我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥潜力
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摘要
为探究我国畜禽有机肥对果菜茶理论养分需求量的满足水平,评估果菜茶三大作物有机替代与化肥减量潜力,本研究借助统计资料,定量分析我国畜禽粪便养分资源供应量和果菜茶理论养分需求量,在此基础上进行全国性及区域性替代可行性分析。统计分析表明:2015年,我国果菜茶化肥氮磷(纯养分)施用总量为1.84×107t·a-1,是理论需求量的两倍左右,化肥过量施用十分严重;2015年,我国畜禽粪便产生的氮、磷(以P2O5计,下同)分别为7.98×106、6.42×106t·a-1,若全部用于果菜茶,可替代78%的化肥,减少2.88×106～5.18×106t氮、磷肥损失;90%的省(市、自治区)产生的畜禽粪便可满足区域内化肥减量20%的目标,71%的省(市、自治区)畜禽粪便可满足区域内替代50%化肥;各地区畜禽有机肥替代化肥量空间差异较大,除长三角、珠三角经济发达地区(上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东、陕西)以外,其余省份(市、自治区)畜禽有机肥可100%替代区域内果菜茶化肥,并且,东北、西北地区的畜禽粪便在满足区域内果菜茶养分需求的基础上仍有较多盈余,可施用于粮食或者经济作物,或者转化为优质商品有机肥补给长三角、珠三角地区。我国果菜茶三大作物通过畜禽有机肥替代化肥,70%省份可实现化肥减量目标,减少氮磷化肥面源污染。研究结果可为我国果菜茶中畜禽粪便有机肥替代化肥施用提供一定理论指导,为实现果菜茶化肥减量的目标提供决策支持。
In order to estimate the replacement potential of chemical fertilizers with animal manure for fruit, vegetable, and tea production in China, we calculated the nutrient level of animal manure and the theoretical nutrient demands of plants. Thereafter, we analyzed the supply and demand balance on a national and regional scale. According to statistical data from 2015, the quantity of chemical nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(in the form of P_2O_5)applied on fruits, vegetables and tea was 1.84 × 10~7 t(N = 1.12 × 10~7 t; P_2O_5 = 7.18 × 106 t), twice the theoretical demands. Meanwhile, animal manure contained 7.98 × 10~6 t of N and 6.42 × 106 t of P_2O_5, an amount which could replace 78% of chemical fertilizers and reduce nutrient losses by 2.88 × 106～ 5.18 × 106 t. We calculated that 71% of the Chinese provinces could replace50% of presently used chemical fertilizers with animal manure; the percentage of provinces increases up to 90% considering a chemical fertilizer replacement of 20%. Excluding the Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces, all other Chinese provinces could replace 100% of the chemical fertilizers presently used for their fruit, vegetable and tea production, with animal manure. Furthermore, animal manure exceeded the demands in the northeastern and northwestern regions; hence, these areas could answer the nutrient demands of local plantations, as well as those of other regions. This study provides new scientific bases for policy decisions, encouraging a sensible reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers in China.
In order to estimate the replacement potential of chemical fertilizers with animal manure for fruit, vegetable, and tea production in China, we calculated the nutrient level of animal manure and the theoretical nutrient demands of plants. Thereafter, we analyzed the supply and demand balance on a national and regional scale. According to statistical data from 2015, the quantity of chemical nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(in the form of P_2O_5)applied on fruits, vegetables and tea was 1.84 × 10~7 t(N = 1.12 × 10~7 t; P_2O_5 = 7.18 × 106 t), twice the theoretical demands. Meanwhile, animal manure contained 7.98 × 10~6 t of N and 6.42 × 106 t of P_2O_5, an amount which could replace 78% of chemical fertilizers and reduce nutrient losses by 2.88 × 106～ 5.18 × 106 t. We calculated that 71% of the Chinese provinces could replace50% of presently used chemical fertilizers with animal manure; the percentage of provinces increases up to 90% considering a chemical fertilizer replacement of 20%. Excluding the Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces, all other Chinese provinces could replace 100% of the chemical fertilizers presently used for their fruit, vegetable and tea production, with animal manure. Furthermore, animal manure exceeded the demands in the northeastern and northwestern regions; hence, these areas could answer the nutrient demands of local plantations, as well as those of other regions. This study provides new scientific bases for policy decisions, encouraging a sensible reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers in China.
引文
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[2]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京：中国统计出版社, 2016.National Bureau of Statistics of China. China statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2016.
