公共游泳场所氯化消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评价
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摘要
游泳场馆作为公共场所,其泳池水及空气均有可能成为传播疾病的媒介。为了降低泳池水传播疾病的风险,游泳场所通常会使用含氯消毒剂对泳池水进行消毒。此类消毒剂在消毒的同时,会产生多种氯化消毒副产物。在游泳过程中,人体可通过皮肤、消化道以及呼吸道直接接触消毒副产物,从而对眼睛、呼吸系统、生殖系统的健康产生不利影响。为了解公共场所游泳池水中氯化消毒副产物暴露水平及其健康风险评价方法,本文通过中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学数据库、Embase、Web of science、Pubmed等数据库系统检索相关中英文文献,从氯化消毒副产物的种类、暴露途径、暴露水平评估及健康风险评价等方面进行综述,对预防疾病传播和保障游泳者的健康具有重要意义。
As a public place,swimming pools water and the air in the venues may become a medium for the spread of disease. In order to reduce the risk of waterborne diseases in swimming pools,swimming pools often disinfected with chlorine disinfectants. Such disinfectants produced a variety of chlorination disinfection by-products while disinfecting. During swimming,the human body can directly contact the disinfection by-products through the skin,the digestive tract and the respiratory tract,thus having adverse health effects on the eyes,respiratory system,reproductive system,etc. In order to understand the exposure level of chlorination by-products in public swimming pool water and its health risk assessment methods,this paper systematically retrieved relevant Chinese and English literature through CNKI,Wanfang Database,China Biomedical Database,Embase,Web of Science,Pubmed and so on. And it reviewed the types of chlorination disinfection by-products,exposure routes,exposure level and health risk assessment,which was of great significance to prevent the spread of disease and protect the health of swimmers.
As a public place,swimming pools water and the air in the venues may become a medium for the spread of disease. In order to reduce the risk of waterborne diseases in swimming pools,swimming pools often disinfected with chlorine disinfectants. Such disinfectants produced a variety of chlorination disinfection by-products while disinfecting. During swimming,the human body can directly contact the disinfection by-products through the skin,the digestive tract and the respiratory tract,thus having adverse health effects on the eyes,respiratory system,reproductive system,etc. In order to understand the exposure level of chlorination by-products in public swimming pool water and its health risk assessment methods,this paper systematically retrieved relevant Chinese and English literature through CNKI,Wanfang Database,China Biomedical Database,Embase,Web of Science,Pubmed and so on. And it reviewed the types of chlorination disinfection by-products,exposure routes,exposure level and health risk assessment,which was of great significance to prevent the spread of disease and protect the health of swimmers.
引文
[1]安代志，史云，王莉莉，等．水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳检测二次曲线回归的研究[J]．理化检验(化学分册)，2016,52(1):77-79．
[2]Espín-Pérez Almudena,Font-Ribera Laia,Veldhoven Karin,et al.Blood transcriptional and microRNA responses to short-term exposure to disinfection by-products in a swimming pool[J].Environ Int,2018(110):42-50．
[3]Pándics Tamás,Hoferádám,Dura Gyula,et al.Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products:a regulatory perspective[J].JWater Health,2018,16(6):947-957．
[4]张亨．三氯异氰尿酸的生产和应用[J]．江苏氯碱，2016(1):7-12．
[5]王存国，潘璇，朱孟康，等．新型绿色杀菌、消毒剂-二氧化氯的制备方法及性能与应用[J]．化工科技，2015,23(1):72-76．
[6]齐慧颖，郭新彪．氯化消毒副产物与膀胱癌关系研究进展[J]．职业与健康，2018,34(24):3453-3457．
[7]方道奎，周国宏，余淑苑．游泳池氯化消毒副产物的健康风险[J]．卫生研究，2018,47(5):871-874．
