重庆废弃煤矿区表层土壤多环芳烃污染特征及风险评价
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摘要
随着煤炭行业的萧条,废弃煤矿逐渐增加。为有效管理和改善矿区废弃地环境生态系统,采集废弃22年的重庆中梁山马家沟煤矿区内18个表层土壤样品和1个煤矸石样品,以及矿区之外的2个背景土壤样品,分析样品中多环芳烃(USEPA16 PAHs)、正构烷烃(n-alkanes)、汞(Hg)和有机质(OM)含量水平。结果表明,表层土壤中PAHs的平均含量为170. 3 ng/g,低于我国正在运行的煤矿区土壤PAHs含量水平,高于山区背景土壤PAHs含量水平。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明煤燃烧释放和原煤残渣分别贡献78. 3%和17. 6%,是表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源。PAHs与n-alkanes的相关系数r=0. 83(P<0. 01),表明土壤中两者具有类似的输入途径和富集行为。PAHs与Hg之间不存在相关性,表明煤矿长期废弃后,这两种与矿区活动释放有关的污染物的环境归趋有显著差异。PAHs和OM之间也不存在相关性,表明与煤矿相关的有机质来源已经被植物、微生物的分泌物质及其残体的有机质替代,生态环境正逐步恢复。风险评价结果表明PAHs含量水平相对安全。值得注意的是,Hg含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。因此,政府对矿区旧址的土地利用应当基于多污染参数的叠加结果,避免单一指标的片面性评价与诊断。
Abandoned coal mines increase gradually as coal industry depressing. In this study,18 topsoil samples,2 background soil samples and 1 coal gangue sample were collected in the Majiagou coal mine,an abandoned coal mine for 22 years,in Zhongliang Mountain,Chongqing. Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons( PAHs),n-alkanes,total mercury( Hg),and organic matter( OM) were measured to better understand and manage the environmental ecosystem of this abandoned mining area. The mean concentration of PAHs in the topsoil was 170. 3 ng/g,higher than that of the background soil in this area but lower than those of running coal mines in China. Principal Component Analysis( PCA) results suggested that coal combustion emission and raw coal residue contributed 78. 3% and 17. 6%,respectively. The correlation coefficient between PAHs and n-alkanes was 0. 83( P <0. 01),indicating that they share similar input pathway and enrichment behavior in the topsoil. There was no correlation between PAHs and Hg,indicating that the two pollutants released by the mining activity exhibited significant different environmental fates,while no correlation between PAHs and OM,indicating that OM sources associated with coal mines had been replaced by OM sources of plants,microbial secretions and their residues. The risk assessment results indicated that the risk level of PAHs was relatively safe,but the content of Hg exceeded the soil pollution risk screening value of agricultural land. Therefore,the land utilization of this mining area by local government should be according to the superposition of multiple pollution parameters,avoiding the one-sided evaluation and diagnosis of any single indicator.
Abandoned coal mines increase gradually as coal industry depressing. In this study,18 topsoil samples,2 background soil samples and 1 coal gangue sample were collected in the Majiagou coal mine,an abandoned coal mine for 22 years,in Zhongliang Mountain,Chongqing. Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons( PAHs),n-alkanes,total mercury( Hg),and organic matter( OM) were measured to better understand and manage the environmental ecosystem of this abandoned mining area. The mean concentration of PAHs in the topsoil was 170. 3 ng/g,higher than that of the background soil in this area but lower than those of running coal mines in China. Principal Component Analysis( PCA) results suggested that coal combustion emission and raw coal residue contributed 78. 3% and 17. 6%,respectively. The correlation coefficient between PAHs and n-alkanes was 0. 83( P <0. 01),indicating that they share similar input pathway and enrichment behavior in the topsoil. There was no correlation between PAHs and Hg,indicating that the two pollutants released by the mining activity exhibited significant different environmental fates,while no correlation between PAHs and OM,indicating that OM sources associated with coal mines had been replaced by OM sources of plants,microbial secretions and their residues. The risk assessment results indicated that the risk level of PAHs was relatively safe,but the content of Hg exceeded the soil pollution risk screening value of agricultural land. Therefore,the land utilization of this mining area by local government should be according to the superposition of multiple pollution parameters,avoiding the one-sided evaluation and diagnosis of any single indicator.
引文
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[29]余丽燕,韩秀秀,黄晓虎,等.滇池不同湖区沉积物正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4605-4614.
