河南省农村生活污水治理现状及政策建议
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摘要
农村生活污水治理是我国未来几十年乡村振兴战略要解决的重大问题。基于乡村振兴及改善农村人居环境的战略需求,以河南省为研究对象,针对农村生活污水治理开展实地调研,分析农村生活污水治理的现状和存在的关键问题,探讨农村生活污水治理方案与对策。结果表明,2017年全省生活污水排放量达10亿t左右,氨氮排放量5.94万t。全省农村建设污水处理设施的村庄不足5%,日处理能力普遍在100 t以下。河南省农村生活污水处理工艺繁多。建成运行较为正常的主要是日处理规模50～200 t的一体化设备。尽管农村生活污水治理取得了阶段性成绩,但仍存在一些突出性问题:1)缺乏顶层设计;2)过分依赖财政投入,缺乏多元化投入和市场化运营机制;3)责任主体不明确;4)标准缺位,技术选择偏离实际需求。因此,提出:1)加强顶层设计、构建长效的财政投入和管理机制;2)引入市场机制,实施市场化运作,重视运行维护和管理;3)强化地方政府主体责任,设定责任边界和绩效考核体系;4)重视规划设计,因地制宜选择处理工艺等政策建议。
Rural domestic sewage treatment is an important issue to be solved in the rural revitalization strategy in the coming decades in China. Based on the strategic goals for rural revitalizing and improving rural human settlement environment and on-site surveys about rural domestic sewage treatments in Henan Province, this paper examined and analyzed the treatment scheme and countermeasures of rural domestic sewage. Results showed that domestic sewage discharge in Henan Province reached about 1 billion tons in 2017, of which ammonia nitrogen emission was 59.4 million tons. Villages with sewage treatment facilities in the province were less than 5%, and the daily treatment capacity was generally less than 100 tons. There are many different types of domestic sewage treatment technique in rural areas of Henan Province. Main operations are those integrated equipment facilities with daily treatment scale of 50～200 tons.With some great achievements in the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Henan Province, some big challenges exit,including lack of top-level design, overdependence on state financial support, lack of diversified investment and market operation mechanism, ambiguity of the main body's responsibilities, and absence of uniformed standard. Therefore,this paper suggests: 1) strengthening the top-level design to construct a long-term financial investment and management mechanism; 2) introducing market mechanism to emphasize operation maintenance and management; 3) strengthening the subject responsibility of local government to set responsibility boundary and performance appraisal system; and4) paying attention to policy planning and design to choose processing technologies according to local conditions.
Rural domestic sewage treatment is an important issue to be solved in the rural revitalization strategy in the coming decades in China. Based on the strategic goals for rural revitalizing and improving rural human settlement environment and on-site surveys about rural domestic sewage treatments in Henan Province, this paper examined and analyzed the treatment scheme and countermeasures of rural domestic sewage. Results showed that domestic sewage discharge in Henan Province reached about 1 billion tons in 2017, of which ammonia nitrogen emission was 59.4 million tons. Villages with sewage treatment facilities in the province were less than 5%, and the daily treatment capacity was generally less than 100 tons. There are many different types of domestic sewage treatment technique in rural areas of Henan Province. Main operations are those integrated equipment facilities with daily treatment scale of 50～200 tons.With some great achievements in the treatment of rural domestic sewage in Henan Province, some big challenges exit,including lack of top-level design, overdependence on state financial support, lack of diversified investment and market operation mechanism, ambiguity of the main body's responsibilities, and absence of uniformed standard. Therefore,this paper suggests: 1) strengthening the top-level design to construct a long-term financial investment and management mechanism; 2) introducing market mechanism to emphasize operation maintenance and management; 3) strengthening the subject responsibility of local government to set responsibility boundary and performance appraisal system; and4) paying attention to policy planning and design to choose processing technologies according to local conditions.
