, gives detailed explanations to the process of spatial information transmission and analyzes the spatial cognition of map senders and receivers which affects the efficiency of cartographic information transmission.
引文
[1]全国人大常委会办公厅.中华人民共和国突发事件应对法[M].北京:人民出版社,2008.The General Office of the NPC Standing Committee.Emergency response law of the People’s Republic of China[M].Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2008.
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[4]盛勇,孙庆云,王永明.突发事件情景演化及关键要素提取方法[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2015,11(1):17-21.SHENG Yong,SUN Qingyun,WANG Yongming.Emergency scenario evolution and extraction method of key elements[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2015,11(1):17-21.
[5]闾国年,袁林旺,俞肇元.地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视[J].测绘学报,2017,46(10):1549-1556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170338.LGuonian,YUAN Linwang,YU Zhaoyuan.Surveying and mapping geographical information from the perspective of geography[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1549-1556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170338.
[6]李志林,刘启亮,高培超.地图信息论:从狭义到广义的发展回顾[J].测绘学报,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.LI Zhilin,LIU Qiliang,GAO Peichao.Entropy-based cartographic communication models:evolution from special to general cartographic information theory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.
[7]高博,赵军喜.基于计算机的地图传输理论[J].地图,2000(3):5-8.GAO Bo,ZHAO Junxi.Map transmission theory based on computer[J].Map,2000(3):5-8.
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[9]KAHN H,WIENERA J.The Year 2000:aframe work for speculation on the next thirty-three years[M].London:MacMillan Publishing Company,1967.
[10]LINDGREN M,BANDHOL D H.Scenario planning:the link between future and strategy[C]∥Proceedings of Copyright Information Palgrave Macmillan,A Division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
[11]DURANCE P,GODET M.Scenariobuilding:usesandabuses[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2010,77(9):1488-1492.
[12]刘铁民.重大突发事件情景规划与构建研究[J].中国应急管理,2012(5):18-23.LIU Tiemin.Research on scenario planning and construction of major emergencies[J].China Emergency Management,2012(5):18-23.
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[14]姜卉,黄钧.罕见重大突发事件应急实时决策中的情景演变[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2009,23(1):104-108.JIANG Hui,HUANG Jun.The study on the issues of scenario evolvement in real-time decision making of in frequent fatal emergencies[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition),2009,23(1):104-108.
[15]李仕明,刘娟娟,王博,等.基于情景的非常规突发事件应急管理研究---“2009突发事件应急管理论坛”综述[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2010,12(1):1-3.LI Shiming,LIU Juanjuan,WANG Bo,et al.Unconventional incident management research based on scenarios:an overview of“the first international forum on incident management”(IFIM09)[J].Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(Social Sciences Edition),2010,12(1):1-3.
[16]王文俊,刘昕鹏,罗英伟,等.应急事件Ontology语义模型及其应用[J].计算机工程,2005,31(10):10-12.WANG Wenjun,LIU Xinpeng,LUO Yingwei,et al.Study of ontology and application for emergency event model[J].Computer Engineering,2005,31(10):10-12.
[17]仲雁秋,郭艳敏,王宁,等.基于知识元的非常规突发事件情景模型研究[J].情报科学,2012,30(1):115-120.ZHONG Yanqiu,GUO Yanmin,WANG Ning,et al.Research on unconventional emergency scenario model based on knowledge element[J].Information Science,2012,30(1):115-120.
[18]薛澜,钟开斌.突发公共事件分类、分级与分期:应急体制的管理基础[J].中国行政管理,2005(2):102-107.XUE Lan,ZHONG Kaibin.Classification of types,levels and stages for emergencies:managerial foundation of government emergency response system[J].Chinese Public Administration,2005(2):102-107.
[19]闾国年,俞肇元,袁林旺,等.地图学的未来是场景学吗?[J].地球信息科学报,2018,20(1):1-6.LGuonian,YU Zhaoyuan,YUAN Linwang,et al.Is the future of cartography the scenarioscience?[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(1):1-6.
