河流水质模拟及污染源归因分析
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摘要
针对大连市登沙河流域水环境质量问题,采用输出系数法估算流域内工业点源、农村生活、畜禽养殖、农业种植的氨氮和总磷入河污染负荷,基于QUAL2K水质模型模拟污染物的迁移转化规律,解析各污染源在不同时、空尺度下对河流中、下游水质考核断面的污染负荷贡献.结果表明:畜禽养殖是研究区氨氮污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面氨氮总负荷的56.5%和43.2%;农业种植是总磷污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面总磷总负荷的50.4%和59.1%.此外,由于天然降水及人类活动的季节性特征,各污染源的负荷贡献亦呈现年内变化.基于以上分析,进一步因地制宜地提出研究区水环境治理措施建议,研究可为我国农村地区中小河流水质改善及水环境管理提供示范参考和决策依据.
Facing with the water quality deterioration in the Dengsha river watershed in Dalian, China, the pollutant loads of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus generated by various pollution sources were estimated, including industries, rural households, animal feedlots and agricultural planting. The QUAL2 K water quality model was then applied to capture the migration and transformation of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in the main river, and the contribution of each source to the total pollutant load was quantified at different temporal and spatial scales. Results indicated that animal feedlot was the major contributor of ammonia nitrogen load, accounting for 56.5% and 43.2% at the middle and downstream sections, respectively. The majority of total phosphorus load was contributed by agricultural planting, accounting for 50.4% and 59.1% at the middle and downstream sections, respectively. Moreover, contribution of pollutant sources also exhibited intra-annual variations due to the seasonality of natural rainfall and human activities. Based on these analyses, this study further proposed suggestions for water quality improvement and governance in the study region, which can therefore be a reference example for other small and medium-sized polluted watersheds.
Facing with the water quality deterioration in the Dengsha river watershed in Dalian, China, the pollutant loads of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus generated by various pollution sources were estimated, including industries, rural households, animal feedlots and agricultural planting. The QUAL2 K water quality model was then applied to capture the migration and transformation of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in the main river, and the contribution of each source to the total pollutant load was quantified at different temporal and spatial scales. Results indicated that animal feedlot was the major contributor of ammonia nitrogen load, accounting for 56.5% and 43.2% at the middle and downstream sections, respectively. The majority of total phosphorus load was contributed by agricultural planting, accounting for 50.4% and 59.1% at the middle and downstream sections, respectively. Moreover, contribution of pollutant sources also exhibited intra-annual variations due to the seasonality of natural rainfall and human activities. Based on these analyses, this study further proposed suggestions for water quality improvement and governance in the study region, which can therefore be a reference example for other small and medium-sized polluted watersheds.
引文
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[4]朱俊,董辉,王寿兵,等.长江三峡库区干流水体主要污染负荷来源及贡献[J].水科学进展, 2006,17(5):709-713.Zhu J, Dong H, Wang S B, et al. Sources and quantities of main water pollution loads released into three-gorge reservoir of the yangtze river[J]. Advances in Water Science. 2006,17(5):709-713.
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[6] GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[7]周华.河流综合水质模型QUAL2K应用研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报, 2010,8(1):71-75.Zhou H. Application research of a comprehensive river water quality model QUAL2K[J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources amd Hydropower Research, 2010,8(1):71-75.
[8]杨乐,钱钧,吴玉柏,等.基于QUAL2K模型的秦淮河水质优化方案[J].水资源保护, 2013,29(3):51-55.Yang L, Qian J, Wu Y B, et al. Water quality optimization scheme for Qinhuai River based on QUAL2K model[J]. Water Resoures Protection, 2013,29(3):51-55.
[9]陈月,席北斗,何连生,等.QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用[J].环境工程学报, 2008,(7):1000-1003.Chen Y, Xi B D, He L S, et al. Application of QUAL2K model for prediction of water quality in WestShaoxi[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2008,(7):1000-1003.