[3]孟远夺,许发辉,杨帆,等.我国种植业化肥施用现状与节肥潜力分析[J].磷肥与复肥, 2015, 30(9):1-4.MENG Yuan-duo, XU Fa-hui, YANG Fan, et al. Situation of fertilizer application and analysis of fertilizer saving potential in crop farming in China[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer, 2015, 30(9):1-4.
[4] Min J, Zhao X, Shi W M, et al. Nitrogen balance and loss in a greenhouse vegetable system in southeastern China[J]. Pedosphere, 2011, 21(4):464-472.
[5] Huang S W, Jin J Y. Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, 139(1/2/3):317-327.
[6]寇长林,巨晓棠,张福锁.三种集约化种植体系氮素平衡及其对地下水硝酸盐含量的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2005, 16(4):660-667.KOU Chang-lin, JU Xiao-tang, ZHANG Fu-suo. Nitrogen balance and its effects on nitrate-N concentration of groundwater in three intensive cropping systems of north China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005, 16(4):660-667.
[7]冯武焕,吕爽,王虎,等.西安市菜田化肥农药施用现状调查与分析[J].中国农学通报, 2016, 32(31):143-146.FENG Wu-huan, LüShuang, WANG Hu, et al. Investigation and analysis of application status of fertilizer and pesticide in vegetable field of Xi′an[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2016, 32(31):143-146.
[8]新华社.农业部推动果菜茶化肥替代行动[EB/OL].[2017-06-14]http：//www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2017-06/14/c_1121144399. htm.Xinhua News Agency. Ministry of agriculture promotes organic fertilizer to replace fertilizer in fruit and vegetable tea[EB/OL].[2017-06-14]http：//www. xinhuanet. com/politics/2017-06/14/c_1121144399. htm.
[9] Rasool R, Kukal S, Hira G. Soil organic carbon and physical properties as affected by long-term application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers in maize–wheat system[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2008, 101(1/2):31-36.
[10]李江涛,钟晓兰,张斌,等.长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2010, 24(6):137-140.LI Jiang-tao, ZHONG Xiao-lan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Soil pore structure properties as affected by long-term application of poultry litter and livestock manure[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010, 24(6):137-140.
[11] Zhao J, Xu J X, Wang J W, et al. Impacts of human lysozyme transgene on the microflora of pig feces and the surrounding soil[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2012, 161(4):437-444.
[12]陈伟,周波,束怀瑞.生物炭和有机肥处理对平邑甜茶根系和土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2013, 46(18):3850-3856.CHEN Wei, ZHOU Bo, SHU Huai-rui. Effects of organic fertilizer and biochar on root system and microbial functional diversity of Malushupehensis Rehd[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(18):3850-3856.
[13]中华人民共和国农业农村部.农业部：确保果菜茶有机肥替代化肥取得实效[EB/OL].[2017-03-30] http：//www. moa. gov. cn/xw/tpxw/201703/t20170330_5545107. htm.Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People′s Republic of China. Ministry of Agriculture:Ensuring the effectiveness of fruit and vegetable tea organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer[EB/OL].[2017-03-30] http：//www. moa. gov. cn/xw/tpxw/201703/t20170330_5545107. htm.
[14]中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,全国供销合作社,中华人民共和国农业农村部.全国农产品成本收益资料汇编[M].北京：中国统计出版社, 2016.National Development and Reform Commission of China, All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People′s Republic of China. National agricultural products cost-benefit data collection[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2016.
[15]中国畜牧业年鉴编辑部.中国畜牧业年鉴[M].北京：中国农业出版社, 2016.China Animal Industry Yearbook Editorial Department. China animal industry yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2016.
[16]中国化肥网.茶园的施肥技术[EB/OL].[2016-06-30] http：//www.fert. cn/news/2016/6/8/201668901214652. shtml.China Fertilizer Network. Fertilization technology in tea gardens[EB/OL].[2016-06-30] http：//www. fert. cn/news/2016/6/8/201668901214652. shtml.
[17]邱乐丰,龙文莉,方豪,等.基于种养平衡的杭州市畜禽养殖环境承载力研究[J].自然资源学报, 2016, 31(8):1410-1419.QIU Le-feng, LONG Wen-li, FANG Hao, et al. Regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry breeding based on planting-breeding balance in Hangzhou City[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(8):1410-1419.
[18]朱建春,张增强,樊志民,等.中国畜禽粪便的能源潜力与氮磷耕地负荷及总量控制[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(3):435-445.ZHU Jian-chun, ZHANG Zeng-qiang, FAN Zhi-min, et al. Biogas potential, cropland load and total amount control of animal manure in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(3):435-445.
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