崩岗系统化学计量特征及其生态指示意义
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摘要
为阐明在极度退化生态系统中崩岗植物体与土壤环境的养分循环及限制状况,笔者应用生态化学计量学方法对福建省长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群中3种不同活动状况典型崩岗植物体-土壤的碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及相关性进行研究。结果表明:崩岗活动状况对土壤养分有着重要的影响,崩岗系统在自然恢复过程中,随着崩岗稳定性增强,有利于改良土壤肥力,但仍处于极度低下水平。崩岗区由于其生态系统的极度退化特征,土壤肥力低下,其植物体化学计量特征主要与植物种本身的特性密切相关,受土壤养分的影响差异不显著,体现崩岗植物对极度退化生态系统环境的适应性。
[Background]Benggang is vividly called "ecological ulcer"in the south red soil area. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nutrient circulation and limitation of Benggang's plant and soil environment in the extremely degraded ecosystem. [Methods] Taking 3 Benggangs in Huangnikeng,Zhuotian town,Changting county of Fujian province representing 3 different active situations( active,semi-stable,and stable) as the study cases,and set up 3 different parts( catchment slope,collapse wall,and colluvial body) in each Benggang as sampling sites,the leaves,stems and roots of plants and the topsoil( 0 ～ 10 cm) were separately collected 3 times in each site. Then the laboratory experiments were carried out. Differences among the active situations of Benggangs were examined by one-way analysis of variance. The relationship between plant and soil was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. [Results]1) There were no significant differences in the C,N,P content and ecological stoichiometric ratio among different active conditions except the N content and C∶ N of plant stem,the P content and C∶ P,and N∶ P of plant root. 2) The contents of C,N,P and ecological stoichiometric ratios among different plants were significantly different( P < 0. 05),and the contents of leave were higher than those of stem and root in the same plant. 3) With the improvement of Benggang's stability,the organic C,total N contents of surface soil were gradually increasing. The contents of organic C were from 0. 650± 0. 098 g/kg to 4. 700 ± 0. 808 g/kg,and the contents of total N were from 0. 205 ± 0. 009 g/kg to0. 570 ± 0. 080 g/kg. The soil C,N,P contents and ecological stoichiometric ratios of the stable Benggang significantly differed among the 3 different active situations( P < 0. 05). The stable Benggang's soil organic C,total N and total P contents were the highest in the 3 Benggangs. But they were only up to 4. 70 mg/g,0. 57 mg/g,0. 07 mg/g,which were far below the national level 11. 12 mg/g,1. 06 mg/g,0. 65 mg/g. 4) The correlations of C,N and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios between plants and soil surface were not very relevant( P > 0. 05) except some individual indicators. For example,there were significant negative correlations between leave's P content and soil's organic C and total N content.There were significant positive correlations between stem's N content and soil's organic C content( P <0. 05). [Conclusions] Different active situations of Benggang have important influences on soil nutrient. With the improvement of the stability,soil fertility can be improved but only be in the low soil fertility. The results prove that Benggang is the extremely degraded ecosystem and the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants are not mainly determined by soil nutrient conditions,but mainly affected by the characteristics of the plants,which show the adaptability of the plants to the extremely degraded ecosystem environment.
[Background]Benggang is vividly called "ecological ulcer"in the south red soil area. The purpose of this study is to clarify the nutrient circulation and limitation of Benggang's plant and soil environment in the extremely degraded ecosystem. [Methods] Taking 3 Benggangs in Huangnikeng,Zhuotian town,Changting county of Fujian province representing 3 different active situations( active,semi-stable,and stable) as the study cases,and set up 3 different parts( catchment slope,collapse wall,and colluvial body) in each Benggang as sampling sites,the leaves,stems and roots of plants and the topsoil( 0 ～ 10 cm) were separately collected 3 times in each site. Then the laboratory experiments were carried out. Differences among the active situations of Benggangs were examined by one-way analysis of variance. The relationship between plant and soil was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. [Results]1) There were no significant differences in the C,N,P content and ecological stoichiometric ratio among different active conditions except the N content and C∶ N of plant stem,the P content and C∶ P,and N∶ P of plant root. 2) The contents of C,N,P and ecological stoichiometric ratios among different plants were significantly different( P < 0. 05),and the contents of leave were higher than those of stem and root in the same plant. 3) With the improvement of Benggang's stability,the organic C,total N contents of surface soil were gradually increasing. The contents of organic C were from 0. 650± 0. 098 g/kg to 4. 700 ± 0. 808 g/kg,and the contents of total N were from 0. 205 ± 0. 009 g/kg to0. 570 ± 0. 080 g/kg. The soil C,N,P contents and ecological stoichiometric ratios of the stable Benggang significantly differed among the 3 different active situations( P < 0. 05). The stable Benggang's soil organic C,total N and total P contents were the highest in the 3 Benggangs. But they were only up to 4. 70 mg/g,0. 57 mg/g,0. 07 mg/g,which were far below the national level 11. 12 mg/g,1. 06 mg/g,0. 65 mg/g. 4) The correlations of C,N and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios between plants and soil surface were not very relevant( P > 0. 05) except some individual indicators. For example,there were significant negative correlations between leave's P content and soil's organic C and total N content.There were significant positive correlations between stem's N content and soil's organic C content( P <0. 05). [Conclusions] Different active situations of Benggang have important influences on soil nutrient. With the improvement of the stability,soil fertility can be improved but only be in the low soil fertility. The results prove that Benggang is the extremely degraded ecosystem and the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants are not mainly determined by soil nutrient conditions,but mainly affected by the characteristics of the plants,which show the adaptability of the plants to the extremely degraded ecosystem environment.
