潮白河流域土地利用/覆被变化对土壤侵蚀的影响
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摘要
为探讨北方土石山区土地利用/覆被的变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,作者基于RUSLE和土壤侵蚀强度指数,分析1990—2015年北京市潮白河流域土地利用/地表覆被变化特征,模拟区域内不同时期不同土地利用/覆被情况下的土壤侵蚀变化规律。结果表明:1990—2015年,在相同的植被盖度等级下,耕地—林地转化区和耕地—草地转化区的土壤侵蚀模数呈减少趋势,均值分别减少362. 32 t/(km2·a)和259. 54 t/(km2·a),而林地—草地转化区的土壤侵蚀模数均值呈增加的趋势,为230. 94 t/(km2·a)。总体来看,北京市潮白河流域内林地和草地的土壤侵蚀强度指数大于耕地,并在2005年达到最大值,分别为201. 57和190. 10。这主要是林草地质量退化致使土壤侵蚀等级较高区域的面积较大,尽管耕地向林草地转移减少了部分侵蚀,但林草地区域的土壤侵蚀防治仍不可忽视。该研究成果有望为北京市山区土地资源的优化配置和有效控制土壤侵蚀提供一定的应用参考。
[Background]Regional soil erosion changes are highly correlated with changes in land use/cover,but the influence of land use/cover changes on the soil erosion is different in various regions. A large number of related researches have been carried out in the Loess Plateau and the southern red soil area,but the studies on the northern soil and rock mountain areas are relatively less. However,the soil erosion in the northern soil and rock mountain areas is also serious,and most of them are caused by land use/cover change. Therefore,it is significant to explore their influences of land use/cover changes on the soil erosion to offer the references of land use planning and water and soil conservation for the government. [Methods]This study selected Chaobai River Basin in Beijing as study area. Using 30-year average annual rainfall data,soil attribute data,high-resolution DEM data,besides various years' remote sensing data and land use data,and the experimental methods of RUSLE and soil erosion intensity index methodology were applied to estimate the tempo-spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil erosion intensity index of the Chaobai River Basin in Beijing. On the above basis,the changes of soil erosion under different land use/covering conditions in different periods were finally calculated. [Results] The soil erosion modulus in the cropland to forestland conversion area and the cropland to grassland conversion area under the same coverage grade condition showed a decreasing trend,and the mean decreased by362. 32 t/( km2·a) and 259. 54 t/( km2·a) from 1990 to 2015,while the soil erosion modulus in the forestland to grassland conversion area showed an increasing trend of 230. 94 t/( km2·a). However,the soil erosion intensity index of forestland and grassland in the Chaobai River Basin of Beijing was overall greater than that of cropland,and reached the maximum in 2005,which were respectively 201. 57 and190. 10. This was mainly because the degradation of forestland and grassland quality resulted in soil erosion deterioration. Although the transfer of cropland to forestland and grassland reduced part of the erosion,the soil erosion control in forestland and grassland areas cannot be ignored. [Conclusions]The research results can provide a certain technical reference for realizing the optimal allocation of land resources in Beijing mountainous areas and effectively controlling soil erosion. The government should not only pay more attention to the prevention and control of soil erosion on sloping cropland,but also strengthen the supervision of soil erosion on low-efficiency plantations with low coverage and incomplete vertical structure,and grassland erosion in the early stage of returning cropland and unmanaged grassland after abandoned tillage.
[Background]Regional soil erosion changes are highly correlated with changes in land use/cover,but the influence of land use/cover changes on the soil erosion is different in various regions. A large number of related researches have been carried out in the Loess Plateau and the southern red soil area,but the studies on the northern soil and rock mountain areas are relatively less. However,the soil erosion in the northern soil and rock mountain areas is also serious,and most of them are caused by land use/cover change. Therefore,it is significant to explore their influences of land use/cover changes on the soil erosion to offer the references of land use planning and water and soil conservation for the government. [Methods]This study selected Chaobai River Basin in Beijing as study area. Using 30-year average annual rainfall data,soil attribute data,high-resolution DEM data,besides various years' remote sensing data and land use data,and the experimental methods of RUSLE and soil erosion intensity index methodology were applied to estimate the tempo-spatial distribution of soil erosion and soil erosion intensity index of the Chaobai River Basin in Beijing. On the above basis,the changes of soil erosion under different land use/covering conditions in different periods were finally calculated. [Results] The soil erosion modulus in the cropland to forestland conversion area and the cropland to grassland conversion area under the same coverage grade condition showed a decreasing trend,and the mean decreased by362. 32 t/( km2·a) and 259. 54 t/( km2·a) from 1990 to 2015,while the soil erosion modulus in the forestland to grassland conversion area showed an increasing trend of 230. 94 t/( km2·a). However,the soil erosion intensity index of forestland and grassland in the Chaobai River Basin of Beijing was overall greater than that of cropland,and reached the maximum in 2005,which were respectively 201. 57 and190. 10. This was mainly because the degradation of forestland and grassland quality resulted in soil erosion deterioration. Although the transfer of cropland to forestland and grassland reduced part of the erosion,the soil erosion control in forestland and grassland areas cannot be ignored. [Conclusions]The research results can provide a certain technical reference for realizing the optimal allocation of land resources in Beijing mountainous areas and effectively controlling soil erosion. The government should not only pay more attention to the prevention and control of soil erosion on sloping cropland,but also strengthen the supervision of soil erosion on low-efficiency plantations with low coverage and incomplete vertical structure,and grassland erosion in the early stage of returning cropland and unmanaged grassland after abandoned tillage.