引文
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[13]徐志荣,叶红玉,卓明,等.浙江省农村生活污水处理现状及其对策[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):473-477.Xu Z R,Ye H Y,Zhuo M,et al.Status quo and strategies of rural sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(4):473-477.
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[16]朱嘉伟,谢晓彤,李心慧.生态环境承载力评价研究--以河南省为例[J].生态学报,2017,37(21):7039-7047.Zhu J W,Xie X T,Li X H.A solution to the problem of ecological environmental carrying capacity evaluation:A case study of Henan Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(21):7039-7047.
[17]崔新齐,孙文超,鱼京善,等.河南省近十年水环境承载力动态变化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(11):359-362.Cui X Q,Sun W C,Yu J S,et al.Research on dynamic change of water environment carrying capacity in Henan Province during last ten years[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(11):359-362.
[18]周凯,张毅川,王智芳,等.河南省水环境质量评价[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(10):1676-1681.Zhou K,Zhang Y C,Wang Z F,et al.Assessment of water Environment quality in Henan Province[J].Ecology and Environmnet Sciences,2015,24(10):1676-1681.
[19]河南省环境保护厅.河南省农村环境综合整治生活污水处理适用技术指南(试行)[R].2012.Henan Environmental Protection Department.Technical Guidelines for Comprehensive Treatment of Domestic Sewage in Rural Environment of Henan Province(Trial Implementation)[R].2012.
[20]河南省统计局,国家统计局河南调查总队.河南统计年鉴2018[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2019.Henan Statistical Bureau,Henan Investigation Team of National Statistical Bureau.Henan Statistical Yearbook 2018[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2019.
[21]陈绍军,任毅,曹志杰.新型城镇化背景下农村生活污水处理居民支付意愿研究--以江西省农村生活污水处理为例[J].水利经济,2017,35(4):45-50,74.Chen S J,Ren Y,Cao Z J.WTP for treatment of domestic sewage in rural areas under background of new urbanization:Case study of Jiangxi Province[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2017,35(4):45-50,74.
[22]Han Z Y,Zeng D,Li Q B,et al.Public willingness to pay and participate in domestic waste management in rural areas of China[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2019,140:166-174.
[23]何慧爽.河南省水污染物总量区域分配公平性研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(8):73-77.He H S.Analysis about total water pollutants amount allocation on equity in Henan Province[J].Yellow River,2015,37(8):73-77.
[24]谢燕华,刘壮,勾曦,等.西南地区农村生活污水水质分析及村民意愿调查[J].环境工程,2018,36(8):165-169,188.Xie Y H,Liu Z,Gou X,et al.Analysis on quality of domestic sewage and investigation of villagers’willingness from the rural areas of southwest China[J].Environmental Engineering,2018,36(8):165-169,188.
[25]郭桂霞,董保民.支付意愿与公共物品供给的模仿行为--吉林省污水处理项目的居民支付意愿实证研究[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,39(3):90-96.Guo G X,Dong B M.Willingness to pay and imitation behavior in public good provision--An empirical study of the willingness to pay of polluted water treatment project in Jilin Province[J].Jounal of Liaoning University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2011,39(3):90-96.
[26]马静颖,詹建益.“五水共治”背景下浙江省农村生活污水处理现状分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(2):64-68.Ma J Y,Zhan J Y.Status of rural domestic sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(2):64-68.
[27]刘俊敏,李梦娇.环境污染第三方治理的法律困境及其破解[J].河北法学,2016,34(4):39-49.Liu J M,Li M J.Environmental pollution by a third party legal difficulties and cracking[J].Hebei Law Science,2016,34(4):39-49.
[28]薛怡宁,张云宁,欧阳红祥.可持续发展视角下PPP项目脆弱性研究[J].工程管理学报,2018,32(6):58-63.Xue Y N,Zhang Y N,Ouyang H X.Research on the vulnerability of PPP projects from the perspective of sustainable development[J].Journal of Engineering Management,2018,32(6):58-63.
[2]Jin L Y,Zhang G M,Tian H F.Current state of sewage treatment in China[J].Water Research,2014,66:85-98.