[10]唐伟.基于QUAL2K模型的水质模拟研究-以武进港小流域为例[D].南京大学, 2011.Tang W. Water quality simulation model based on QUAL2K–taking Wujin Port as an example[D]. Nanjing University, 2011.
[11] Park S S, Yong S L. A multiconstituent moving segment model for water quality predictions in steep and shallow streams[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1996,89(1):121–131.
[12] Uluatam S S. Calibration of a steady-state model of water quality data from the Karasu River, Turkey[J]. Geotechnique, 1993.
[13] Park S S, Yong S L. A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2002,152(1):65-75.
[14] Yang M D, Sykes R M, Merry C J. Estimation of algal biological parameters using water quality modeling and SPOT satellite data[J].Ecological Modelling, 2000,125(1):1-13.
[15]刘庄,晁建颖,张丽,等.中国非点源污染负荷计算研究现状与存在问题[J].水科学进展, 2015,26(3):432-442.Liu Z, Chao J Y, Zhang L, et al. Current status and problems of non-point source pollution load calculation in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2015,26(3):432-442.
[16]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学, 2006,26(5):614-617.Wang F H, Ma W Q, Dou Z X, et al. The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China[J].China Environmental Science, 2006,26(5):614-617.
[17]蔡明,李怀恩,庄咏涛,等.改进的输出系数法在流域非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].水利学报, 2004,35(7):40-45.Cai M, Li H E, Zhuang Y T, et al. Application of modified export coefficient method in polluting load estimation of non-point source pollution[J]. Shuili Xuebao, 2004,35(7):40-45.
[18]张永良,刘培哲.水环境容量综合手册[M].清华大学出版社, 1991.Zhang Y L, Liu P Z. Water Environment Capacity Comprehensive Manual[M]. Tsinghua University Press, 1991.
[19]乔飞,孟伟,郑丙辉,等.长江干流寸滩断面污染负荷核算及来源分析[J].环境科学研究, 2010,23(8):979-986.Qiao F, Meng W, Zheng B H, et al. Pollution load accounting and source analysis at cuntan section in main stream of Yangtze River,Research of Environmental Sciences, 2010,23(8):979-986.
[20]陈能汪,张珞平,洪华生,等.九龙江流域农村生活污水污染定量研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然版), 2004,43(s1):249-253.Chen N W, Zhang L P, Hong H S, et al. Estimates of household wastewater loads from Jiulong River watershed. Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science), 2004,43(s1):249-253.
[21]胡昱欣.东辽河流域农业非点源氮、磷污染模拟及入河过程研究[D].长春:吉林大学, 2015.Hu Y X. A study of agricultural non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution modelling and process into river in the DongLiao river basin[J]. Changchun:Jilin University, 2015.
[22]岳勇,程红光,杨胜天,等.松花江流域非点源污染负荷估算与评价[J].地理科学, 2007,(2):231-236.Yue Y, Cheng H G, Yang S T, et al. Integrated assessment of non-point source pollution in Songhuajiang river basin[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007,(2):231-236.
[23]邢宝秀,陈贺.北京市农业面源污染负荷及入河系数估算[J].中国水土保持, 2016,(5):34-37Xing B X, Chen H. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution load and river entry coefficient in Beijing, 2016,(5):34-37.
[24]朱梅.海河流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2011.Zhu M. Study on Agricutural NPS loads of Haihe basin and assessment on its Environ mental impact[D]. Beijing:China Academy of Agricultural Science, 2011.
[25]赵琰鑫,陈岩,吴悦颖.QUAL2K河流水质模拟模型理论方法与应用指南[M].北京:气象出版社, 2015.Zhao Y X, Chen Y, Wu Y Y. QUAL2K River water quality simulation model theory method and application guide[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2015.
[26] Moriasi D N, Arnold J G, Liew M W V, et al. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J]. Transactions of the Asabe, 2007,50(3):885-900.