[20]王静爱,王瑛.自然灾害多媒体地图传输功能研究[J].自然灾害学报,1999,8(4):9-16.WANG Jingai,WANG Ying.Research into transmission function for multimedia map of natural disaster[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1999,8(4):9-16.
[21]方伟华,王静爱,史培军.综合风险防范---数据库、风险地图与网络平台[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.FANG Weihua,WANG Jing’ai,SHI Peijun.The comprehensive risk prevention:database,risk map and network platform[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[22]STANK K,FRIEDMANNOV L,KUBCEK P,et al.Selected issues of cartographic communication optimization for emergency centers[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2010,3(4):316-339.
[23]DIVJAK A K,LAPAIN E M.Crisis maps:observed shortcomings and recommendations for improvement[J].International Journal of Geo-Information,2018,7(11):436.
[24]李维炼,朱军,胡亚,等.面向多用户类型的泥石流应急灾害信息特征可视化方法[J].灾害学,2018,33(2):231-234.LI Weilian,ZHU Jun,HU Ya,et al.Visualization method of characteristics of debris flow for multi-user under emergency state[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2018,33(2):231-234.
[25]陈毓芬.地图空间认知理论的研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2000.CHEN Yufen.Spatial cognition research on map[D].Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University,2000.
[26]高俊.地图学四面体---数字化时代地图学的诠释[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):6-11.GAO Jun.Cartographic tetrahedron:explanation of cartography in the digital era[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):6-11.
[27]于冬梅.专题地图集设计理论、方法与应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2011.YU Dongmei.Design theory,method and application of thematic atlas[D].Wuhan:Wuhan Universiy,2011.
[28]王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006.WANG Yin.Cognitive linguistics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2006.
[29]袁勘省,张荣群,王英杰,等.现代地图与地图学概念认知及学科体系探讨[J].地球信息科学学报,2007,9(4):100-108.YUAN Kansheng,ZHANG Rongqun,WANG Yingjie,et al.Study on fundamental conceptions and subject system of the modern map and cartography[J].Geo-Information Science,2007,9(4):100-108.
[30]张本昀,朱俊阁,王家耀.基于地图的地理空间认知过程研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(5):486-491.ZHANG Benyun,ZHU Junge,WANG Jiayao.Research on geo-spatial cognitive procession on maps[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2007,37(5):486-491.
[31]王家耀,陈毓芬.理论地图学[M].北京:解放军出版社,2000.WANG Jiayao,CHEN Yufen.Theoretical cartography[M].Beijing:PLA Press,2000.
[32]王郅强,麻宝斌.突发公共事件的应急管理探讨[J].长白学刊,2004(2):36-40.WANG Zhiqiang,MA Baobin.Emergency management of unexpected public events[J].Changbai Journal,2004(2):36-40.
[33]万刚,高俊,刘颖真.基于阅读实验方法的认知地图形成研究[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2):149-156.WAN Gang,GAO Jun,LIU Yingzhen.Research on cognitive map formation based on reading experiments[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(2):149-156.
[34]柳佳佳,葛文.实景地图的空间认知研究[J].测绘工程,2015,24(3):6-10.LIU Jiajia,GE Wen.Spatial cognition research on real scene maps[J].Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2015,24(3):6-10.
[35]张海堂.空间信息移动服务模型、算法与传输技术研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2005.ZHANG Haitang.A research of model,arithmetic and transmission techniques in mobile geospatial information service[D].Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University,2005.
[2]杨鹏.面向事件感知的应急临机决策引擎研究[D].天津:天津大学,2010.YANG Peng.The research on event awareness oriented emergency decision making engine[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2010.
[3]刘樑,许欢,李仕明.非常规突发事件应急管理中的情景及情景-应对理论综述研究[J].电子科技大学学报(社会科学版),2013,15(6):20-24.LIU Liang,XU Huan,LI Shiming.Review on the scenario and scenario-response theory for unconventional emergency management[J].Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(Social Sciences Edition),2013,15(6):20-24.
