适宜氮磷钾用量和配比提高油用牡丹产量和出油量
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摘要
[目的]油用牡丹是我国新兴的木本油料作物,但施肥不平衡严重制约油用牡丹的产量和品质。研究氮、磷、钾不同施肥量和配施比例对油用牡丹产量和出油量的影响,探明油用牡丹高产、优质的适宜氮、磷、钾施用量和配比,对提高油用牡丹的生产效率具有重要的现实意义。[方法]以五年生油用牡丹品种'凤丹'为试验材料,采用"3414"不完全正交回归设计进行了大田试验。试验地常用施肥量为尿素750 kg/hm~2、重过磷酸钙270kg/hm~2、硫酸钾600kg/hm~2。设氮、磷、钾4个施肥水平为0(不施肥)、1(常用量的一半)、2(常用施肥量)、3 (常用量的1.5倍)。调查了'凤丹'产量,分析了籽粒出油量。对'凤丹'产量进行肥效模型拟合,得出最优经济效益的氮、磷、钾肥推荐施肥量。[结果]1)施用氮、磷、钾肥可改善'凤丹'单株果荚数、单个果荚重量、果荚直径、百粒重等农艺性状,进而提高'凤丹'产量;氮、磷、钾肥的施用使'凤丹'分别增产283.7、276.8和150.6 kg/hm~2,增产率分别为55.5%、50.3%和23.5%,增加纯收入分别为7310.4、7494.3和2118.9元/hm~2,农学效率分别为0.96、2.76和0.59kg/kg。2)施肥增产及对产量的贡献率均表现为N>P_2O_5>K_2O,肥料农学效率和增收效果则表现为P_2O_5>N>K_2O,但过量施用氮、磷、钾肥会使产量有所下降,且经济效益和肥料利用效率显著降低,氮、磷、钾肥增产和增收效果以及肥料贡献率均以推荐施肥水平处理的最高,农学效率均以1水平最高。3)施用氮、磷、钾肥通过影响出仁率和种仁含油率来影响产油量,最高出仁率,可达65.0%,最高种仁含油率可达32.9%,较对照组分别增加13.0%、12.6%,氮、磷、钾均衡施肥产油量可高达193.3kg/hm~2,三因素对产油量影响大小顺序为N>P_2O_5>K_2O。4)氮、磷、钾肥之间存在明显的交互作用,配合施用能提高肥效和促进'凤丹'的产量和种仁含油率,任一肥料的过量施用均会导致产量降低。5)使用不同拟合方法建立肥料与'凤丹'产量效应函数方程,通过对比分析二元二次模型为最适模型,基于该最适肥效模型得出'凤丹'氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)的最优推荐施肥量为343.2、109.7、248.4 kg/hm~2,适宜的氮、磷、钾施肥比例为1:0.32:0.72。[结论]合理的肥料配比和用量是'凤丹'增产的保障。施用适量的氮、磷、钾肥可提高'凤丹'农艺性状、产量、出仁率、种仁含油率等指标,进而提高产油量,氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)的最优推荐施肥量为343.2、109.7、248.4 kg/hm~2,适宜的氮、磷、钾施肥比例为1:0.32:0.72。
[Objectives]Oil tree peony is an emerging woody oil crop in China,but unbalanced fertilization has limited the seed yield and quality of oil tree peony severely. It is important to investigate the effect of fertilization on the seed yield and oil production of oil tree peony and to seek the optimum nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P_2 O_5) and potassium(K-2 O) application rates for its high seed yield and oil production.[Methods]In this study,five-yearold Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan' was used in a field experiment. The amount and proportion of N, P_2 O_5 and K_2 O fertilizers were designed by "3414" incomplete orthogonal regression. The conventional fertilizer rates were urea 750 kg/hm~2, triple superphosphate 270 kg/hm~2 and potassium sulfate 600 kg/hm~2, and the four levels of N,P205 and K20 in the treatments included 0(no fertilization), 1(half conventional), 2(conventional) and 3(1.5 folds of conventional). The seed yield and oil content were measured, and empirical models were established to achieve the optimum rate for fertilizer application.[Results ]1) The application of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizers improved the agronomic traits including the pods per plant, single fruit weight, fruit diameter and 100-seed weight, and the overall seed yield. Respective application of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizer increased seed yield by 283.7, 276.8 and150.6 kg/hm2, or 55.5%, 50.3% and 23.5%. The corresponding increase of net income was 7310.4, 7494.3 and2118.9 yuan/hm2, respectively, and the agronomic efficiencies were 0.96, 2.76 and 0.59 kg/kg, respectively. 2)The effect of fertilizer on yield was N > P_2 O_5 > K_2 O, while fertilizer agronomic efficiency and its improvement followed the order: P2 O5 > N > K2 O. Over-application of N, P2 O5 and K2 O fertilizer resulted in lower yield and significantly reduced economic efficiency and fertilizer utilization efficiency. The recommended amount of fertilizer treatment was found to be optimal. The maximum agrong efficiency was observed at "1". 3)Application of N, P2 O5 and K2 O affected oil yield by affecting the seed number and seed oil content. The highe seed number was up to 65.0% and the seed oil content was up to 32.9%, which were respectively increased by13.0% and 12.6% compared to the control group. The oil yield was 193.3 kg/hm~2 under the balanced fertilization.The effects of the three fertilizers on oil production was in the order of N > P_2 O_5 > K2 O. 4) There were obvious interactions among the N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizers. Combined application increased fertilizer efficiency, seed yield and the oil content of seed. Over application of any of the three fertilizers would reduce seed yield. 5) Among different models to fit yield versus the amounts of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilization, we found the binary secondary fertilizer efficiency model was the optimal one. According to the model, the optimum fertilizer amounts of N, P205 and K20 were 343.2, 109.7, and 248.4 kg/hm~2, respectively. The optimal ratio of N, P and K fertilization was 1 : 0.32 : 0.72.[Conclusions ]Optimal fertilizer ratio and amount are required to increase the production of 'Fengdan'efficiently. Appropriate application of N, P2 O5 and K_2 O fertilizers can significantly improve the agronomic traits,yield, seed number, and seed oil content. The optimal amounts of N, P205 and K20 application are 343.2, 109.7,and 248.4 kg/hm~2 and the optimal ratio of N, P and K fertilization was 1 : 0.32 : 0.72.