[27]耿润哲,王晓燕,庞树江,等.潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区[J].中国环境科学, 2016,36(4):1258-1267.Geng R Z, Wang X Y, Pang S J, et al. Identification of key factors and zonation for non-point source pollution controlin Chaohe River watershed[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(4):1258-1267.
[28]张维理,徐爱国,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅲ.中国农业面源污染控制中存在问题分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(7):1026-1033.Zhang W L, Xu A G, Ji H J, et al. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategiesⅢ. A review of policies and practices for agricultural non-point source pollution controlin China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004,37(7):1026-1033.
[29]卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,等.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学, 2017,37(6):2278-2286.Lu S Y, Zhang P, Pan C R, et al. Agricultural non-point source pollution discharge characteristic and its control measures of Dongtinghu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(6):2278-2286.
[2]孟伟.中国流域水环境污染综合防治战略[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):712-716.Meng W. The strategy of comprehensive pollution prevention and cure of water environment in Chinese watershed[J]. China Environmental Science, 2007,27(5):712-716.
[3]丁训静,姚琪,阮晓红.太湖流域污染负荷模型研究[J].水科学进展, 2003,14(2):189-192.Ding X J, Yao Q, Ruan X H. Waste load model for the Taihu Basin[J].Advances in Water Science, 2003,14(2):189-192.
[4]朱俊,董辉,王寿兵,等.长江三峡库区干流水体主要污染负荷来源及贡献[J].水科学进展, 2006,17(5):709-713.Zhu J, Dong H, Wang S B, et al. Sources and quantities of main water pollution loads released into three-gorge reservoir of the yangtze river[J]. Advances in Water Science. 2006,17(5):709-713.
[5]姜德娟,毕晓丽.流域-河口-近海系统氮、磷营养盐输移研究综述[J].水科学进展, 2010,21(3):421-429.Jiang D J, Bi X L. Review of studies on nitrogen and phosphorus transport in the continuum of watersheds, estuaries and off shore areas[J]. Advances in Water Science. 2010,21(3):421-429.
[6] GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[7]周华.河流综合水质模型QUAL2K应用研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报, 2010,8(1):71-75.Zhou H. Application research of a comprehensive river water quality model QUAL2K[J]. Journal of China Institute of Water Resources amd Hydropower Research, 2010,8(1):71-75.
[8]杨乐,钱钧,吴玉柏,等.基于QUAL2K模型的秦淮河水质优化方案[J].水资源保护, 2013,29(3):51-55.Yang L, Qian J, Wu Y B, et al. Water quality optimization scheme for Qinhuai River based on QUAL2K model[J]. Water Resoures Protection, 2013,29(3):51-55.
[9]陈月,席北斗,何连生,等.QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用[J].环境工程学报, 2008,(7):1000-1003.Chen Y, Xi B D, He L S, et al. Application of QUAL2K model for prediction of water quality in WestShaoxi[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2008,(7):1000-1003.
[10]唐伟.基于QUAL2K模型的水质模拟研究-以武进港小流域为例[D].南京大学, 2011.Tang W. Water quality simulation model based on QUAL2K–taking Wujin Port as an example[D]. Nanjing University, 2011.
[11] Park S S, Yong S L. A multiconstituent moving segment model for water quality predictions in steep and shallow streams[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1996,89(1):121–131.
[12] Uluatam S S. Calibration of a steady-state model of water quality data from the Karasu River, Turkey[J]. Geotechnique, 1993.
[13] Park S S, Yong S L. A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea[J]. Ecological Modelling, 2002,152(1):65-75.
[14] Yang M D, Sykes R M, Merry C J. Estimation of algal biological parameters using water quality modeling and SPOT satellite data[J].Ecological Modelling, 2000,125(1):1-13.
[15]刘庄,晁建颖,张丽,等.中国非点源污染负荷计算研究现状与存在问题[J].水科学进展, 2015,26(3):432-442.Liu Z, Chao J Y, Zhang L, et al. Current status and problems of non-point source pollution load calculation in China[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2015,26(3):432-442.