[30] Eglinton G,Hamilton R J. Leaf epicuticular waxes[J]. Science,1967,156(3780):1322-1335.
[2] Cetin B,Yurdakul S,Gungormus E,et al. Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:30-41.
[3] Bi C,Wang X P,Jia J P,et al. Spatial variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influenced by intensive land use in an urbanized river network of East China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,627:671-680.
[4] Song N N,Feng J S,Yu Y,et al. Comparison of characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different environmental media in the urban area of Daqing City[J]. Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2017,38(12):5272-5281.
[5] Wang C,Wu S,Zhou S L,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from urban to rural areas in Nanjing:Concentration,source,spatial distribution,and potential human health risk[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,527-528:375-383.
[6] Hanedar A,Alp K,Kaynak B,et al. Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)at three stations in Istanbul,Turkey[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,488:439-448.
[7]贾鹍宇.煤炭行业现状分析及发展趋势预测[J].企业改革与管理,2016(6):197.
[8] Liu J,Liu G,Zhang J,et al. Occurrence and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil from the Tiefa coal mine district,Liaoning,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2012,14(10):2634-2642.
[9]王新伟,钟宁宁,韩习运.煤矸石堆积下多环芳烃的淋溶污染特征[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(9):3594-3600.
[10] Huang H F,Xing X L,Zhang Z Z,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi:distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2016,38(5):1169-1181.
[11] Liu X Y,Bai Z K,Yu Q F,et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil profiles(0-100 cm)from the industrial district of a large open-pit coal mine,China[J]. Royal Society of Chemistry,2017,7(45):28029-28037.
[12]张琳,陈勇,孔利锋,等.新疆准东煤矿开采区域中多环芳烃的污染特征分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(3):677-684.
[13]申万暾,吴永贵,黄波平,等.贵州兴仁废弃煤矿区表层土壤重金属污染及其土壤酶活性[J].贵州农业科学,2011,39(3):111-116.
[14]李华娟.吉林省典型煤矿区废弃地土壤重金属污染评价及豆科植物修复效应研究[D].吉林:吉林大学,2014:1-2.
[15]刘德良,杨期和.明山煤矿区废弃地重金属污染土壤环境质量评价[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(18):4351-4354.
[16] Sun X B,Li Y C. Impact of heavy metal pollution on soil animal communities in abandoned coal mine area in Huainan City,Anhui Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(2):408-414.
[17] Ma L,Wang G C,Shi Z M,et al. Simulation of groundwater level recovery in abandoned mines,Fengfeng coalfield,China[J]. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering,2016,4(4):344-353.
[18] Wu Z L,Lin T,Li Z X,et al. Air-sea exchange and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over the northwestern Pacific Ocean:Role of East Asian continental outflow[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,230:444-452.
[19] Qin X F,Wang F W,Dong C R,et al. Seasonal variation of atmospheric particulate mercury over the East China Sea,an outflow region of anthropogenic pollutants to the open Pacific Ocean[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,7(5):876-883.
[20]生态环境部国家市场监督管理总局. GB 15618—2018土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社. 2018.
[21]生态环境部国家市场监督管理总局. GB 36600—2018土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社. 2018.
[22] Edwards N T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the terrestrial environment-A review[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,1983,12(4):427-441.
[23] Samsoe-Petersen L,Larsen E H,Larsen P B,et al. Uptake of trace elements and PAHs by fruit and vegetables from contaminated soils[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(14):3057-3063.
[24] Yakovleva E V,Gabov D N,Beznosikov V A,et al. Accumulation of PAHs in tundra plants and soils under the influence of coal mining[J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds,2017,37(2-3):203-218.
[25] Zuo Q,Duan Y H,Yang Y,et al. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil in Tianjin,China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,147(2):303-310.
[26] Pies C,Yang Y,Hofmann T. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in floodplain soils of the Mosel and Saar River[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments,2007,7(4):216-222.
[27] Nisbet I C T,Lagoy P K. Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1992,16(3):290-300.
[28] Maliszewska-Kordybach B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland:Preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination[J]. Applied Geochemistry,1996,11(1-2):121-127.
[29]余丽燕,韩秀秀,黄晓虎,等.滇池不同湖区沉积物正构烷烃的分布特征及其环境意义[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4605-4614.
[30] Eglinton G,Hamilton R J. Leaf epicuticular waxes[J]. Science,1967,156(3780):1322-1335.
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