引文
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[2]CHEN Ni,MA Tongyu,ZHANG Xiaoping.Responses of soil erosion processes to land cover changes in the Loess Plateau of China:A case study on the Beiluo River basin[J].CATENA,2016,136(Sup.C):118.
[3]SAEDI T,SHORAFA M,GORJI M,et al.Indirect and direct effects of soil properties on soil splash erosion rate in calcareous soils of the central Zagross,Iran:A laboratory study[J].Geoderma,2016(271):1.
[4]ZHANG Shanghong,FAN Weiwei,LI Yueqiang,et al.The influence of changes in land use and landscape patterns on soil erosion in a watershed[J].Science of The Total Environment,2017(574):34.
[5]郝芳华,陈利群,刘昌明,等.土地利用变化对产流和产沙的影响分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):5.HAO Fanghua,CHEN Liqun,LIU Changming,et al.Impact of land use change on runoff and sediment Yield[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(3):5.
[6]刘世梁,安南南,尹艺洁,等.基于SWAT模型的澜沧江中游小流域水土流失与NDVI时空动态相关性[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):62.LIU Shiliang,AN Nannan,YIN Yijie,et al.Relationship between spatio-temporal dynamic of soil and water loss and NDVI of the small basins in the middle reaches of lancang river based on SWAT model[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(1):62.
[7]CIAMPALINI R,BILLI P,FERRARI G,et al.Soil erosion induced by land use changes as determined by plough marks and field evidence in the Aksum area(Ethiopia)[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,146(1):197.
[8]徐晓雅,高翔宇,顾泽贤,等.澜沧县土地利用变化和土壤侵蚀特征分析[J].河南农业大学学报,2017,51(3):421.XU Xiaoya,GAO Xiangyu,GU Zexian,et al.Analysis of land use change and characteristics of soil erosion in Lancang county[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2017,51(3):421.
[9]张磊,王晓燕.潮白河流域水文要素特征分析[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2010,31(1):65.ZHANG Lei,WANG Xiaoyan.Character analysis of hydrologic factors in Chaobai river basin[J].Journal of Capital Normal University(Nature Science Edition),2010,31(1):65.
[10]赵阳,余新晓,郑江坤,等.气候和土地利用变化对潮白河流域径流变化的定量影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(22):252.ZHAO Yang,Yu Xinxiao,ZHENG Jiangkun,et al.Quantitative effects of climate variations and land-use changes on annual streamflow in Chaobai River Basin[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(22):252.
[11]郑江坤.潮白河流域生态水文过程对人类活动气候变化的动态响应[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.ZHENG Jiangkun.Dynamic response of eco-hydrological process to human activities and climate change in Chaobai River Basin[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[12]FISHER G,F NACHTERGAELE,S PRIELER,et al.Global agro-ecological zones assessment for agriculture(GAEZ 2008)[Z].IIASA,Laxenburg,Austria and FAO,Rome,Italy,2008.
[13]徐丽,谢云,符素华,等.北京地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(6):398.XU Li,XIE Yun,FU Suhua,et al.Simple method of estimating rainfall erosivity under different rainfall amount of Beijing[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,14(6):398.
[14]JIN Qiutong,ZHANG Jutao,SHI Mingchang,et al.Estimating Loess Plateau average annual precipitation with multiple linear regression Kriging and geographically weighted regression Kriging[J].Water,2016,8(6):266.
[15]WILLIIAMS J R.The erosion-productivity impact calculator(EPIC)model:A case history[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.B,1990,329(1255):421.
[16]张科利,彭文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算[J].土壤学报,2007,44(1):7.ZHANG Keli,PENG Wenying,YANG Hongli.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):7.
[17]汤国安,赵牡丹,李天文,等.DEM提取黄土高原地面坡度的不确定性[J].地理学报,2003,58(6):824.TANG Guoan,ZHAO Mudan,LI Tianwen,et al.Modeling slope uncentainty derived from DEMs in Loess Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(6):824.
[18]MCCOOL D K,BROWN L C,FOSTER G R,et al.Revised slope steepness factor for the universal soil loss equation[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1987,5(30):1387.
[19]LIU Baoyuan,NEARING M A,RISSE L M,et al.Slope length effects on soil loss for steep slopes[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1994(37):1835.
[20]符素华,刘宝元,周贵云,等.坡长坡度因子计算工具[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(5):105.FU Suhua,LIU Baoyuan,ZHOU Guiyun,et al.Calculation tool of topographic factors[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(5):105.
[21]FOSTER G R,WISCHMEIER W H.Evaluating irregular slopes for soil loss prediction[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1974,17(2):305.
[22]刘宝元,毕小刚,符素华,等.北京土壤流失方程[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:60.LIU Baoyuan,BI Xiaogang,FU Suhua,et al.Beijing soil loss equation[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:60.
[23]ROUSE J W,HASS R W,SCHELL J A,et al.Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation(green wave effect)of natural vegetation[R].NASA/GSFCType III,Final report.Greenbelt,MD.,1974.
[24]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19.CAI Chongfa,DING Shuwen,SHI Zhihua,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical information system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small watershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19.
[25]怡凯,王诗阳,王雪,等.基于RUSLE模型的土壤侵蚀时空分异特征分析:以辽宁省朝阳市为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(3):365.YI Kai,WANG Shiyang,WANG Xue,et al.The characteristics of spatial-temporal differentiation of soil erosion based on RUSLE model:A case study of Chaoyang City,Liaoning province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(3):365.
[26]朴圣国,刘晓南,刘平.广东省土壤侵蚀与土地利用关系研究[J].广东水利水电,2010(8):32.PU Shengguo,LIU Xiaonan,LIU Ping.Study on the relationship between soil erosion and land use in Guangdong province[J].Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower,2010(8):32.
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