引文
[1]刘希林,张大林,贾瑶瑶.崩岗地貌发育的土体物理性质及其土壤侵蚀意义:以广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(7):802.LIU Xilin,ZHANG Dalin,JIA Yaoyao.Soil physical properties of collapsing hill and gully and their indications for soil erosion:an example of Liantanggang collapsing hill and gully in Wuhua county of Guangdong[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(7):802.
[2]曾昭璇,黄少敏.中国自然地理:地貌[M].北京:科学出版,1980:32.ZENG Zhaoxuan,HUANG Shaomin.Physical geography in China:Geo-morphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980:32.
[3]阮伏水.福建省崩岗侵蚀与治理模式探讨[J].山地学报,2003,21(6):675.RUAN Fushui.Study on slump gully erosion and its control in Fujian province[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(6):675.
[4]牛德奎.华南红壤丘陵区崩岗发育的环境背景与侵蚀机理研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009:3.NIU Dekui.Research on the environmental factors and erosive mechanism of collapsing hill in South China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2009:3.
[5]刘昌鑫,潘健,邓羽松,等.干湿循环对崩岗土体稳定性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):253.LIU Changxin,PAN Jian,DENG Yusong,et al.The influence of wet-dry cycles on collapsing gully soil stability[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(6):253.
[6]夏振刚,邓羽松,赵媛,等.鄂东南花岗岩崩岗岩土抗剪强度与含水量的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):26.XIA Zhengang,DENG Yusong,ZHAO Yuan,et al.Relationship between soil shear strength and soil moisture of granite collapsing hill in southeast of Hubei province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(6):26.
[7]詹振芝,黄炎和,蒋芳市,等.砾石含量及粒径对崩岗崩积体渗透特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):85.ZHAN Zhenzhi,HUANG Yanhe,JIANG Fangshi,et al.Effects of content and size of gravel on soil permeability of the colluvial deposit in Benggang[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):85.
[8]姜超,陈志彪,陈志强,等.崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分质量分数及化学计量比的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(2):31.JIANG Chao,CHEN Zhibiao,CHEN Zhiqiang,et al.Effects of collapse mound erosion on soil available nutrient contents and their stoichiometry ratios[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(2):31.
[9]区晓琳,陈志彪,陈志强,等.闽西南崩岗土壤理化性质及可蚀性分异特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):86.OU Xiaolin,CHEN Zhibiao,CHEN Zhiqiang,et al.Variation of soil physical-chemical property and erodibility in the area of collapse mound of southwestern Fujian[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):86.
[10]姜超.崩岗系统土壤理化性质及化学计量特征的空间分异[D].福州:福建师范大学,2016:11.JIANG Chao.Spatial variation of soil physical-chemical properties and stoichiometric characteristics in Benggang system[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2016:11.
[11]陈志彪,朱鹤健,刘强,等.根溪河小流域的崩岗特征及其治理措施[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(5):85.CHEN Zhibiao,ZHU Hejian,LIU Qiang,et al.Slump gully characteristic of small watershed of Genxi River and its control measures[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2006,15(5):85.
[12]罗艳,贡璐,朱美玲,等.塔里木河上游荒漠区4种灌木植物叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8328.LUO Yan,GONG Lu,ZHU Meiling,et al.Stoichiometry characteristics of leaves and soil of four shrubs in the upper reaches of the Tarim River Desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(24):8328.
[13]徐沙,龚吉蕊,张梓榆,等.不同利用方式下草地优势植物的生态化学计量特征[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):45.XU Sha,GONG Jirui,ZHANG Ziyu,et al.The ecological stoichiometry of dominant species in different land uses type of grassland[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(6):45.
[14]KOERSELMAN W.The vegetation N:P ratio:A new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1996,33(6):1441.
[15]胡伟芳,章文龙,张林海,等.中国主要湿地植被氮和磷生态化学计量学特征[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(10):1047.HU Weifang,ZHANG Wenlong,ZHANG Linhai,et al.Stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in major wetland vegetation of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(10):1047.
[16]白雪娟,曾全超,安韶山,等.黄土高原不同人工林叶片-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3827.BAI Xuejuan,ZENG Quanchao,AN Shaoshan,et al.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of leaf-litter-soil in different plantations on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(12):3827.