[3]蒋涛,李亚,盛安志,等.农村生活污水治理模式与技术研究综述[J].环境与可持续发展,2018(4):79-83.Jiang T,Li Y,Sheng A Z,et al.Review of rural sewage treatment modes and technologies[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2018(4):79-83.
[4]谷林.农村生活污水治理市场的发展趋势[J].世界环境,2018(4):23-25.Gu L.Development trend of rural domestic sewage treatment market[J].World Environment,2018(4):23-25.
[5]周凯,王智芳,彭兴芝,等.城市污染向农村地区转移和扩散的动因及其后果[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(4):471-474.Zhou K,Wang Z F,Peng X Z,et al.Motives of migration and diffusion of pollutant from urban area to rural area and its influence on construction of harmonious society of countryside in China[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(4):471-474.
[6]鞠昌华,张卫东,朱琳,等.我国农村生活污水治理问题及对策研究[J].环境保护,2016(6):49-52.Ju C H,Zhang W D,Zhu L,et al.China’s rural sewage treatment problems and countermeasures[J].Environmental Protection,2016(6):49-52.
[7]杨晓英,袁晋,姚明星,等.中国农村生活污水处理现状与发展对策--以苏南农村为例[J].复旦学报(自然科学版),2016,55(2):183-188.Yang X Y,Yuan J,Yao M X,et al.Statuesque of rural sewage treatment in China and its development strategies:A case study of rural area in south of Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science),2016,55(2):183-188.
[8]秦学,耿晓玲,李玉冰,等.农村生活污水处理技术现状及进展[J].煤炭与化工,2015,38(8):26-31.Qin X,Geng X L,Li Y B,et al.Status and development of rural domestic sewage treatment technologies[J].Coal and Chemical Industry,2015,38(8):26-31.
[9]夏玉立,夏训峰,王丽君,等.国外农村生活污水治理经验及对我国的启示[J].小城镇建设,2016(10):20-24.Xia Y L,Xia X F,Wang L J,et al.Experience of rural domestic sewage treatment abroad and its enlightenment to China[J].Development of Small Cities&Towns,2016(10):20-24.
[10]贾小宁,何小娟,韩凯旋,等.农村生活污水处理技术研究进展[J].水处理技术,2018,44(9):22-26.Jia X N,He X J,Han K X,et al.Research progress of sewage treatment technology in rural areas[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2018,44(9):22-26.
[11]吴金水,李勇,李裕元,等.亚热带区域农业面源污染流域源头防控机理与技术示范[J].农业现代化研究,2018,39(6):1009-1019.Wu J S,Li Y,Li Y Y,et al.Controlling mechanisms and technology demonstrations of agricultural non-point source pollution in subtropical catchments[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2018,39(6):1009-1019.
[12]徐慧娟,胡啸,何云,等.强化农村生活污水处理设施管理的思考[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(S1):208-210.Xu H J,Hu X,He Y,et al.Countermeasures of strengthening rural sewage treatment facilities management[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(S1):208-210.
[13]徐志荣,叶红玉,卓明,等.浙江省农村生活污水处理现状及其对策[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):473-477.Xu Z R,Ye H Y,Zhuo M,et al.Status quo and strategies of rural sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(4):473-477.
[14]张立秋.第七届中国农村和小城镇水环境治理论坛暨首届村镇环境科技产业联盟论坛特别报道(二)--我国农村生活污水处理问题解析与案例分享[J].水工业市场,2017(11):1-3.Zhang L Q.Special report(II)on the seventh China rural and small town water environment governance forum&first forum of environmental science and technology industry alliance in villages and towns:Analysis and case sharing of rural domestic sewage treatment in China[J].Water-Industry Market,2017(11):1-3.
[15]钱发军,姚梅.河南省生态环境保护研究[J].河南科学,2010,28(12):1604-1608.Qian F J,Yao M.Study of protection of eco-environment in Henan Province[J].Henan Science,2010,28(12):1604-1608.
