冀中平原主栽山药品种的生长发育和养分累积特征
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摘要
【目的】我国山药种质资源丰富,生态条件、栽培技术措施等各异,因此不同产地、不同品种的山药生长发育特性、养分累积及分配特性等均存在较大差异。本研究分析比较了冀中平原3个主栽山药品种的生长发育以及对氮磷钾养分的吸收、累积动态特征,以期为山药可持续生产中养分资源的高效管理与利用提供理论依据和技术支撑。【方法】以研究区域主栽的棒药、紫药和小白嘴为供试品种,在农民常规管理的山药田随机设置采样小区,分别于山药播种后的80 d、110 d、140 d和180 d取样,测定山药根茎、茎、叶的鲜干重及氮、磷、钾养分含量。【结果】茎叶生物量随生育进程呈现先升后降的变化趋势,而根茎的生物量在收获期达到最高。棒药根茎鲜生物量显著高于紫药和小白嘴,但由于棒药栽培密度显著低于紫药和小白嘴,导致3个品种单位面积根茎的干物质积累量基本相当。对鲜干生物量累积动态特征的分析表明,与紫药和小白嘴相比,棒药鲜干生物量最大累积速率差异不大,但鲜干生物量快速累积持续期明显延长,最大累积速率出现的时间较晚。不同山药品种各养分的累积分配及养分利用效率不同,在整个生育期内,对氮磷钾养分的累积量3个品种均表现为K_2O≥N> P_2O_5,根茎>叶>茎,其中棒药对氮磷钾的累积量均最高,氮磷钾养分生产效率也均为最高,紫药和小白嘴差异不显著。对养分的累积动态特征分析结果表明,棒药对氮素和钾素的快速累积持续期最长,且最大累积速率也最高,但3个品种对磷素的累积动态特征差异不明显。【结论】供试3个品种中,紫药和小白嘴的生长发育及养分吸收累积动态特征相似,但与棒药明显不同。棒药的生物量大,产量高,养分的生产效率也最高,形成单位产量的养分需求量显著低于紫药和小白嘴。
【Objectives】Genotypes, ecological conditions and cultivation techniques resulted in great differences in the growth and nutrient use efficiencies of yams from different habitats. The growth characteristics and nutrient requirement of three main cultivated yam varieties were compared, aiming to provide a support for high-efficient nutrient management in sustainable production of yam.【Methods】The main yam varieties were Bangyao, Xiaobaizui and Ziyao in the central Hebei plain. The yam samples were respectively collected at 80 d,110 d, 140 d and 180 d after sowing in the conventional field. Dry and fresh biomass were weighed, and the N, P and K contents in yam tubers, stems and leaves were determined.【Results】The biomass of stems and leaves increased firstly and then decreased with yam growing, while the maximum biomass of tuber appeared at the harvest. The tuber fresh biomass of Bangyao was significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the tuber dry matter of Bangyao was not higher because of its lower planting density. Compared with Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, the maximal accumulation speed of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were not higher, but the fleet accumulation durations of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were both longer, and the time reached the maximal accumulation rate was later. In addition, the significant differences in accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of nutrients were found among the three yam varieties. The rank of accumulation nutrients was all showed in the order of K_2O > N > P_2O_5 and tubers > leaves > stems in the tested three yam varieties. Bangyao had the highest accumulations of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O, and highest production efficiency of nutrients, but no significant difference was found between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui. Bangyao had the longest fleet accumulation duration and the highest maximal accumulation speed of N and K_2O, while the characteristics of accumulation dynamics of P_2O_5 had no significant differences among three varieties.【Conclusions】The characteristics of growth and nutrient accumulation had no significant differences between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the biomass, yield and production efficiency of nutrients of Bangyao were significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, and the nutrient demand for forming unit yield was significantly lower than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui.
【Objectives】Genotypes, ecological conditions and cultivation techniques resulted in great differences in the growth and nutrient use efficiencies of yams from different habitats. The growth characteristics and nutrient requirement of three main cultivated yam varieties were compared, aiming to provide a support for high-efficient nutrient management in sustainable production of yam.【Methods】The main yam varieties were Bangyao, Xiaobaizui and Ziyao in the central Hebei plain. The yam samples were respectively collected at 80 d,110 d, 140 d and 180 d after sowing in the conventional field. Dry and fresh biomass were weighed, and the N, P and K contents in yam tubers, stems and leaves were determined.【Results】The biomass of stems and leaves increased firstly and then decreased with yam growing, while the maximum biomass of tuber appeared at the harvest. The tuber fresh biomass of Bangyao was significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the tuber dry matter of Bangyao was not higher because of its lower planting density. Compared with Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, the maximal accumulation speed of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were not higher, but the fleet accumulation durations of fresh and dry biomass of Bangyao were both longer, and the time reached the maximal accumulation rate was later. In addition, the significant differences in accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of nutrients were found among the three yam varieties. The rank of accumulation nutrients was all showed in the order of K_2O > N > P_2O_5 and tubers > leaves > stems in the tested three yam varieties. Bangyao had the highest accumulations of N, P_2O_5 and K_2O, and highest production efficiency of nutrients, but no significant difference was found between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui. Bangyao had the longest fleet accumulation duration and the highest maximal accumulation speed of N and K_2O, while the characteristics of accumulation dynamics of P_2O_5 had no significant differences among three varieties.【Conclusions】The characteristics of growth and nutrient accumulation had no significant differences between Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, but the biomass, yield and production efficiency of nutrients of Bangyao were significantly higher than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui, and the nutrient demand for forming unit yield was significantly lower than those of Ziyao and Xiaobaizui.