[Objectives]Oil tree peony is an emerging woody oil crop in China,but unbalanced fertilization has limited the seed yield and quality of oil tree peony severely. It is important to investigate the effect of fertilization on the seed yield and oil production of oil tree peony and to seek the optimum nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P_2 O_5) and potassium(K-2 O) application rates for its high seed yield and oil production.[Methods]In this study,five-yearold Paeonia ostii 'Fengdan' was used in a field experiment. The amount and proportion of N, P_2 O_5 and K_2 O fertilizers were designed by "3414" incomplete orthogonal regression. The conventional fertilizer rates were urea 750 kg/hm~2, triple superphosphate 270 kg/hm~2 and potassium sulfate 600 kg/hm~2, and the four levels of N,P205 and K20 in the treatments included 0(no fertilization), 1(half conventional), 2(conventional) and 3(1.5 folds of conventional). The seed yield and oil content were measured, and empirical models were established to achieve the optimum rate for fertilizer application.[Results ]1) The application of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizers improved the agronomic traits including the pods per plant, single fruit weight, fruit diameter and 100-seed weight, and the overall seed yield. Respective application of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizer increased seed yield by 283.7, 276.8 and150.6 kg/hm2, or 55.5%, 50.3% and 23.5%. The corresponding increase of net income was 7310.4, 7494.3 and2118.9 yuan/hm2, respectively, and the agronomic efficiencies were 0.96, 2.76 and 0.59 kg/kg, respectively. 2)The effect of fertilizer on yield was N > P_2 O_5 > K_2 O, while fertilizer agronomic efficiency and its improvement followed the order: P2 O5 > N > K2 O. Over-application of N, P2 O5 and K2 O fertilizer resulted in lower yield and significantly reduced economic efficiency and fertilizer utilization efficiency. The recommended amount of fertilizer treatment was found to be optimal. The maximum agrong efficiency was observed at "1". 3)Application of N, P2 O5 and K2 O affected oil yield by affecting the seed number and seed oil content. The highe seed number was up to 65.0% and the seed oil content was up to 32.9%, which were respectively increased by13.0% and 12.6% compared to the control group. The oil yield was 193.3 kg/hm~2 under the balanced fertilization.The effects of the three fertilizers on oil production was in the order of N > P_2 O_5 > K2 O. 4) There were obvious interactions among the N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilizers. Combined application increased fertilizer efficiency, seed yield and the oil content of seed. Over application of any of the three fertilizers would reduce seed yield. 5) Among different models to fit yield versus the amounts of N, P_2 O_5 and K2 O fertilization, we found the binary secondary fertilizer efficiency model was the optimal one. According to the model, the optimum fertilizer amounts of N, P205 and K20 were 343.2, 109.7, and 248.4 kg/hm~2, respectively. The optimal ratio of N, P and K fertilization was 1 : 0.32 : 0.72.[Conclusions ]Optimal fertilizer ratio and amount are required to increase the production of 'Fengdan'efficiently. Appropriate application of N, P2 O5 and K_2 O fertilizers can significantly improve the agronomic traits,yield, seed number, and seed oil content. The optimal amounts of N, P205 and K20 application are 343.2, 109.7,and 248.4 kg/hm~2 and the optimal ratio of N, P and K fertilization was 1 : 0.32 : 0.72.
引文
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[4]史国安,焦封喜,焦元鹏,等.中国油用牡丹的发展前景及对策[J].中国粮油学报,2014, 29(9):124-128.Shi G A, Jiao F X, Jiao Y P, et al. Development prospects and strategies of oil tree peony industry in China[J]. Journal of the Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, 2014, 29(9):124-128.
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[6]周海梅,马锦琦,苗春雨,等.牡丹籽油的理化指标和脂肪酸成分分析[J].中国油脂,2009, 34(7):72-74.Zhou H M, Ma J Q, Miao C Y, et al. Physicochemical indexes and fatty acid composition of peony seed oil[J]. China Oils and Fats,2009, 34(7):72-74.
[7]李凯,周宁,李赫宇.牡丹花、牡丹籽成分与功能研究进展[J].食品研究与开发,2012,33(3):228-230.Li K, Zhou N, Li H Y. Composition and function research of peony flowers and peony seeds[J]. Food Research and Development, 2012,33(3):228-230.
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