生物降解地膜性能及对棉花产量的影响评价研究
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摘要
地膜残留污染是新疆棉花生产面临的最突出的环境问题,而生物降解地膜是解决地膜残留污染问题的重要手段。采用一种新型生物降解膜,在棉田开展了连续两年的评价试验研究,系统评价了生物降解地膜(BD)的田间降解特性、物理机械性能、增温保墒功效以及对棉花生长发育及产量形成的影响,并结合生物地膜经济效益分析了生物降解膜在棉花生产中的应用前景。结果表明,BD降解性能稳定,于覆膜51-62 d开始降解,基本满足前期棉花生长需求,直至棉花收获BD降解率为78.2%。随着覆膜时间的增长和降解进程的发展,地膜拉伸负荷与断裂伸长率均明显下降。BD保水性能明显低于普通地膜(PE)。整个生育时期内BD日平均温度较PE降低0.46℃,苗期和蕾期BD土壤温度较PE分别降低0.91℃和0.39℃,花铃期和吐絮期BD土壤温度较PE分别提高0.35℃和0.50℃。2015年和2016年BD较PE分别减产237.6 kg·hm~(-2)和181.5kg·hm~(-2),2 a平均减产209.6 kg·hm~(-2),平均减产率为4.86%,因生物降解地膜不断改进,每年产量差异逐渐减小,在忽略普通地膜回收成本的前提下,2 a BD较PE净利润收入减少1 802.49 yuan·hm~(-2),产投比下降0.08。综上,降解地膜要实现大面积的推广和应用,在功能和产品价格上仍需不断改进。
Residual film mulch pollution is one of the most prominent environmental problems for the cotton production in Xinjiang.The biodegradable mulch film can effectively solve the problem of residual film contamination. In this study, 2-year experiment was conducted by using new biodegradable membrane(BD). The objectives were to evaluate the effects of biodegradable membrane application on degradation characteristics, mechanical properties, temperature and moisture retention effects and cotton yield. The results indicated that BD had a stable degradation performance and began to degrade at 51-62 d, and until the cotton harvest its degradation rate was 78.21%. With the increase of filming time and the development of degradation process, the tensile load and elongation at break were significantly decreased. BD water retention performance was significantly lower than ordinary mulch(PE).The average daily temperature of BD decreased by 0.46 ℃ during the whole growth period, and the soil temperature of BD in seedling and bud stage was 0.91 ℃ and 0.39 ℃ lower than that of PE. The soil temperature of BD in the flowering and boll opening was 0.35 ℃ and 0.50 ℃ higher than that of PE. Compared with PE, cotton yield declined in 2015 and 2016 declined by 237.6 kg·hm~(-2) and 181.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. The average yield reduction was 209.55 kg·hm~(-2). The annual output difference was gradually reduced due to the improvement of biodegradable film. Under the premise of neglecting the cost of ordinary film recycling,the average net profit income for BD was lower than PE by 1 802.49 yuan·hm~(-2), and the ratio of production to investment had dropped by 0.08. In summary, the degradation of the film must achieve large-scale promotion and application, and still need to be continuously improved in terms of function and product price.
Residual film mulch pollution is one of the most prominent environmental problems for the cotton production in Xinjiang.The biodegradable mulch film can effectively solve the problem of residual film contamination. In this study, 2-year experiment was conducted by using new biodegradable membrane(BD). The objectives were to evaluate the effects of biodegradable membrane application on degradation characteristics, mechanical properties, temperature and moisture retention effects and cotton yield. The results indicated that BD had a stable degradation performance and began to degrade at 51-62 d, and until the cotton harvest its degradation rate was 78.21%. With the increase of filming time and the development of degradation process, the tensile load and elongation at break were significantly decreased. BD water retention performance was significantly lower than ordinary mulch(PE).The average daily temperature of BD decreased by 0.46 ℃ during the whole growth period, and the soil temperature of BD in seedling and bud stage was 0.91 ℃ and 0.39 ℃ lower than that of PE. The soil temperature of BD in the flowering and boll opening was 0.35 ℃ and 0.50 ℃ higher than that of PE. Compared with PE, cotton yield declined in 2015 and 2016 declined by 237.6 kg·hm~(-2) and 181.5 kg·hm~(-2), respectively. The average yield reduction was 209.55 kg·hm~(-2). The annual output difference was gradually reduced due to the improvement of biodegradable film. Under the premise of neglecting the cost of ordinary film recycling,the average net profit income for BD was lower than PE by 1 802.49 yuan·hm~(-2), and the ratio of production to investment had dropped by 0.08. In summary, the degradation of the film must achieve large-scale promotion and application, and still need to be continuously improved in terms of function and product price.