[8]Tardif R,Catto C,Haddad S,et al.Assessment of air and water contamination by disinfection by-products at 41 indoor swimming pools[J].Environ Res,2016(148):411-420．
[9]Fantuzzi G,Aggazzotti G,Righi E,et al.Illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in swimming pool waters[J].Sc Total Environ,2018(635):956-963．
[10]吴珊，孟繁婕，靳伟伟，等．基于实测的室内泳池水氯化消毒副产物分析研究[J]．给水排水，2017,53(4):95-100．
[11]Van V K,Keski-rahkonen P,Barupal D K,et al.Effects of exposure to water disinfection by-products in a swimming pool:a metabolome-wide association study[J].Environ Int 2018(111):60-70．
[12]施烨闻，郭常义，许慧慧，等．上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评估[J]．环境与健康杂志，2017,34(4):332-336．
[13]Parimon T,Kanne J P,Pierson D J.Acute inhalation injury with evidence of diffuse bronchiolitis following chlorine gas exposure at a swimming pool[J].Respir Care,2004,49(3):291-294．
[14]Jessica Westerlund,Pal Graff,Ing-Liss Bryngelsson,et al.Occupational exposure to trichloramine and trihalomethanes:adverse health effects among personnel in habilitation and rehabilitation swimming pools[J].Ann Occup Hyg.2015,59(8):1074-1084．
[15]Goodman M,Hays S.Asthma and swimming:a meta-analysis.[J].Journal of Asthma Research,2008,45(8):639-647．
[16]Margo M,Ken F,Louis-Philippe B.Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines[J].J Allergy Clin Immuno,2015,136(3):598-594．
[17]韩旭．游泳场所氯化消毒副产物污染现状调查及其对从业人员健康影响研究[D]．北京:中国疾病预防控制中心，2017．
[18]姚彤，许文萍，陈若华．儿童哮喘的表型分析研究进展[J]．第二军医大学学报，2018,39(6):651-656．
[19]Hang C,Zhang B,Gong T,et al.Occurrence and health risk assessment of halogenated disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water[J].Sci Total Environ,2016(543):425-431．
[20]Dufour A P,Behymer T D,Cantu R,et al.Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers[J].J Water Health,2017,15(3):429-437．
[21]Teo T L,Coleman H M,Khan S J.Chemical contaminants in swimming pools:occurrence,implications and control.[J].Environ Int,2015(76):16-31．
[22]Chowdhury S,Alhooshani K,Karanfil T.Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool:occurrences,implications and future needs.[J].Water Res,2014,53(8):68-109．
[23]Suppes L M,Canales R A,Gerba C P,et al.Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures[J].Int J Hygiene Environ Health,2016,219(8):915-919．
[24]曾治乾，林哲墩．室内泳池加氯消毒副产物浓度调查与健康风险评估[J]．海峡预防医学杂志，2016,22(2):58-61．
[25]Walse S,Mitch W A.Nitrosamine carcinogens also swim in chlorinated pools.[J].Environ Sci Techno,2008,42(4):1032-1037．
[26]叶丹，陈钰，李晓，等．游泳场所氯化消毒副产物污染及控制技术的进展[J]．环境卫生学杂志，2017,7(6):481-484．
[27]Nickmilder M,Bernard A.Associations between testicular hormones at adolescence and attendance at chlorinated swimming pools during childhood.[J].Int J Andro,2011,34(52):446-458．
[28]曹文成．孕晚期饮水消毒副产物暴露生物标志与妊娠结局的关系[D]．武汉:华中科技大学，2015．
[29]杜艳君，莫杨，李湉湉．环境健康风险评估方法第四讲暴露评估(续三)[J]．环境与健康杂志，2015,32(6):556-559．
[30]杨岚，薛鹏．游泳池水消毒副产物的研究进展[J]．环境与健康杂志，2017,34(8):731-736．
[31]陆凯．室内游泳馆三卤甲烷模拟方法及人体健康风险评价研究[D]．天津:天津大学，2017．
[32]WHO.Guidelines for safe recreational water environments:swimming pools and similar environments[R].Geneva:WHO,2006．
[33]US EPA.Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund(RAGS),Volume I:Human Health Evaluation Manual(Part F,Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment)(EPA/540/R-70/002)[R].Washington DC:US EPA,2009．
[34]US EPA.Concepts,Methods,and Data Sources for Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals,Exposures and Effects:A Resource Document(EPA/600/R-06/013F)[R].Ohio:US EPA,2007.