[4]盛勇,孙庆云,王永明.突发事件情景演化及关键要素提取方法[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2015,11(1):17-21.SHENG Yong,SUN Qingyun,WANG Yongming.Emergency scenario evolution and extraction method of key elements[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2015,11(1):17-21.
[5]闾国年,袁林旺,俞肇元.地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视[J].测绘学报,2017,46(10):1549-1556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170338.LGuonian,YUAN Linwang,YU Zhaoyuan.Surveying and mapping geographical information from the perspective of geography[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1549-1556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20170338.
[6]李志林,刘启亮,高培超.地图信息论:从狭义到广义的发展回顾[J].测绘学报,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.LI Zhilin,LIU Qiliang,GAO Peichao.Entropy-based cartographic communication models:evolution from special to general cartographic information theory[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2016,45(7):757-767.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2016.20160235.
[7]高博,赵军喜.基于计算机的地图传输理论[J].地图,2000(3):5-8.GAO Bo,ZHAO Junxi.Map transmission theory based on computer[J].Map,2000(3):5-8.
[8]KOLCCNY′A.Cartographic information:fundamental concept and term in modern cartography[J].Cartographica:the International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization,1977,14(1):39-45.
[9]KAHN H,WIENERA J.The Year 2000:aframe work for speculation on the next thirty-three years[M].London:MacMillan Publishing Company,1967.
[10]LINDGREN M,BANDHOL D H.Scenario planning:the link between future and strategy[C]∥Proceedings of Copyright Information Palgrave Macmillan,A Division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
[11]DURANCE P,GODET M.Scenariobuilding:usesandabuses[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2010,77(9):1488-1492.
[12]刘铁民.重大突发事件情景规划与构建研究[J].中国应急管理,2012(5):18-23.LIU Tiemin.Research on scenario planning and construction of major emergencies[J].China Emergency Management,2012(5):18-23.
[13]刘铁民.应急预案重大突发事件情景构建---基于“情景-任务-能力”应急预案编制技术研究之一[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2012,8(4):5-12.LIU Tiemin.Studies on scenes’construction of emergency planning:part I of emergency planning technology based on“scene-task-ability”[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2012,8(4):5-12.
[14]姜卉,黄钧.罕见重大突发事件应急实时决策中的情景演变[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2009,23(1):104-108.JIANG Hui,HUANG Jun.The study on the issues of scenario evolvement in real-time decision making of in frequent fatal emergencies[J].Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition),2009,23(1):104-108.
[15]李仕明,刘娟娟,王博,等.基于情景的非常规突发事件应急管理研究---“2009突发事件应急管理论坛”综述[J].电子科技大学学报(社科版),2010,12(1):1-3.LI Shiming,LIU Juanjuan,WANG Bo,et al.Unconventional incident management research based on scenarios:an overview of“the first international forum on incident management”(IFIM09)[J].Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China(Social Sciences Edition),2010,12(1):1-3.
[16]王文俊,刘昕鹏,罗英伟,等.应急事件Ontology语义模型及其应用[J].计算机工程,2005,31(10):10-12.WANG Wenjun,LIU Xinpeng,LUO Yingwei,et al.Study of ontology and application for emergency event model[J].Computer Engineering,2005,31(10):10-12.
[17]仲雁秋,郭艳敏,王宁,等.基于知识元的非常规突发事件情景模型研究[J].情报科学,2012,30(1):115-120.ZHONG Yanqiu,GUO Yanmin,WANG Ning,et al.Research on unconventional emergency scenario model based on knowledge element[J].Information Science,2012,30(1):115-120.
[18]薛澜,钟开斌.突发公共事件分类、分级与分期:应急体制的管理基础[J].中国行政管理,2005(2):102-107.XUE Lan,ZHONG Kaibin.Classification of types,levels and stages for emergencies:managerial foundation of government emergency response system[J].Chinese Public Administration,2005(2):102-107.