引文
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DEBAEKE P,ABOUDRARE A,2004.Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environments[J].European Journal of Agronomy,21(4):433-446.
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SCARASCIA-MUGNOZZA G,SCHETTINI E,VOX G,2004.Effects of solar radiation on the radiometric properties of biodegradable films for agricultural applications[J].Biosystems Engineering,87(4):479-487.
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白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等,2010.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,28(4):135-139,162.BAI L T,HAI J B,HAN Q F,et al.,2010.Effects of mulching with different kinds of plastic film on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Weibei Highland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,28(4):135-139,162.
董合忠,李维江,苗兴武,2011.盐碱地深播覆膜的生态效应及对棉花成苗和产量的影响[J].棉花学报,23(2):121-126.DONG H G,LI W J,MIAO X W,2010.Ecological effects of mulched deep-seeding in relation to stand establishment and lint yield of cotton in saline soil[J].Cotton Science,23(2):121-126.
高云光,饶翠婷,贺海燕,等,2010.铃期温度对不同棉花品种棉铃发育过程及纤维比强度的影响[J].棉花学报,22(6):580-585.GAO Y G,RAO C T,HE H Y,et al.,2010.Regulation effect of temperature on the boll dates for boll development and fibre strength[J].Cotton Science,22(6):580-585.
龚双凤,杨涛,陈宝燕,等,2015.地膜降解与土壤温度和含水量的关系及其对棉花产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,24(4):62-68.GONG S F,YANG T,CHEN B Y,et al.,2015.Film degradation related to temperature and moisture of soil and its response on cotton yield[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,24(4):62-68.
谷晓博,李援农,银敏华,等,2015.降解膜覆盖对油菜根系、产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].农业机械学报,46(12):184-193.GU X B,LI Y N,YIN M H,et al.,2015.Effects of biodegradable film mulching on root distribution[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,46(12):184-193.
顾海蓉,沈根祥,黄丽华,等,2009.热塑淀粉Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的适用性与降解性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报,28(3):539-543.GU H R,SHEN G X,HUANG L H,et al.,2009.Biodegradability and Applicability of Thermoplastic Starch Biodegradable Mulching Film[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,28(3):539-543.
胡敏,苗庆丰,史海滨,等,2018.不同类型地膜覆盖对土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响[J].土壤,50(3):628-632.HU M,MIAO Q F,SHI H B,et al.,2018.Mulching effects of different films on soil water,heat and yield of spring maize[J].Soil,50(3):628-632.
何文清,赵彩霞,刘爽,等,2011.全生物降解膜田间降解特征及其对棉花产量影响[J].中国农业大学学报,16(3):21-27.HE W Q,ZHAO C X,LIU S,et al.,2011.Study on the degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch film and its effect on the yield of cotton[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,16(3):21-27.
贾珊珊,徐红,2011.植物纤维地膜的研究现状与发展趋势[J].山东纺织科技,52(5):51-53.JIA S S,XU H,2011.Research status and development of plant fiber mulch film[J].Shandong Textile Science&Technology,52(5):51-53.
江燕,史春余,王振振,等,2014.地膜覆盖对耕层土壤温度水分和甘薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,22(6):627-634.JIANG Y,SHI C Y,WANG Z Z,et al.,2014.Effects of plastic film mulching on arable layer soil temperature,moisture and yield of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,22(6):627-634.
金虹,高连兴,刘志侠,等,2017.液态地膜成膜与稳定机械性能研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,48(5):561-566.JIN H,GAO L X,LIU Z X,et al.,2017.Film forming and stable mechanical properties of liquid mulching film[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,48(5):561-566.
李君,何文清,刘晓伟,等,2017.北疆滴灌棉花的可降解地膜安全期研究[J].新疆农业科学,54(2):206-212.LI J,HE W Q,LIU X W,et al.,2017.Probe into degradable plastic film mulching during cotton safety period under drip irrigation in Northern Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,54(2):206-212.
李丽霞,陈海涛,2012.可降解地膜原料大豆秸秆纤维的制备工艺及参数优化[J].农业工程学报,28(13):269-275.LI L X,CHEN H T,2012.Preparation technology and parameters optimization for soybean straw fiber as biodegradable film material[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),28(13):269-275.
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