[16]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学, 2006,26(5):614-617.Wang F H, Ma W Q, Dou Z X, et al. The estimation of the production amount of animal manure and its environmental effect in China[J].China Environmental Science, 2006,26(5):614-617.
[17]蔡明,李怀恩,庄咏涛,等.改进的输出系数法在流域非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].水利学报, 2004,35(7):40-45.Cai M, Li H E, Zhuang Y T, et al. Application of modified export coefficient method in polluting load estimation of non-point source pollution[J]. Shuili Xuebao, 2004,35(7):40-45.
[18]张永良,刘培哲.水环境容量综合手册[M].清华大学出版社, 1991.Zhang Y L, Liu P Z. Water Environment Capacity Comprehensive Manual[M]. Tsinghua University Press, 1991.
[19]乔飞,孟伟,郑丙辉,等.长江干流寸滩断面污染负荷核算及来源分析[J].环境科学研究, 2010,23(8):979-986.Qiao F, Meng W, Zheng B H, et al. Pollution load accounting and source analysis at cuntan section in main stream of Yangtze River,Research of Environmental Sciences, 2010,23(8):979-986.
[20]陈能汪,张珞平,洪华生,等.九龙江流域农村生活污水污染定量研究[J].厦门大学学报(自然版), 2004,43(s1):249-253.Chen N W, Zhang L P, Hong H S, et al. Estimates of household wastewater loads from Jiulong River watershed. Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science), 2004,43(s1):249-253.
[21]胡昱欣.东辽河流域农业非点源氮、磷污染模拟及入河过程研究[D].长春:吉林大学, 2015.Hu Y X. A study of agricultural non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution modelling and process into river in the DongLiao river basin[J]. Changchun:Jilin University, 2015.
[22]岳勇,程红光,杨胜天,等.松花江流域非点源污染负荷估算与评价[J].地理科学, 2007,(2):231-236.Yue Y, Cheng H G, Yang S T, et al. Integrated assessment of non-point source pollution in Songhuajiang river basin[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007,(2):231-236.
[23]邢宝秀,陈贺.北京市农业面源污染负荷及入河系数估算[J].中国水土保持, 2016,(5):34-37Xing B X, Chen H. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution load and river entry coefficient in Beijing, 2016,(5):34-37.
[24]朱梅.海河流域农业非点源污染负荷估算与评价研究[D].北京:中国农业科学院, 2011.Zhu M. Study on Agricutural NPS loads of Haihe basin and assessment on its Environ mental impact[D]. Beijing:China Academy of Agricultural Science, 2011.
[25]赵琰鑫,陈岩,吴悦颖.QUAL2K河流水质模拟模型理论方法与应用指南[M].北京:气象出版社, 2015.Zhao Y X, Chen Y, Wu Y Y. QUAL2K River water quality simulation model theory method and application guide[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2015.
[26] Moriasi D N, Arnold J G, Liew M W V, et al. Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations[J]. Transactions of the Asabe, 2007,50(3):885-900.
[27]耿润哲,王晓燕,庞树江,等.潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区[J].中国环境科学, 2016,36(4):1258-1267.Geng R Z, Wang X Y, Pang S J, et al. Identification of key factors and zonation for non-point source pollution controlin Chaohe River watershed[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(4):1258-1267.
[28]张维理,徐爱国,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅲ.中国农业面源污染控制中存在问题分析[J].中国农业科学,2004,(7):1026-1033.Zhang W L, Xu A G, Ji H J, et al. Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution in China and the alleviating strategiesⅢ. A review of policies and practices for agricultural non-point source pollution controlin China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004,37(7):1026-1033.
[29]卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,等.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学, 2017,37(6):2278-2286.Lu S Y, Zhang P, Pan C R, et al. Agricultural non-point source pollution discharge characteristic and its control measures of Dongtinghu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(6):2278-2286.
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