控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施对东北春玉米氮素利用及土壤养分有效性的影响
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摘要
控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施能够有效提高氮素利用效率及经济效益,研究控释/普通氮肥配比与减量单施对东北春玉米氮素利用及土壤养分有效性的影响,对指导该地区的玉米种植科学施氮具有重要意义。采用田间小区试验方法,设置不施氮肥(CK0)、普通氮肥(CK)、控释氮肥常量(CR1)、控释氮肥减量10%(CR2)、控释氮肥减量20%(CR3)、控释氮肥与普通氮肥3:7配施(CR4)、控释氮肥与普通氮肥5:5配施(CR5)、控释氮肥与普通氮肥7:3配施(CR6),探讨控释/普通氮素肥料不同配比对春玉米产量与产量构成、氮素利用、经济收益及土壤养分有效性的影响。结果表明:控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施有利于叶片氮素积累,增强光合作用能力,增加产量和施肥收益;配施试验各处理产量和施肥收益显著高于单施控释氮肥各处理,CR4产量最高,达到14 695 kg·hm~(-2),与CK相比增产率为25.68%。配施有利于提高成熟期土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,与CK相比分别提高14.18%-40.70%、88.32%-113.23%,土壤速效磷、速效钾含量低于CK,表明施用控释氮肥能够促进植株对养分的吸收。施用控释氮肥显著提高了氮肥利用效率,CR3氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于CR1,与CK相比分别提高了21.79%、14.17 kg·kg~(-1)和23.68 kg·kg~(-1)。配施处理与CK相比氮肥利用率提高了18.23%-19.11%,氮肥表观损失率降低了35.04%-40.01%,减量处理与配施处理的氮肥表观平衡指标无显著差异。综上,配施处理优于本试验其他处理,其中CR4的产量、施肥收益、各氮肥利用指标均显著高于单施控释氮肥处理,氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力显著高于CR6,氮肥表观平衡指标与CR5无显著差异且优于其他处理。因此,东北春玉米最佳施氮方式为控释氮肥与普通氮肥3:7配比施用。
Application of controlled-release nitrogen(N)fertilizer(CRF)combined with the common N fertilizer effectively improves the N fertilizer use efficiency(NUE)and economic benefit.This study investigated the effects of different application ratios of CRF to common N fertilizer and its reducing application levels on NUE by spring maize and soil available nutrients,which would guide the scientific application of N fertilizer in northeast China.Four treatments were set up in the field experiments,including no N fertilizer(CK0),common N fertilizer(CK),CRF(CR1),reducing 10% of CRF(CR2),reducing 20% of CRF(CR3),combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer at 3:7(CR4),5:5(CR5),and 7:3 ratios(CR6),respectively.The results showed that the combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer improved the N accumulation in leaves,enhanced the photosynthesis ability and yield of maize,and increased the economic benefit.The maize yield and economic benefit was significantly higher with the application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer than that with single application of CRF.Treatment of CR4 showed the highest maize yield of 14 695.40 kg·hm~(-2),which was 25.68% higher than the CK treatment.The combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer increased the contents of soil ammonium N and nitrate N by 0.947-2.718mg·kg~(-1) and 7.375-9.421 mg·kg~(-1),respectively and decreased the contents of soil available phosphorus and available potassium relative to CK.This indicated that the application of CRF promoted the absorption of nutrients by crops.N use efficiency,N agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity of CR3 was significantly higher than others and increased by 21.79%,14.17kg·kg~(-1) and 23.68 kg·kg~(-1),respectively,compared with CK.The application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer increased the NUE by 18.23%-19.11% and decreased the apparent N loss by 35.04%-40.01%.There was no significant difference in the apparent N loss among the treatments of reducing N fertilizer and the treatments of combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer.The maize yield,economic benefit and different N fertilizer use indices in the CR4 treatment were significantly higher than those in CR1 treatment.The N fertilizer agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the CR4 treatment were significantly higher than in the CR6 treatment.The CR4 and CR5 treatments showed the highest N balance index,which was not significantly different between them.In conclusion,the application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer is recommended for sustainable increases in crops yields,maintaining soil fertility,reducing N loss,and increasing economic profits,and their best application ratio is 3:7 for spring maize in northeast China.