[17]TIAN H Q,CHEN G S,ZHANG C,et al.Hall C A S.Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China’s soils:A synthesis of observational data[J].Biogeochemistry,2010,98:139.
[18]朱秋莲,邢肖毅,张宏,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被区土壤生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(15):4680.ZHU Qiulian,XING Xiaoyi,ZHANG Hong,et al.Soil ecological stoichiometry under different vegetation area on loess hilly-gully region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(15):4680.
[2]曾昭璇,黄少敏.中国自然地理:地貌[M].北京:科学出版,1980:32.ZENG Zhaoxuan,HUANG Shaomin.Physical geography in China:Geo-morphology[M].Beijing:Science Press,1980:32.
[3]阮伏水.福建省崩岗侵蚀与治理模式探讨[J].山地学报,2003,21(6):675.RUAN Fushui.Study on slump gully erosion and its control in Fujian province[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(6):675.
[4]牛德奎.华南红壤丘陵区崩岗发育的环境背景与侵蚀机理研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2009:3.NIU Dekui.Research on the environmental factors and erosive mechanism of collapsing hill in South China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2009:3.
[5]刘昌鑫,潘健,邓羽松,等.干湿循环对崩岗土体稳定性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):253.LIU Changxin,PAN Jian,DENG Yusong,et al.The influence of wet-dry cycles on collapsing gully soil stability[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(6):253.
[6]夏振刚,邓羽松,赵媛,等.鄂东南花岗岩崩岗岩土抗剪强度与含水量的关系[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):26.XIA Zhengang,DENG Yusong,ZHAO Yuan,et al.Relationship between soil shear strength and soil moisture of granite collapsing hill in southeast of Hubei province[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(6):26.
[7]詹振芝,黄炎和,蒋芳市,等.砾石含量及粒径对崩岗崩积体渗透特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):85.ZHAN Zhenzhi,HUANG Yanhe,JIANG Fangshi,et al.Effects of content and size of gravel on soil permeability of the colluvial deposit in Benggang[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):85.
[8]姜超,陈志彪,陈志强,等.崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分质量分数及化学计量比的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(2):31.JIANG Chao,CHEN Zhibiao,CHEN Zhiqiang,et al.Effects of collapse mound erosion on soil available nutrient contents and their stoichiometry ratios[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(2):31.
[9]区晓琳,陈志彪,陈志强,等.闽西南崩岗土壤理化性质及可蚀性分异特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(3):86.OU Xiaolin,CHEN Zhibiao,CHEN Zhiqiang,et al.Variation of soil physical-chemical property and erodibility in the area of collapse mound of southwestern Fujian[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(3):86.
[10]姜超.崩岗系统土壤理化性质及化学计量特征的空间分异[D].福州:福建师范大学,2016:11.JIANG Chao.Spatial variation of soil physical-chemical properties and stoichiometric characteristics in Benggang system[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2016:11.
[11]陈志彪,朱鹤健,刘强,等.根溪河小流域的崩岗特征及其治理措施[J].自然灾害学报,2006,15(5):85.CHEN Zhibiao,ZHU Hejian,LIU Qiang,et al.Slump gully characteristic of small watershed of Genxi River and its control measures[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2006,15(5):85.
[12]罗艳,贡璐,朱美玲,等.塔里木河上游荒漠区4种灌木植物叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2017,37(24):8328.LUO Yan,GONG Lu,ZHU Meiling,et al.Stoichiometry characteristics of leaves and soil of four shrubs in the upper reaches of the Tarim River Desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(24):8328.
[13]徐沙,龚吉蕊,张梓榆,等.不同利用方式下草地优势植物的生态化学计量特征[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):45.XU Sha,GONG Jirui,ZHANG Ziyu,et al.The ecological stoichiometry of dominant species in different land uses type of grassland[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(6):45.
[14]KOERSELMAN W.The vegetation N:P ratio:A new tool to detect the nature of nutrient limitation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1996,33(6):1441.
[15]胡伟芳,章文龙,张林海,等.中国主要湿地植被氮和磷生态化学计量学特征[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(10):1047.HU Weifang,ZHANG Wenlong,ZHANG Linhai,et al.Stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in major wetland vegetation of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2014,38(10):1047.
[16]白雪娟,曾全超,安韶山,等.黄土高原不同人工林叶片-凋落叶-土壤生态化学计量特征[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3827.BAI Xuejuan,ZENG Quanchao,AN Shaoshan,et al.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of leaf-litter-soil in different plantations on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(12):3827.
[17]TIAN H Q,CHEN G S,ZHANG C,et al.Hall C A S.Pattern and variation of C:N:P ratios in China’s soils:A synthesis of observational data[J].Biogeochemistry,2010,98:139.
[18]朱秋莲,邢肖毅,张宏,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被区土壤生态化学计量特征[J].生态学报,2013,33(15):4680.ZHU Qiulian,XING Xiaoyi,ZHANG Hong,et al.Soil ecological stoichiometry under different vegetation area on loess hilly-gully region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(15):4680.
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