[2]Espín-Pérez Almudena,Font-Ribera Laia,Veldhoven Karin,et al.Blood transcriptional and microRNA responses to short-term exposure to disinfection by-products in a swimming pool[J].Environ Int,2018(110):42-50．
[3]Pándics Tamás,Hoferádám,Dura Gyula,et al.Health risk of swimming pool disinfection by-products:a regulatory perspective[J].JWater Health,2018,16(6):947-957．
[4]张亨．三氯异氰尿酸的生产和应用[J]．江苏氯碱，2016(1):7-12．
[5]王存国，潘璇，朱孟康，等．新型绿色杀菌、消毒剂-二氧化氯的制备方法及性能与应用[J]．化工科技，2015,23(1):72-76．
[6]齐慧颖，郭新彪．氯化消毒副产物与膀胱癌关系研究进展[J]．职业与健康，2018,34(24):3453-3457．
[7]方道奎，周国宏，余淑苑．游泳池氯化消毒副产物的健康风险[J]．卫生研究，2018,47(5):871-874．
[8]Tardif R,Catto C,Haddad S,et al.Assessment of air and water contamination by disinfection by-products at 41 indoor swimming pools[J].Environ Res,2016(148):411-420．
[9]Fantuzzi G,Aggazzotti G,Righi E,et al.Illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in swimming pool waters[J].Sc Total Environ,2018(635):956-963．
[10]吴珊，孟繁婕，靳伟伟，等．基于实测的室内泳池水氯化消毒副产物分析研究[J]．给水排水，2017,53(4):95-100．
[11]Van V K,Keski-rahkonen P,Barupal D K,et al.Effects of exposure to water disinfection by-products in a swimming pool:a metabolome-wide association study[J].Environ Int 2018(111):60-70．
[12]施烨闻，郭常义，许慧慧，等．上海市夏季游泳池水消毒副产物暴露水平及健康风险评估[J]．环境与健康杂志，2017,34(4):332-336．
[13]Parimon T,Kanne J P,Pierson D J.Acute inhalation injury with evidence of diffuse bronchiolitis following chlorine gas exposure at a swimming pool[J].Respir Care,2004,49(3):291-294．
[14]Jessica Westerlund,Pal Graff,Ing-Liss Bryngelsson,et al.Occupational exposure to trichloramine and trihalomethanes:adverse health effects among personnel in habilitation and rehabilitation swimming pools[J].Ann Occup Hyg.2015,59(8):1074-1084．
[15]Goodman M,Hays S.Asthma and swimming:a meta-analysis.[J].Journal of Asthma Research,2008,45(8):639-647．
[16]Margo M,Ken F,Louis-Philippe B.Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines[J].J Allergy Clin Immuno,2015,136(3):598-594．
[17]韩旭．游泳场所氯化消毒副产物污染现状调查及其对从业人员健康影响研究[D]．北京:中国疾病预防控制中心，2017．
[18]姚彤，许文萍，陈若华．儿童哮喘的表型分析研究进展[J]．第二军医大学学报，2018,39(6):651-656．
[19]Hang C,Zhang B,Gong T,et al.Occurrence and health risk assessment of halogenated disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water[J].Sci Total Environ,2016(543):425-431．
[20]Dufour A P,Behymer T D,Cantu R,et al.Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers[J].J Water Health,2017,15(3):429-437．
[21]Teo T L,Coleman H M,Khan S J.Chemical contaminants in swimming pools:occurrence,implications and control.[J].Environ Int,2015(76):16-31．
[22]Chowdhury S,Alhooshani K,Karanfil T.Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool:occurrences,implications and future needs.[J].Water Res,2014,53(8):68-109．
[23]Suppes L M,Canales R A,Gerba C P,et al.Cryptosporidium risk from swimming pool exposures[J].Int J Hygiene Environ Health,2016,219(8):915-919．
[24]曾治乾，林哲墩．室内泳池加氯消毒副产物浓度调查与健康风险评估[J]．海峡预防医学杂志，2016,22(2):58-61．
[25]Walse S,Mitch W A.Nitrosamine carcinogens also swim in chlorinated pools.[J].Environ Sci Techno,2008,42(4):1032-1037．
[26]叶丹，陈钰，李晓，等．游泳场所氯化消毒副产物污染及控制技术的进展[J]．环境卫生学杂志，2017,7(6):481-484．
[27]Nickmilder M,Bernard A.Associations between testicular hormones at adolescence and attendance at chlorinated swimming pools during childhood.[J].Int J Andro,2011,34(52):446-458．
[28]曹文成．孕晚期饮水消毒副产物暴露生物标志与妊娠结局的关系[D]．武汉:华中科技大学，2015．
[29]杜艳君，莫杨，李湉湉．环境健康风险评估方法第四讲暴露评估(续三)[J]．环境与健康杂志，2015,32(6):556-559．
[30]杨岚，薛鹏．游泳池水消毒副产物的研究进展[J]．环境与健康杂志，2017,34(8):731-736．
[31]陆凯．室内游泳馆三卤甲烷模拟方法及人体健康风险评价研究[D]．天津:天津大学，2017．
[32]WHO.Guidelines for safe recreational water environments:swimming pools and similar environments[R].Geneva:WHO,2006．
[33]US EPA.Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund(RAGS),Volume I:Human Health Evaluation Manual(Part F,Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment)(EPA/540/R-70/002)[R].Washington DC:US EPA,2009．
[34]US EPA.Concepts,Methods,and Data Sources for Cumulative Health Risk Assessment of Multiple Chemicals,Exposures and Effects:A Resource Document(EPA/600/R-06/013F)[R].Ohio:US EPA,2007.
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