引文
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[2]汤洁,戴兴临,涂玉琴,等.淮山药新品种及栽培新技术研究[J].江西农业学报,2011,23(9):57-59.Tang J,Dai X L,Tu Y Q,et al.Study on new varieties of Chinese yam and their cultivation new technologies[J].Acta Agriculture Jiangxi,2011,23(9):57-59.
[3]李建军,任美玲,王君,等.铁棍山药新品种选育研究[J].中药材,2015,38(9):1787-1791.Li J J,Ren M L,Wang J,et al.Research on breeding of Dioscorea opposita cv.Tiegun[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2015,38(9):1787-1791.
[4]李月仙,黄东益,黄小龙,等.山药的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(9):91-96.Li Y X,Huang D Y,Huang X L,et al.Progress of study on Dioscorea opposite Thunb[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(9):91-96.
[5]许念芳,刘少军,姚甜甜,等.覆膜栽培对山药生长、产量及经济效益的影响[J].天津农业科学,2017,23(10):65-68.Xu N F,Liu S J,Yao T T,et al.Effects of film mulching cultivation on growth,yield and economic benefits of yam[J].Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,2017,23(10):65-68.
[6]何小平,江法源,邓泽周,等.密度和施肥方式对定向槽浅生栽培紫山药产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(1):39-42.He X P,Jiang F Y,Deng Z Z,et al.Effects of different planting densities and fertilizer methods on yield of purple yam with the directional-notch technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(1):39-42.
[7] 殷剑美,闫瑞霞,韩晓勇,等.秸秆套网袋栽培对紫山药产量及品质的影响[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(1):61-66.Yin J M,Yan R X,Han X Y,et al.Effect of straw bagged with net cultivation method on yield and quality of purple yam(Dioscoreaalata L.)[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(1):61-66.
[8]王飞,刘红彦,鲁传涛,等.5个山药品种资源的农艺性状和营养品质比较[J].河南农业科学,2005,(3):58-60.Wang F,Liu H Y,Lu C T,et al.Comparison of the agronomical traits and nutrient quality among five yam germplasms[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2005,(3):58-60.
[9]Liu Y,Shi S S,Wang C S.Determination of nutrients and diosgenin contents of Dioscorea batatas Decne in Zhejiang[J].Medicinal Plant,2010,1(2):21-23.
[10]倪伟超,徐兵兵,李彪,等.紫山药的营养保健价值及产品开发[J].中国野生植物资源,2016,35(4):67-71.Ni W C,Xu B B,Li B,et al.Nutrition and health care value of purple yam and its product development[J].Chinese Wild Plant Resources,2016,35(4):67-71.
[11]苗泽兰,孙志梅,张新星,等.河北省山药产量及施肥现状分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(5):138-143.Miao Z L,Sun Z M,Zhang X X,et al.Analysis of the status of yield and fertilization in the yam production in Hebei province[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2016,(5):138-143.
[12]Gani O K.Effects of leguminous plant residues and NPK fertilizer application on the performance of yam(Dioscorea rotundata‘c.v.’ ewuru)in south-western Nigeria[J].Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2013,59(3):423-434.
[13]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[14]何文寿,马琨,代晓华,等.宁夏马铃薯氮、磷、钾养分的吸收累积特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(6):1477-1487.He W S,Ma K,Dai X H,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake and accumulation of potato in Ningxia[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2014,20(6):1477-1487.
[15]赵满兴,周建斌,杨绒,等.不同施氮量对旱地不同品种冬小麦氮素累积、运输和分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(2):143-149.Zhao M X,Zhou J B,Yang R,et al.Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation,distribution and translocation in winter wheat on dryland[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Sciences,2006,12(2):143-149.
[16]赵新华,束红梅,王友华,等.施氮量对棉铃干物质和氮累积量及分配的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):888-897.Zhao X H,Shu H M,Wang Y H,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on accumulation and distribution of dry weight and nitrogen of cotton bolls[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011,17(4):888-897.
[17]Sinebo W,Gretzmacher R,Edelbauer A.Genotypic variation for nitrogen use efficiency in Ethiopian bailey[J].Field Crops Research,2004,85:43-601.
[18]Singh U,Ladha J K,Castillo E G,et al.Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency in medium and long duration rice[J].Field Crops Research,1998,58:35-53.
[19]春亮,陈范骏,张福锁,等.不同氮效率玉米杂交种的根系生长、氮素吸收与产量形成[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):615-619.Chun L,Chen F J,Zhang F S,et al.Root growth,nitrogen uptake and yield formation of hybrid maize with different N efficiency[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(5):615-619.
[20]齐文增,陈晓璐,刘鹏,等.超高产夏玉米干物质与氮、磷、钾养分积累与分配特点[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):26-36.Qi W Z,Chen X L,Liu P,et al.Characteristic of dry matter,accumulation and distribution of N,P and K of super-high-yield summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2013,19(1):26-36.
[21]张萌,肖厚军,赵欢,等.贵州黄壤区辣椒干物质、氮素积累与分配及氮素利用对新型肥料的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2983-2990.Zhang M,Xiao H J,Zhao H,et al.Responses of dry matter,nitrogen accumulation and distribution and nitrogen utilization of pepper to new-type fertilizers in Guizhou yellow soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(9):2983-2990.
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