Application of controlled-release nitrogen(N)fertilizer(CRF)combined with the common N fertilizer effectively improves the N fertilizer use efficiency(NUE)and economic benefit.This study investigated the effects of different application ratios of CRF to common N fertilizer and its reducing application levels on NUE by spring maize and soil available nutrients,which would guide the scientific application of N fertilizer in northeast China.Four treatments were set up in the field experiments,including no N fertilizer(CK0),common N fertilizer(CK),CRF(CR1),reducing 10% of CRF(CR2),reducing 20% of CRF(CR3),combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer at 3:7(CR4),5:5(CR5),and 7:3 ratios(CR6),respectively.The results showed that the combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer improved the N accumulation in leaves,enhanced the photosynthesis ability and yield of maize,and increased the economic benefit.The maize yield and economic benefit was significantly higher with the application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer than that with single application of CRF.Treatment of CR4 showed the highest maize yield of 14 695.40 kg·hm~(-2),which was 25.68% higher than the CK treatment.The combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer increased the contents of soil ammonium N and nitrate N by 0.947-2.718mg·kg~(-1) and 7.375-9.421 mg·kg~(-1),respectively and decreased the contents of soil available phosphorus and available potassium relative to CK.This indicated that the application of CRF promoted the absorption of nutrients by crops.N use efficiency,N agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity of CR3 was significantly higher than others and increased by 21.79%,14.17kg·kg~(-1) and 23.68 kg·kg~(-1),respectively,compared with CK.The application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer increased the NUE by 18.23%-19.11% and decreased the apparent N loss by 35.04%-40.01%.There was no significant difference in the apparent N loss among the treatments of reducing N fertilizer and the treatments of combined application of CRF and common N fertilizer.The maize yield,economic benefit and different N fertilizer use indices in the CR4 treatment were significantly higher than those in CR1 treatment.The N fertilizer agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity in the CR4 treatment were significantly higher than in the CR6 treatment.The CR4 and CR5 treatments showed the highest N balance index,which was not significantly different between them.In conclusion,the application of CRF combined with common N fertilizer is recommended for sustainable increases in crops yields,maintaining soil fertility,reducing N loss,and increasing economic profits,and their best application ratio is 3:7 for spring maize in northeast China.
引文
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ZHANG Y,WANG H,LEI Q,et al.,2018.Optimizing the nitrogen application rate for maize and wheat based on yield and environment on the Northern China Plain[J].Science of the Total Environment,618:1173-1183.
ZHAO B,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,et al.,2013.Effects of ControlledRelease Fertiliser on Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Summer Maize[J].Plos One,8(8):e70569.
ZHENG W K,LIU Z G,ZHANG M,et al.,2017.Improving crop yields,nitrogen use efficiencies,and profits by using mixtures of coated controlled-released and uncoated urea in a wheat-maize system[J].Field Crops Research,205:106-115.
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戴明宏,陶洪斌,王利纳,等,2008.华北平原春玉米种植体系中土壤无机氮的时空变化及盈亏[J].植物营养与肥料学报,14(3):417-423.DAI M K,TAO H B,WANG L N,et al.,2008.Spatial-temporal dynamics of soil mineral nitrogen and balance analysis during spring maize season[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,14(3):417-423.
樊小林,廖宗文,1998.控释肥料与平衡施肥和提高肥料利用率[J].植物营养与肥料学报,4(3):219-223.FAN X L,LIAO Z W,1998.Controlled release fertilizer with balanced fertilization and improved fertilizer utilization[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,4(3):219-223.
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姬景红,李玉影,刘双全,等,2017.控释尿素对春玉米产量、氮效率及氮素平衡的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,34(2):153-160.JI J H,LI Y Y,LIU S Q,et al.,2017.Effects of controlled-release urea on grain yield of spring maize,nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen balance[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,34(2):153-160.
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