[16]朱嘉伟,谢晓彤,李心慧.生态环境承载力评价研究--以河南省为例[J].生态学报,2017,37(21):7039-7047.Zhu J W,Xie X T,Li X H.A solution to the problem of ecological environmental carrying capacity evaluation:A case study of Henan Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(21):7039-7047.
[17]崔新齐,孙文超,鱼京善,等.河南省近十年水环境承载力动态变化研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(11):359-362.Cui X Q,Sun W C,Yu J S,et al.Research on dynamic change of water environment carrying capacity in Henan Province during last ten years[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(11):359-362.
[18]周凯,张毅川,王智芳,等.河南省水环境质量评价[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(10):1676-1681.Zhou K,Zhang Y C,Wang Z F,et al.Assessment of water Environment quality in Henan Province[J].Ecology and Environmnet Sciences,2015,24(10):1676-1681.
[19]河南省环境保护厅.河南省农村环境综合整治生活污水处理适用技术指南(试行)[R].2012.Henan Environmental Protection Department.Technical Guidelines for Comprehensive Treatment of Domestic Sewage in Rural Environment of Henan Province(Trial Implementation)[R].2012.
[20]河南省统计局,国家统计局河南调查总队.河南统计年鉴2018[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2019.Henan Statistical Bureau,Henan Investigation Team of National Statistical Bureau.Henan Statistical Yearbook 2018[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2019.
[21]陈绍军,任毅,曹志杰.新型城镇化背景下农村生活污水处理居民支付意愿研究--以江西省农村生活污水处理为例[J].水利经济,2017,35(4):45-50,74.Chen S J,Ren Y,Cao Z J.WTP for treatment of domestic sewage in rural areas under background of new urbanization:Case study of Jiangxi Province[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2017,35(4):45-50,74.
[22]Han Z Y,Zeng D,Li Q B,et al.Public willingness to pay and participate in domestic waste management in rural areas of China[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2019,140:166-174.
[23]何慧爽.河南省水污染物总量区域分配公平性研究[J].人民黄河,2015,37(8):73-77.He H S.Analysis about total water pollutants amount allocation on equity in Henan Province[J].Yellow River,2015,37(8):73-77.
[24]谢燕华,刘壮,勾曦,等.西南地区农村生活污水水质分析及村民意愿调查[J].环境工程,2018,36(8):165-169,188.Xie Y H,Liu Z,Gou X,et al.Analysis on quality of domestic sewage and investigation of villagers’willingness from the rural areas of southwest China[J].Environmental Engineering,2018,36(8):165-169,188.
[25]郭桂霞,董保民.支付意愿与公共物品供给的模仿行为--吉林省污水处理项目的居民支付意愿实证研究[J].辽宁大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,39(3):90-96.Guo G X,Dong B M.Willingness to pay and imitation behavior in public good provision--An empirical study of the willingness to pay of polluted water treatment project in Jilin Province[J].Jounal of Liaoning University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),2011,39(3):90-96.
[26]马静颖,詹建益.“五水共治”背景下浙江省农村生活污水处理现状分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(2):64-68.Ma J Y,Zhan J Y.Status of rural domestic sewage treatment in Zhejiang Province[J].Environmental Science and Management,2016,41(2):64-68.
[27]刘俊敏,李梦娇.环境污染第三方治理的法律困境及其破解[J].河北法学,2016,34(4):39-49.Liu J M,Li M J.Environmental pollution by a third party legal difficulties and cracking[J].Hebei Law Science,2016,34(4):39-49.
[28]薛怡宁,张云宁,欧阳红祥.可持续发展视角下PPP项目脆弱性研究[J].工程管理学报,2018,32(6):58-63.Xue Y N,Zhang Y N,Ouyang H X.Research on the vulnerability of PPP projects from the perspective of sustainable development[J].Journal of Engineering Management,2018,32(6):58-63.
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