[19]闾国年,俞肇元,袁林旺,等.地图学的未来是场景学吗?[J].地球信息科学报,2018,20(1):1-6.LGuonian,YU Zhaoyuan,YUAN Linwang,et al.Is the future of cartography the scenarioscience?[J].Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(1):1-6.
[20]王静爱,王瑛.自然灾害多媒体地图传输功能研究[J].自然灾害学报,1999,8(4):9-16.WANG Jingai,WANG Ying.Research into transmission function for multimedia map of natural disaster[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,1999,8(4):9-16.
[21]方伟华,王静爱,史培军.综合风险防范---数据库、风险地图与网络平台[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.FANG Weihua,WANG Jing’ai,SHI Peijun.The comprehensive risk prevention:database,risk map and network platform[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011.
[22]STANK K,FRIEDMANNOV L,KUBCEK P,et al.Selected issues of cartographic communication optimization for emergency centers[J].International Journal of Digital Earth,2010,3(4):316-339.
[23]DIVJAK A K,LAPAIN E M.Crisis maps:observed shortcomings and recommendations for improvement[J].International Journal of Geo-Information,2018,7(11):436.
[24]李维炼,朱军,胡亚,等.面向多用户类型的泥石流应急灾害信息特征可视化方法[J].灾害学,2018,33(2):231-234.LI Weilian,ZHU Jun,HU Ya,et al.Visualization method of characteristics of debris flow for multi-user under emergency state[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2018,33(2):231-234.
[25]陈毓芬.地图空间认知理论的研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2000.CHEN Yufen.Spatial cognition research on map[D].Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University,2000.
[26]高俊.地图学四面体---数字化时代地图学的诠释[J].测绘学报,2004,33(1):6-11.GAO Jun.Cartographic tetrahedron:explanation of cartography in the digital era[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2004,33(1):6-11.
[27]于冬梅.专题地图集设计理论、方法与应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2011.YU Dongmei.Design theory,method and application of thematic atlas[D].Wuhan:Wuhan Universiy,2011.
[28]王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006.WANG Yin.Cognitive linguistics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2006.
[29]袁勘省,张荣群,王英杰,等.现代地图与地图学概念认知及学科体系探讨[J].地球信息科学学报,2007,9(4):100-108.YUAN Kansheng,ZHANG Rongqun,WANG Yingjie,et al.Study on fundamental conceptions and subject system of the modern map and cartography[J].Geo-Information Science,2007,9(4):100-108.
[30]张本昀,朱俊阁,王家耀.基于地图的地理空间认知过程研究[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(5):486-491.ZHANG Benyun,ZHU Junge,WANG Jiayao.Research on geo-spatial cognitive procession on maps[J].Journal of Henan University(Natural Science),2007,37(5):486-491.
[31]王家耀,陈毓芬.理论地图学[M].北京:解放军出版社,2000.WANG Jiayao,CHEN Yufen.Theoretical cartography[M].Beijing:PLA Press,2000.
[32]王郅强,麻宝斌.突发公共事件的应急管理探讨[J].长白学刊,2004(2):36-40.WANG Zhiqiang,MA Baobin.Emergency management of unexpected public events[J].Changbai Journal,2004(2):36-40.
[33]万刚,高俊,刘颖真.基于阅读实验方法的认知地图形成研究[J].遥感学报,2008,12(2):149-156.WAN Gang,GAO Jun,LIU Yingzhen.Research on cognitive map formation based on reading experiments[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,12(2):149-156.
[34]柳佳佳,葛文.实景地图的空间认知研究[J].测绘工程,2015,24(3):6-10.LIU Jiajia,GE Wen.Spatial cognition research on real scene maps[J].Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2015,24(3):6-10.
[35]张海堂.空间信息移动服务模型、算法与传输技术研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2005.ZHANG Haitang.A research of model,arithmetic and transmission techniques in mobile geospatial information service[D].Zhengzhou:Information Engineering University,2005.
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